Stereotype threat: Effects on education

Social Psychology of Education

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 243-257

  Smith, Cary Stacy ^a   Hung, Li Ching ^a  

^a MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Gender; Group performance; Minorities; Role model; Stereotype threat

Indexed keywords

EID: 46349103447     PISSN: 13812890     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11218-008-9053-3     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Aronson J., Fried C.B. and Good C. (2002). Reducing the effects of stereotype threat on African American college students by shaping theories of intelligence. Journal of Experimental Psychology 38: 113-125
2. Blanton H., Christie C. and Dye M. (2002). Social identity versus reference frame comparisons: The moderating role of stereotype endorsement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38(3): 253-267
3. Bolick C. (1996). The affirmative action fraud: Can we restore the American civil rights vision?. The Cato Institute, Washington, DC
4. Brown R.P. and Josephs R.A. (1999). A burden of proof: Stereotype relevance and gender differences in math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76(2): 246-257
5. Bussey K. and Bandura A. (1992). Self-regulatory mechanisms governing gender development. Child Development 63: 1236-1250
6. Cadinu M., Maass A., Frigerio S., Impagliazzo L. and Latinotti S. (2003). Stereotype threat: The effect of expectancy on performance. European Journal of Social Psychology 33: 267-285
7. Catsambis S. (1994). The path to math: Gender and racial-ethnic differences in mathematics participation from middle school to high school. Sociology of Education 67: 199-215
8. Contrada R.J., Ashmore R.D., Gary M.L., Coups E., Egeth J.D., Sewell A, Ewell K., Goyal T.M. and Chasse V. (2000). Ethnicity-related sources of stress and their effects on well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science 9: 136-139
9. Croizet J. and Claire T. (1998). Extending the concept of stereotype threat to social class: The intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 6: 588-594
10. Eccles J.S. (1987). Gender roles and women's achievement-related decisions. Psychology of Women Quarterly 11: 135-172
11. Eccles J.S. (1994). Understanding women's educational and occupational choices: Applying the Eccles et~al. model of achievement-related choices. Psychology of Women Quarterly 18: 585-609
12. Eccles J.S. and Harold R.D. (1992). Gender differences in educational and occupational patterns among the gifted, (1990). In: Colangelo, N., Assouline, S.G. and Ambroson, D.L. (eds) Talent development: Proceedings from the 1991 Henry B. and Jocelyn Wallace National Research Symposium on Talent Development, pp 3-29. Trillium Press, Unionville, NY
13. Ernest J. (1976). Mathematics and Sex. American Mathematical Monthly 83: 595-614
14. Off White: Readings on Race, Power and Society. Routledge, New York (1997).
15. Freeman A. (2003). Raising minority achievement in science and math. Educational Leadership 60: 31-40
16. Gonzales P.M., Blanton H. and Williams K.J. (2002). The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 28: 659-670
17. Good C., Aronson J. and Inzlicht M. (2003). Improving adolescents' standardized test performance: An intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat. Applied Development Psychology 24: 645-662
18. Hall C.W. and Davis N.B. (1999). Gender and racial differences in mathematical performance. Journal of Social Psychology 139(6): 677-689
19. Halpern D.F. (2000). Sex Differences in Cognitive Ability. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ
20. Huston, A. C. (1983). Sex typing. Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 387-467). New York: Wiley
21. Hyde J.S., Fennema E. and Lamon S.J. (1990). Gender differences in mathematics performance: A~meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 107: 139-155
22. Inzlicht M. and Ben-Zeev T. (2000). A threatening intellectual environment: Why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males. Psychological Science 11(5): 366-371
23. Inzlicht M. and Ben-Zeev T. (2003). Do high-achieving female students underperform in private? The implications of threatening environments on intellectual processing. Journal of educational Psychology 95(4): 796-805
24. Jost J.T. and Banaji M.R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology 33: 1-27
25. Keller J. (2002). Blatant stereotype threat and women's math performance: self-handicapping as a strategic means to cope with obtrusive negative performance expectations: Brief report. Sex Roles 47: 193-198
26. Levy S.R. and Dweck C.S. (1999). The impact of children's static versus dynamic conceptions of people on stereotype formation. Child Development 70: 1163-1180
27. Liben L.S. and Signorella M.L. (1980). Gender related schemata and constructive memory in children. Child Development 51: 11-18
28. Martin C.L. and Little J.K. (1990). The relation of gender understanding to children's sex-typed preferences and gender stereotypes. Child Development 61: 1427-1439
29. Marx D.M. and Roman J.S. (2002). Female role models: Protecting women's math test performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28: 1183-1193
30. Mau W. and Lynn R. (2000). Gender differences in homework and test scores in mathematics, reading and science at 10th and 12th grade. Psychology, Evolution, and Gender 2: 119-125
31. McIntyre R.B., Lord C.G., Gresky D.M., Ten Eyck L.L., Frye G.D.J. and Bond C.F. (2005). A social impact trend in the effects of role models on alleviating women's mathematics stereotype threat. Current Research in Social Psychology 10(9): 116-136
32. McIntyre R.B., Paulson R.M. and Lord C.G. (2003). Alleviating women's mathematics stereotype threat through salience of group achievements. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39: 83-90
33. McKown C. and Weinstein R.S. (2003). The development and consequences of stereotype consciousness in middle childhood. Childhood Development 74(2): 498-515
34. National Science Foundation. (2001). Science and Engineering Degrees, by Race/Ethnicity of Recipients: 1990-1998. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation.
35. Nadya F.A. (1995). Career linking: An intervention to promote math and science career awareness. Journal of Counseling & Development 73(5): 527-534
36. O'Brien L. and Crandall C. (2003). Stereotype threat and arousal: Effects on women's math performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29(6): 782-789
37. Osborne J.W. (2001). Testing stereotype threat: Does anxiety explain race and sex differences in achievement?. Contemporary Educational Psychology 26: 291-310
38. Oswald D.L. and Harvey R.D. (2003). A q-methodological study of women's subjective perspectives on mathematics. Sex Roles 49: 133-142
39. Oswald D.L. and Harvey R.D. (2001). Hostile environments, stereotype threat and math performance among undergraduate women. Current Psychology 19(4): 44-64
40. Quinn D.M. and Spencer S.J. (2001). The interference of stereotype threat with women's generation of mathematical problem-solving strategies. Journal of Social Issues 57(1): 55-71
41. Reyna C. (2000). Lazy, Dumb, or industrious: When stereotypes convey attribution information in the classroom. Educational Psychology Review 12(1): 86-110
42. Rosenthal H.E.S. and Crisp R.J. (2006). Reducing stereotype threat by blurring intergroup boundaries. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 32(4): 501-512
43. Schmader T. (2002). Gender identification moderates stereotype threat effects on women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38: 194-201
44. Schmader T., Johns M. and Barquissau M. (2004). The costs of accepting gender differences: The role of stereotype endorsement in women's experience in the math domain. Sex Roles 50: 835-850
45. Shih M., Pittinsky T.L. and Ambady N. (1999). Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. American Psychological Society 10(1): 81-83
46. Sleeter C. (1997). Mathematics, multicultural education and professional development. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 28: 680-696
47. Spencer S.J., Steele C.M. and Quinn D.M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 35: 4-28
48. Steele C.M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist 52: 613-629
49. Steele C.M. and Aronson J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69(5): 797-811
50. Steele J., James J., and Barnett R.C. (2002). Learning in a man's world: Examining the perceptions of undergraduate women in male-dominated academic areas. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26 38-64.
51. Stone J., Lynch C.I., Sjomeling M. and Darley J.M. (1999). Stereotype threat effects on black and white athletic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77: 1213-1227
52. Walsh M., Hickey C. and Duffy J. (1999). Influence of item content and stereotype situation on gender differences in mathematical problem solving. Sex Roles 41: 219-240