메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 33, Issue 12, 2003, Pages 2607-2629

Race and Cognitive-Ability Test Performance: The Mediating Effects of Test Preparation, Test-Taking Strategy Use and Self-Efficacy

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 1142289740     PISSN: 00219029     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb02783.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (27)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 1142309563 scopus 로고
    • Some effects of bilingualism upon the intelligence test performance of Puerto Rican children in New York City
    • Anastasi, A., & Cordova, F. (1953). Some effects of bilingualism upon the intelligence test performance of Puerto Rican children in New York City. Journal of Educational Psychology, 44, 1-19.
    • (1953) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.44 , pp. 1-19
    • Anastasi, A.1    Cordova, F.2
  • 3
    • 33746878674 scopus 로고
    • Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
    • Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
    • (1982) American Psychologist , vol.37 , pp. 122-147
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 5
    • 2542567565 scopus 로고
    • Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems
    • Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983). Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1017-1028.
    • (1983) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 1017-1028
    • Bandura, A.1    Cervone, D.2
  • 6
    • 0020160507 scopus 로고
    • Microanalysis of action and fear arousal as a function of differential levels of perceived self-efficacy
    • Bandura, A., Reese, L., & Adams, N. E. (1982). Microanalysis of action and fear arousal as a function of differential levels of perceived self-efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 5-21.
    • (1982) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 5-21
    • Bandura, A.1    Reese, L.2    Adams, N.E.3
  • 8
    • 0023020183 scopus 로고
    • The mediator-moderator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
    • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The mediator-moderator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1173-1182.
    • (1986) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.57 , pp. 1173-1182
    • Baron, R.M.1    Kenny, D.A.2
  • 9
    • 0033196662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derivation and implications of a meta-analytic matrix incorporating cognitive ability, alternative predictors, and job performance
    • Bobko, P., Roth, P. L., & Potosky, D. (1999). Derivation and implications of a meta-analytic matrix incorporating cognitive ability, alternative predictors, and job performance. Personnel Psychology, 52, 561-590.
    • (1999) Personnel Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 561-590
    • Bobko, P.1    Roth, P.L.2    Potosky, D.3
  • 10
    • 84965470372 scopus 로고
    • Influence of self-efficacy on self-regulation and performance among junior and senior high-school age students
    • Bouffard-Bouchard, T., Parent, S., & Larivee, S. (1991). Influence of self-efficacy on self-regulation and performance among junior and senior high-school age students. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 14, 153-164.
    • (1991) International Journal of Behavioral Development , vol.14 , pp. 153-164
    • Bouffard-Bouchard, T.1    Parent, S.2    Larivee, S.3
  • 11
    • 1142273207 scopus 로고
    • The secrecy behind the college boards
    • Brill, S. (1974). The secrecy behind the college boards. New York, 7, 67-83.
    • (1974) New York , vol.7 , pp. 67-83
    • Brill, S.1
  • 14
    • 0002825367 scopus 로고
    • Metacognition, executive control, self-regulation, and other even more mysterious mechanisms
    • F. E. Wienert & R. H. Kluwe (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Brown, A. L. (1987). Metacognition, executive control, self-regulation, and other even more mysterious mechanisms. In F. E. Wienert & R. H. Kluwe (Eds.), Metacognition, motivation, and understanding (pp. 65-116). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1987) Metacognition, Motivation, and Understanding , pp. 65-116
    • Brown, A.L.1
  • 16
    • 0031066209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Video-based versus paper-and-pencil method of assessment in situational judgment tests: Subgroup differences in test performance and face validity perceptions
    • Chan, D., & Schmitt, N. (1997). Video-based versus paper-and-pencil method of assessment in situational judgment tests: Subgroup differences in test performance and face validity perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 143-159.
    • (1997) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 143-159
    • Chan, D.1    Schmitt, N.2
  • 17
    • 0031113353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactions to cognitive ability tests: The relationships between race, test performance, face validity perceptions, and test-taking motivation
    • Chan, D., Schmitt, N., DeShon, R. P., Clause, C., & Delbridge, K. (1997). Reactions to cognitive ability tests: The relationships between race, test performance, face validity perceptions, and test-taking motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 300-310.
    • (1997) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 300-310
    • Chan, D.1    Schmitt, N.2    DeShon, R.P.3    Clause, C.4    Delbridge, K.5
  • 18
    • 0040595381 scopus 로고
    • Self-efficacy and ability in achievement behavior
    • Collins, J. L. (1985). Self-efficacy and ability in achievement behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 103-104.
    • (1985) Dissertation Abstracts International , vol.46 , pp. 103-104
    • Collins, J.L.1
  • 19
    • 0000537417 scopus 로고
    • Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma
    • Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96, 608-630.
    • (1989) Psychological Review , vol.96 , pp. 608-630
    • Crocker, J.1    Major, B.2
  • 22
    • 0043033561 scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the effect of coaching on SAT scores: A meta-analysis
    • DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. M. (1983). Evaluating the effect of coaching on SAT scores: A meta-analysis. Harvard Educational Review, 53, 1-15.
    • (1983) Harvard Educational Review , vol.53 , pp. 1-15
    • DerSimonian, R.1    Laird, N.M.2
  • 23
    • 0001669837 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of learned helplessness: Continuous changes in performance, strategy, and achievement cognitions following failure
    • Diener, C. I., & Dweck, C. S. (1978). An analysis of learned helplessness: Continuous changes in performance, strategy, and achievement cognitions following failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 451-462.
    • (1978) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.36 , pp. 451-462
    • Diener, C.I.1    Dweck, C.S.2
  • 24
    • 1142285275 scopus 로고
    • Test-wiseness as a factor in readiness test performance of young Mexican-American children
    • Driesbach, M., & Keogh, B. K. (1982). Test-wiseness as a factor in readiness test performance of young Mexican-American children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 224-229.
    • (1982) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 224-229
    • Driesbach, M.1    Keogh, B.K.2
  • 26
    • 84970216908 scopus 로고
    • When children and adults do not use learning strategies: Toward a theory of settings
    • Garner, R. (1990). When children and adults do not use learning strategies: Toward a theory of settings. Review of Educational Research, 60, 517-529.
    • (1990) Review of Educational Research , vol.60 , pp. 517-529
    • Garner, R.1
  • 28
    • 84987014675 scopus 로고
    • The validity of aptitude tests in personnel selection
    • Ghiselli, E. E. (1973). The validity of aptitude tests in personnel selection. Personnel Psychology, 26, 461-478.
    • (1973) Personnel Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 461-478
    • Ghiselli, E.E.1
  • 29
    • 0000806910 scopus 로고
    • Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability
    • Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17, 183-211.
    • (1992) Academy of Management Review , vol.17 , pp. 183-211
    • Gist, M.E.1    Mitchell, T.R.2
  • 30
    • 26444447760 scopus 로고
    • Effects of alternative training methods on self-efficacy and performance in computer software training
    • Gist, M. E., Schwoerer, C., & Rosen, B. (1989). Effects of alternative training methods on self-efficacy and performance in computer software training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 884-891.
    • (1989) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 884-891
    • Gist, M.E.1    Schwoerer, C.2    Rosen, B.3
  • 32
    • 1142297407 scopus 로고
    • Tips on educational testing: What teachers and parents should know
    • Green, R. L. (1975). Tips on educational testing: What teachers and parents should know. Phi Delta Kappan, 50, 89-92.
    • (1975) Phi Delta Kappan , vol.50 , pp. 89-92
    • Green, R.L.1
  • 34
    • 60249097505 scopus 로고
    • Raising standardized achievement test scores and the origins of test score pollution
    • Haladyna, T. M., Nolen, S. B., & Haas, N. S. (1990). Raising standardized achievement test scores and the origins of test score pollution. Educational Researcher, 20(5), 2-7.
    • (1990) Educational Researcher , vol.20 , Issue.5 , pp. 2-7
    • Haladyna, T.M.1    Nolen, S.B.2    Haas, N.S.3
  • 36
    • 0001033610 scopus 로고
    • Why is there no study of cultural equivalence in standardized cognitive ability testing?
    • Helms, J. E. (1992). Why is there no study of cultural equivalence in standardized cognitive ability testing? American Psychologist, 47, 1083-1101.
    • (1992) American Psychologist , vol.47 , pp. 1083-1101
    • Helms, J.E.1
  • 37
    • 0037721628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of explanations for selection test use, outcome favorability, and self-efficacy on test-taker perceptions
    • Horvath, M., Ryan, A. M., & Stierwalt, S. (2000). The influence of explanations for selection test use, outcome favorability, and self-efficacy on test-taker perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 83, 310-330.
    • (2000) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.83 , pp. 310-330
    • Horvath, M.1    Ryan, A.M.2    Stierwalt, S.3
  • 38
    • 84955544840 scopus 로고
    • Self-perception of Black Americans: Self-esteem and personal efficacy
    • Hughes, M., & Demo, H. (1989). Self-perception of Black Americans: Self-esteem and personal efficacy. American Journal of Sociology, 95, 132-159.
    • (1989) American Journal of Sociology , vol.95 , pp. 132-159
    • Hughes, M.1    Demo, H.2
  • 39
    • 58149370343 scopus 로고
    • Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance
    • Hunter, J. E., & Hunter, R. F. (1984). Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 72-98.
    • (1984) Psychological Bulletin , vol.96 , pp. 72-98
    • Hunter, J.E.1    Hunter, R.F.2
  • 41
    • 0000808962 scopus 로고
    • Mediators, moderators, and tests for mediation
    • James, L. R., & Brett, J. M. (1984). Mediators, moderators, and tests for mediation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 307-321.
    • (1984) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.69 , pp. 307-321
    • James, L.R.1    Brett, J.M.2
  • 43
    • 0011367711 scopus 로고
    • Test bias: Concepts and criticisms
    • C. R. Reynolds & R. T. Brown (Eds.). New York, NY: Plenum
    • Jensen, A. R. (1984). Test bias: Concepts and criticisms. In C. R. Reynolds & R. T. Brown (Eds.), Perspectives on bias in mental testing (pp. 507-586). New York, NY: Plenum.
    • (1984) Perspectives on Bias in Mental Testing , pp. 507-586
    • Jensen, A.R.1
  • 44
    • 0346118290 scopus 로고
    • The effects of instruction on test-taking skills in second grade African American children
    • Kalechstein, P., Kalechstein, M., & Doctor, R. (1981). The effects of instruction on test-taking skills in second grade African American children. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance, 13, 198-202.
    • (1981) Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance , vol.13 , pp. 198-202
    • Kalechstein, P.1    Kalechstein, M.2    Doctor, R.3
  • 46
    • 0000590992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial and ethnic differences in intelligence in the U.S. on the Differential Ability scale
    • Lynn, R. (1996). Racial and ethnic differences in intelligence in the U.S. on the Differential Ability scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 271-273.
    • (1996) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.20 , pp. 271-273
    • Lynn, R.1
  • 48
    • 84925915994 scopus 로고
    • A psycholinguistic approach to training urban high school students in test-taking strategies
    • McPhail, I. P. (1978). A psycholinguistic approach to training urban high school students in test-taking strategies. Journal of Negro Education, 47, 168-176.
    • (1978) Journal of Negro Education , vol.47 , pp. 168-176
    • McPhail, I.P.1
  • 49
    • 0038611306 scopus 로고
    • Systematic biases in the keying of correct responses on certain standardized tests
    • Metfessel, N. S., & Sax, G. (1958). Systematic biases in the keying of correct responses on certain standardized tests. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 18, 787-790.
    • (1958) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.18 , pp. 787-790
    • Metfessel, N.S.1    Sax, G.2
  • 53
    • 0008384014 scopus 로고
    • The effects of test-wiseness materials on standardized test performance of preschool disadvantaged children
    • Oakland, T. (1972). The effects of test-wiseness materials on standardized test performance of preschool disadvantaged children. Journal of School Psychology, 10, 355-360.
    • (1972) Journal of School Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 355-360
    • Oakland, T.1
  • 54
    • 0010155464 scopus 로고
    • Improving test validity by coaching
    • Ortar, G. (1960). Improving test validity by coaching. Educational Research, 2, 137-142.
    • (1960) Educational Research , vol.2 , pp. 137-142
    • Ortar, G.1
  • 55
    • 0001542159 scopus 로고
    • Self-efficacy beliefs and general mental ability in mathematical problem solving
    • Pajares, F., & Kranzler, J. (1995). Self-efficacy beliefs and general mental ability in mathematical problem solving. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 20, 426-443.
    • (1995) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.20 , pp. 426-443
    • Pajares, F.1    Kranzler, J.2
  • 57
    • 84973812541 scopus 로고
    • A developmental perspective on standardized achievement testing
    • Paris, S. G., Lawton, T. A., Turner, J. C., & Roth, J. L. (1991). A developmental perspective on standardized achievement testing. Educational Researcher, 20(5), 12-20.
    • (1991) Educational Researcher , vol.20 , Issue.5 , pp. 12-20
    • Paris, S.G.1    Lawton, T.A.2    Turner, J.C.3    Roth, J.L.4
  • 58
    • 0002720721 scopus 로고
    • Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom performance
    • Pintrich, P. R., & DeGroot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-40.
    • (1990) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 33-40
    • Pintrich, P.R.1    DeGroot, E.V.2
  • 59
    • 84938052129 scopus 로고
    • Black identity and self-esteem: A review of studies of Black self-concept, 1968-1978
    • Porter, J. R., & Washington, R. E. (1979). Black identity and self-esteem: A review of studies of Black self-concept, 1968-1978. Annual Review of Sociology, 5, 53-74.
    • (1979) Annual Review of Sociology , vol.5 , pp. 53-74
    • Porter, J.R.1    Washington, R.E.2
  • 60
    • 85005396910 scopus 로고
    • Coaching for the SAT: A summary of the summaries and an update
    • Powers, D. E. (1993). Coaching for the SAT: A summary of the summaries and an update. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 12(2), 24-30.
    • (1993) Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 24-30
    • Powers, D.E.1
  • 61
    • 21344482671 scopus 로고
    • Verification of a model of test-taking behavior of high school seniors
    • Rogers, W. T., & Bateson, D. J. (1994). Verification of a model of test-taking behavior of high school seniors. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 15, 195-211.
    • (1994) Alberta Journal of Educational Research , vol.15 , pp. 195-211
    • Rogers, W.T.1    Bateson, D.J.2
  • 64
    • 0032219954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test preparation programs in selection contexts: Self-selection and program effectiveness
    • Ryan, A. M., Ployhart, R. E., Greguras, G. J., & Schmit, M. J. (1998). Test preparation programs in selection contexts: Self-selection and program effectiveness. Personnel Psychology, 51, 599-622.
    • (1998) Personnel Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 599-622
    • Ryan, A.M.1    Ployhart, R.E.2    Greguras, G.J.3    Schmit, M.J.4
  • 65
    • 0001881855 scopus 로고
    • Coaching and practice effects in personnel selection
    • C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons
    • Sackett, P. R., Burris, L. R., & Ryan, A. M. (1989). Coaching and practice effects in personnel selection. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 145-183). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
    • (1989) International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , pp. 145-183
    • Sackett, P.R.1    Burris, L.R.2    Ryan, A.M.3
  • 66
    • 21144478840 scopus 로고
    • Self-efficacy and work-related behavior: A review and meta-analysis
    • Sadri, G., & Robertson, I. T. (1993). Self-efficacy and work-related behavior: A review and meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 42, 139-152.
    • (1993) Applied Psychology: An International Review , vol.42 , pp. 139-152
    • Sadri, G.1    Robertson, I.T.2
  • 67
    • 0038912422 scopus 로고
    • Effects of training in test-taking skills on achievement test performance: A quantitative synthesis
    • Samson, G. E. (1985). Effects of training in test-taking skills on achievement test performance: A quantitative synthesis. Journal of Educational Research, 78, 261-266.
    • (1985) Journal of Educational Research , vol.78 , pp. 261-266
    • Samson, G.E.1
  • 68
    • 0012704412 scopus 로고
    • Testing for children: Assessment and the many determinants of intellectual competence
    • Scarr, S. (1981). Testing for children: Assessment and the many determinants of intellectual competence. American Psychologist, 36, 1159-1166.
    • (1981) American Psychologist , vol.36 , pp. 1159-1166
    • Scarr, S.1
  • 69
    • 84986928022 scopus 로고
    • Further tests of the Schmidt-Hunter Bayesian validity generalization procedure
    • Schmidt, F. L., Hunter, J. E., Pearlman, K., & Shane, G. S. (1979). Further tests of the Schmidt-Hunter Bayesian validity generalization procedure. Personnel Psychology, 32, 259-282.
    • (1979) Personnel Psychology , vol.32 , pp. 259-282
    • Schmidt, F.L.1    Hunter, J.E.2    Pearlman, K.3    Shane, G.S.4
  • 71
    • 0000136257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subgroup differences associated with different measures of some job-relevant constructs
    • C. R. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons
    • Schmitt, N., Clause, C. S., & Pulakos, E. D. (1996). Subgroup differences associated with different measures of some job-relevant constructs. In C. R. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 115-140). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
    • (1996) International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , vol.11 , pp. 115-140
    • Schmitt, N.1    Clause, C.S.2    Pulakos, E.D.3
  • 72
    • 0002544281 scopus 로고
    • Self-efficacy and cognitive skill learning
    • C. Ames & R. Ames (Eds.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Schunk, D. H. (1989). Self-efficacy and cognitive skill learning. In C. Ames & R. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education: Vol. 3. Goals and cognition (pp. 13-44). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    • (1989) Research on Motivation in Education: Goals and Cognition , vol.3 , pp. 13-44
    • Schunk, D.H.1
  • 73
    • 0002622606 scopus 로고
    • Race and the schooling of black Americans
    • April
    • Steele, C. M. (1992, April). Race and the schooling of black Americans. Atlantic Monthly, 68-78.
    • (1992) Atlantic Monthly , pp. 68-78
    • Steele, C.M.1
  • 74
    • 0029411777 scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat and the intellectual performance of African Americans
    • Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
    • (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.69 , pp. 797-811
    • Steele, C.M.1    Aronson, J.2
  • 76
    • 1142273208 scopus 로고
    • Testing and the educational power struggle
    • Stone, C. S. (1971). Testing and the educational power struggle. Integrated Education, 9, 4-9.
    • (1971) Integrated Education , vol.9 , pp. 4-9
    • Stone, C.S.1
  • 77
    • 0026161682 scopus 로고
    • Race differences in self-perception and locus of control during adolescence and early adulthood: Methodological implications
    • Tashakkori, A., & Thompson, V. D. (1989). Race differences in self-perception and locus of control during adolescence and early adulthood: Methodological implications. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 117, 135-152.
    • (1989) Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs , vol.117 , pp. 135-152
    • Tashakkori, A.1    Thompson, V.D.2
  • 78
    • 1142273209 scopus 로고
    • Explanations of Black self-esteem: Some empirical tests
    • Taylor, M. C., & Walsh, E. J. (1979). Explanations of Black self-esteem: Some empirical tests. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57, 16-35.
    • (1979) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.57 , pp. 16-35
    • Taylor, M.C.1    Walsh, E.J.2
  • 79
    • 0000713520 scopus 로고
    • Validity of the SAT for Blacks and Whites in thirteen integrated institutions
    • Temp, G. (1971). Validity of the SAT for Blacks and Whites in thirteen integrated institutions. Journal of Educational Measurement, 8, 245-251.
    • (1971) Journal of Educational Measurement , vol.8 , pp. 245-251
    • Temp, G.1
  • 80
    • 84984036550 scopus 로고
    • Gender, race, social class, and self-evaluations among college students
    • Turner, C. B., & Turner, B. F. (1982). Gender, race, social class, and self-evaluations among college students. Sociological Quarterly, 23, 491-507.
    • (1982) Sociological Quarterly , vol.23 , pp. 491-507
    • Turner, C.B.1    Turner, B.F.2
  • 81
    • 0345084561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The threat to diversity in legal education: An empirical analysis of the consequences of abandoning race as a factor in law school admissions decisions
    • Wightman, L. F. (1997). The threat to diversity in legal education: An empirical analysis of the consequences of abandoning race as a factor in law school admissions decisions. New York University Law Review, 72, 1-53.
    • (1997) New York University Law Review , vol.72 , pp. 1-53
    • Wightman, L.F.1
  • 82
    • 84970174078 scopus 로고
    • Abuses and misuses in testing
    • Williams, R. L. (1971). Abuses and misuses in testing. Counseling Psychologist, 2, 62-75.
    • (1971) Counseling Psychologist , vol.2 , pp. 62-75
    • Williams, R.L.1
  • 83
    • 84937305703 scopus 로고
    • Confronting adverse impact in cognitive examinations
    • Wollack, S. (1994). Confronting adverse impact in cognitive examinations. Public Personnel Management, 23, 217-224.
    • (1994) Public Personnel Management , vol.23 , pp. 217-224
    • Wollack, S.1
  • 84
    • 1142309559 scopus 로고
    • Testing: Another world for racism
    • Word, C. (1974). Testing: Another world for racism. Essence, 5, 38.
    • (1974) Essence , vol.5 , pp. 38
    • Word, C.1
  • 85
    • 0001957793 scopus 로고
    • Psychological examining in the United States Army
    • Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
    • Yerkes, R. M. (1921). Psychological examining in the United States Army. In Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (Vol. 15). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
    • (1921) Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences , vol.15
    • Yerkes, R.M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.