Examining the effects of stereotype threat on test-taking behaviors

Social Psychology of Education

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 361-375

  Scherbaum, Charles A ^a   Blanshetyn, Victoria ^a   Marshall Wolp, Elizabeth ^a   McCue, Elizabeth ^a   Strauss, Ross ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

Ability testing; Race differences; Stereotype threat; Test taking behaviors

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052505452     PISSN: 13812890     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11218-011-9154-2     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Aronson J., Fried C., Good C. (2002) Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38: 29-46.
2. Aronson J., Lustina M. J., Good C., Keough K., Steele C. M., Brown J. (1999) Whenwhite men can't do math: Necessary and sufficient factors in stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 35: 29-46.
3. Benjamin L. T., Cavell T. A., Shallenberger W. R. (1984) Staying with initial answers onobjective tests: Is it a myth. Teaching of Psychology 11: 133-141.
4. Bridgeman B., Trapani C., Curley E. (2004) Impact of fewer questions per section on SAT I scores. Journal of Educational Measurement 41: 291-310.
5. Brown R. P., Pinel E. C. (2003) Stigma on my mind: Individual differences in the experience of stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39: 626-633.
6. Burns K. C., Isbell L. M. (2007) Promoting malleability is not one size fits all: Primingimplicit theories of intelligence as a function of self-theories. Self & Identity 6: 51-63.
7. Croizet J., Claire T. (1998) Extending the concept of stereotype and threat to social class: The intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 24: 588-594.
8. Di Milia L. (2007) Benefiting from multiple-choice exams: The positive impact of answerswitching. Educational Psychology 27: 607-615.
9. Ellis A. P. J., Ryan A. M. (2003) Race and cognitive-ability test performance: The mediating effects of test preparation, test-taking strategy use, and self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 33: 2607-2629.
10. Eysenck M. W., Derakshan N., Santos R., Calvo M. G. (2007) Anxiety and cognitiveperformance: Attentional control theory. Emotions 7: 336-353.
11. Geen R. G. (1985) Test anxiety and visual vigilance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49: 963-970.
12. Geiger M. A. (1991) Changing multiple-choice answers: Do students accurately perceive theirperformance?. Journal of Experimental Education 59: 250-257.
13. Heubert, J. P., Hauser, R. M. (eds) (1999) High stakes: Testing for tracking, promotion, andgraduation. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
14. Hough L. M., Oswald F. L., Ployhart R. E. (2001) Determinants, detection and ameliorationadverse impact in personnel selection procedures: Issues, evidence, and lessons learned. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 9: 152-194.
15. Keller J. (2007) Stereotype threat in classroom settings: The interactive effect of domainidentification task difficulty and stereotype threat on female students' math performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology 77: 323-338.
16. Kruger J., Wirtz D., Miller D. T. (2005) Counterfactual thinking and the first instinctfallacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88: 725-735.
17. Mandinach, E. B., Bridgeman, B., Cahalan-Laitusis, C., & Trapani, C. (2005). The impact ofextended time on SAT test performance (ETS Research Report). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Services.
18. Maner J. K., Richey J. A., Cromer K., Mallott M., Lejuez C. W., Joiner T. E., Schmidt N. B. (2007) Dispositional anxiety and risk-avoidant decision-making. Personality andIndividual Differences 42: 666-675.
19. McNulty J., Sonntag B., Sinacore J. (2007) Test-taking behaviors on a multiple-choiceexam are associated with performance on the exam and with learning style. Journal of the International Association of Medical Science Educators 17: 52-57.
20. Mueller D., Wasser V. (1977) Implications of changing answers on objective test items. Journal of Educational Measurement 14: 9-13.
21. Nguyen H. D., O'Neal A., Ryan A. M. (2003) Relating test-taking attitudes and skillsand stereotype threat effects to the racial gap in cognitive ability test performance. Human Performance 16: 261-294.
22. Nguyen H. D., Ryan A. M. (2008) Does stereotype threat affect test performance of minoritiesand women? A meta-analysis of experimental evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology 93: 1314-1334.
23. Oates G. (2009) An empirical test of five prominent explanations for the black-white academicperformance gap. Social Psychology of Education 12: 415-441.
24. Roth P. L., Bevier C. A., Bobko P., Switzer F. S. I., Tyler P. (2001) Ethnic groupdifferences in cognitive ability in employment and educational settings: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology 54: 297-330.
25. Sackett P. R. (2003) Stereotype threat in applied selection settings: A commentary. Human Performance 16: 295-309.
26. Sackett P. R., Hardison C. M., Cullen M. J. (2004) On interpreting stereotype threat asaccounting for African-American-White differences on cognitive tests. American Psychologist 59: 7-13.
27. Sackett P. R., Schmitt N., Ellingson J. E., Kabin M. B. (2001) High-stakes testing in employment, credentialing, and higher education: Prospects in a post-affirmative-action world. American Psychologist 56: 302-318.
28. Smith C., Hung L. (2008) Stereotype threat: Effects on education. Social Psychology of Education 11: 243-257.
29. Spencer S. J., Steele C. M., Quinn D. M. (1999) Stereotype threat and women's mathperformance. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 35: 29-46.
30. Steele C. M. (1997) A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity andperformance. American Psychologist 52: 613-629.
31. Steele C. M., Aronson J. (1995) Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69: 797-811.
32. Steele C. M., Davies P. G. (2003) Stereotype threat and employment testing: A commentary. Human Performance 16: 311-326.
33. Whaley A. L. (1998) Issues of validity in empirical tests of stereotype threat theory. American Psychologist 53: 679-680.
34. Wild C., Durso R., Rubin D. (1982) Effect of increased test-taking time on test scores byethnic group, years out of school, and sex. Journal of Educational Measurement 19: 19-28.