Current status of multiple antigen-presenting peptide vaccine systems: Application of organic and inorganic nanoparticles

Chemistry Central Journal

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

  Fujita, Yoshio ^a   Taguchi, Hiroaki ^a  

^a SUZUKA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052028524     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1752153X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1752-153X-5-48     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Kim JH, Rerks-Ngarm S, Excler JL, Michael NL. HIV vaccines: lessons learned and the way forward. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2010, 5(5):428-434. 10.1097/COH.0b013e32833d17ac, 2990218, 20978385.
2. Voronin Y, Manrique A, Bernstein A. The future of HIV vaccine research and the role of the Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2010, 5(5):414-420. 10.1097/COH.0b013e32833cfe32, 2974435, 20978383.
3. Vaccari M, Poonam P, Franchini G. Phase III HIV vaccine trial in Thailand: a step toward a protective vaccine for HIV. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010, 9(9):997-1005. 10.1586/erv.10.104, 20822342.
4. Genton B. Malaria vaccines: a toy for travelers or a tool for eradication?. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008, 7(5):597-611. 10.1586/14760584.7.5.597, 18564015.
5. Garcia LS. Malaria. Clin Lab Med 2010, 30(1):93-129. 10.1016/j.cll.2009.10.001, 20513543.
6. Kappe SH, Vaughan AM, Boddey JA, Cowman AF. That was then but this is now: malaria research in the time of an eradication agenda. Science 2010, 328(5980):862-866. 10.1126/science.1184785, 20466924.
7. Dale JB. Current status of group A streptococcal vaccine development. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008, 609:53-63. 10.1007/978-0-387-73960-1_5, 18193657.
8. Steer AC, Batzloff MR, Mulholland K, Carapetis JR. Group A streptococcal vaccines: facts versus fantasy. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009, 22(6):544-552. 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328332bbfe, 19797947.
9. Yu CI, Chiang BL. A new insight into hepatitis C vaccine development. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010, 2010:548280. 2896694, 20625493.
10. Stoll-Keller F, Barth H, Fafi-Kremer S, Zeisel MB, Baumert TF. Development of hepatitis C virus vaccines: challenges and progress. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009, 8(3):333-345. 10.1586/14760584.8.3.333, 2966876, 19249975.
11. Du L, He Y, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zheng BJ, Jiang S. The spike protein of SARS-CoV--a target for vaccine and therapeutic development. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009, 7(3):226-236. 10.1038/nrmicro2090, 2750777, 19198616.
12. Roper RL, Rehm KE. SARS vaccines: where are we?. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009, 8(7):887-898. 10.1586/erv.09.43, 19538115.
13. Sundaram R, Dakappagari NK, Kaumaya PT. Synthetic peptides as cancer vaccines. Biopolymers 2002, 66(3):200-216. 10.1002/bip.10258, 12385038.
14. Oka Y, Tsuboi A, Fujiki F, Li Z, Nakajima H, Hosen N, Shirakata T, Nishida S, Oji Y, Kawase I, Sugiyama H. WT1 peptide vaccine as a paradigm for "cancer antigen-derived peptide"-based immunotherapy for malignancies: successful induction of anti-cancer effect by vaccination with a single kind of WT1 peptide. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2009, 9(7):787-797.
15. Carballido E, Fishman M. Sipuleucel-T: prototype for development of anti-tumor vaccines. Curr Oncol Rep 2011, 13(2):112-9. 10.1007/s11912-011-0152-5, 21243538.
16. Heegaard PMH, Dedieu L, Johnson N, Le Potier M-F, Mockey M, Mutinelli F, Vahlenkamp T, Vascellari M, Sørensen NS. Adjuvants and delivery systems in veterinary vaccinology: current state and future developments. Arch Virol 2010, 156(2):183-202.
17. Herzenberg LA, Tokuhisa T, Herzenberg A. Carrier-priming leads to hepten-specific suppression. Nature 1980, 285(5767):664-667. 10.1038/285664a0, 6967189.
18. Landsteiner K. The Specificity of Serological Reactions. 1962, Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge, MA, 3.
19. Avery OT, Goebel WF. Chemo-immunological studies on conjugated carbohydrate protein: V. the immunological specificity of an antigen prepared by combining the capsular polysaccharide of type III pneumococcus with foreign protein. J Exp Med 1931, 54(3):437-447. 10.1084/jem.54.3.437, 2132011, 19869930.
20. Schutze MP, Leclerc C, Jolivet M, Audibert F, Chedid L. Carrier-induced epitopic suppression, a major issue for future synthetic vaccines. J Immunol 1985, 135(4):2319-2322.
21. DiJohn D, Wasserman SS, Torres JR, Cortesia MJ, Murillo J, Losonsky GA, Herrington DA, Stürchler D, Levine MM. Effect of priming with carrier on response to conjugate vaccine. Lancet 1989, 2(8677):1415-1418.
22. Kumar A, Arora R, Kaur P, Chauhan VS, Sharma P. "Universal" T helper cell determinants enhance immunogenicity of a Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen peptide. J Immunol 1992, 148(5):1499-1505.
23. Tam JP. Synthetic peptide vaccine design: synthesis and properties of a high-density multiple antigenic peptide system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988, 85(15):5409-5413. 10.1073/pnas.85.15.5409, 281766, 3399498.
24. Etlinger HM, Knorr R. Model using a peptide with carrier function for vaccination against different pathogens. Vaccine 1991, 9(7):512-514. 10.1016/0264-410X(91)90038-8, 1716809.
25. Nardin EH, Oliveira GA, Calvo-Calle JM, Castro ZR, Nussenzweig RS, Schmeckpeper B, Hall BF, Diggs C, Bodison S, Edelman R. Synthetic malaria peptide vaccine elicits high levels of antibodies in vaccinees of defined HLA genotypes. J Infect Dis 2000, 182(5):1486-1496. 10.1086/315871, 11023472.
26. Ghosh S, Jackson DC. Antigenic and immunogenic properties of totally synthetic peptide-based anti-fertility vaccines. Int Immunol 1999, 11(7):1103-1110. 10.1093/intimm/11.7.1103, 10383943.
27. Zeng W, Ghosh S, Macris M, Pagnon J, Jackson DC. Assembly of synthetic peptide vaccines by chemoselective ligation of epitopes: influence of different chemical linkages and epitope orientations on biological activity. Vaccine 2001, 19(28-29):3843-3852. 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00152-9, 11427256.
28. Bhattacharjee RN, Akira S. Toll-like receptor signaling: emerging opportunities in human diseases and medicine. Curr Immunol Rev 2005, 1(1):81-90.
29. Huang W, Nardelli B, Tam JP. Lipophilic multiple antigen peptide system for peptide immunogen and synthetic vaccine. Mol Immunol 1994, 31(15):1191-1199. 10.1016/0161-5890(94)90033-7, 7935506.
30. Zeng W, Jackson DC, Murray J, Rose K, Brown LE. Totally synthetic lipid-containing polyoxime peptide constructs are potent immunogens. Vaccine 2000, 18(11-12):1031-1039. 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00346-1, 10590323.
31. Lau YF, Deliyannis G, Zeng W, Mansell A, Jackson DC, Brown LE. Lipid-containing mimetics of natural triggers of innate immunity as CTL-inducing influenza vaccines. Int Immunol 2006, 18(12):1801-1813. 10.1093/intimm/dxl114, 17077175.
32. Mühlradt PF, Kiess M, Meyer H, Süssmuth R, Jung G. Isolation, structure elucidation, and synthesis of a macrophage stimulatory lipopeptide from Mycoplasma fermentans acting at picomolar concentration. J Exp Med 1997, 185(11):1951-1958. 10.1084/jem.185.11.1951, 2196331, 9166424.
33. Horváth A, Olive C, Wong A, Clair T, Yarwood P, Good M, Toth I. Lipoamino acid-based adjuvant carrier system: enhanced immunogenicity of group A streptococcal peptide epitopes. J Med Chem 2002, 45(6):1387-1390. 10.1021/jm0110441, 11882009.
34. Zaman M, Abdel-Aal A-BM, Phillipps KSM, Fujita Y, Good MF, Toth I. Structure-activity relationships of lipopeptide group A streptococcus (GAS) vaccine candidates on toll-like receptor 2. Vaccine 2010, 28(10):2243-2248. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.046, 20045502.
35. Fujita Y, Abdel-Aal AB, Wimmer N, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Toth I. Synthesis and immunological evaluation of self-adjuvanting glycolipopeptide vaccine candidates. Bioorg Med Chem 2008, 16(19):8907-8913. 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.064, 18789866.
36. Hopp TP. Immunogenicity of a synthetic HBSAG peptide - enhancement by conjugation to a fatty-acid carrier. Mol Immunol 1984, 21(1):13-16. 10.1016/0161-5890(84)90084-1, 6423970.
37. Deres K, Schild H, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G, Rammensee HG. In vivo priming of virus-specific cyto-toxic lymphocytes-T with synthetic lipopeptide vaccine. Nature 1989, 342(6249):561-564. 10.1038/342561a0, 2586628.
38. Loing E, Andrieu M, Thiam K, Schörner D, Wiesmüller KH, Hosmalin A, Jung G, Gras-Masse H. Extension of HLA-A*0201-restricted minimal epitope by Nε-palmitoyl-lysine increases the life span of functional presentation to cytotoxic T cells. J Immunol 2000, 164(2):900-907.
39. Zeng W, Ghosh S, Lau YF, Brown LE, Jackson DC. Highly immunogenic and totally synthetic lipopeptides as self-adjuvanting immunocontraceptive vaccines. J Immunol 2002, 169(9):4905-4912.
40. Jackson DC, Lau TF, Le T, Suhrbier A, Deliyannis G, Cheers C, Smith C, Zeng W, Brown LE. A totally synthetic vaccine of generic structure that targets Toll-like receptor 2 on dendritic cells and promotes antibody or cytotoxic T cell responses. Proc Natl Am Soc 2004, 101(43):15440-15445.
41. Chua BY, Healy A, Cameron PU, Stock O, Rizkalla M, Zeng W, Torresi J, Brown LE, Fowler NL, Gowans EJ, Jackson DC. Maturation of dendritic cells with lipopeptides that represent vaccine candidates for hepatitis C virus. Immunol Cell Biol 2003, 81(1):67-72. 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01133.x, 12534949.
42. Zhu X, Ramos TV, Gras-Masse H, Kaplan BE, BenMohamed L. Lipopeptide epitopes extended by an Nε-palmitoyl-lysine moiety increase uptake and maturation of dendritic cells through a Toll-like receptor-2 pathway and trigger a Th1-dependent protective immunity. Eur J Immunol 2004, 34(11):3102-3114. 10.1002/eji.200425166, 15368273.
43. Langhan B, Braunschweiger I, Schweitzer S, Jung G, Inchauspé G, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U. Lipidation of T helper sequences from hepatits C virus core significantly enhances T-cell activity in vitro. Immunol 2001, 102(4):460-465.
44. Rouaix F, Gras-Masse H, Mazingue C, Diesis E, Ridel PR, Estaquier J, Capron A, Tartar A, Auriault C. Effect of a lipopeptidic formulation on macrophage activation and peptide presentation to T cells. Vaccine 1994, 12(13):1209-1214. 10.1016/0264-410X(94)90245-3, 7839726.
45. BenMohamed L, Gras-Masse H, Tartar A, Daubersies P, Brahimi K, Bossus M, Thomas A, Druilhe P. Lipopeptide immunization without adjuvant induces potent and long-lasting B, T helper, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against a malaria liver stage antigen in mice and chimpanzees. Eur J Immunol 1997, 27(5):1242-1253. 10.1002/eji.1830270528, 9174617.
46. Pialoux G, Gahéry-Ségard H, Sermet S, Poncelet H, Fournier S, Gérard L, Tartar A, Gras-Masse H, Levy JP, Guillet JG, . ANRS VAC 04 Study Team Lipopeptides induce cell-mediated anti-HIV immune responses in seronegative volunteers. AIDS 2001, 15(10):1239-1249. 10.1097/00002030-200107060-00005, 11426068, ANRS VAC 04 Study Team.
47. Livingston BD, Crimi C, Grey H, Ishioka G, Chisari FV, Fikes J, Grey H, Chesnut RW, Sette A. The hepatitis B virus-specific CTL responses induced in humans by lipopeptide vaccination are comparable to those elicited by acute viral infection. J Immunol 1997, 159(3):1383-1392.
48. Salmon-Céron D, Durier C, Desaint C, Cuzin L, Surenaud M, Hamouda NB, Lelièvre JD, Bonnet B, Pialoux G, Poizot-Martin I, Aboulker JP, Lévy Y, Launay O, . ANRS VAC18 trial group Immunogenicity and safety of an HIV-1 lipopeptide vaccine in healthy adults: a phase 2 placebo-controlled ANRS trial. AIDS 2010, 24(14):2211-2223. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833ce566, 20625264, ANRS VAC18 trial group.
49. Defoort JP, Nardelli B, Huang W, Ho DD, Tam JP. Macromolecular assemblage in the design of a synthetic AIDS vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Soc USA 1992, 89(9):3879-3883.
50. Defoort JP, Nardelli B, Huang W, Tam JP. A rational design of synthetic peptide vaccine with a built-in adjuvant: a modular approach for unambiguity. Int J Pept Protein Res 1992, 40(3-4):214-221.
51. Nardelli B, Haser PB, Tam JP. Oral administration of an antigenic synthetic lipopeptide (MAP-P3C) evokes salivary antibodies and systemic humoral and cellular responses. Vaccine 1994, 12(14):1335-1339. 10.1016/S0264-410X(94)80062-5, 7856301.
52. Moyle PM, Hari Y, Huang N, Olive C, Good MF, Toth I. A technique for the synthesis of highly-pure, mono-epitopic, multi-valent lipid core peptide vaccines. Tetrahedron Lett 2007, 48(29):4965-4967.
53. Edenhofer F. Protein transduction revisited: novel insights into the mechanism underlying intracellular delivery of proteins. Curr Pharm Des 2008, 14(34):3628-3636. 10.2174/138161208786898833, 19075739.
54. Wagstaff KM, Jans DA. Protein transduction: cell penetrating peptides and their therapeutic applications. Curr Med Chem 2006, 13(12):1371-1387. 10.2174/092986706776872871, 16719783.
55. Crombez L, Aldrian-Herrada G, Konate K, Nguyen QN, McMaster GK, Brasseur R, Heitz F, Divita G. A new potent secondary amphipathic cellpenetrating peptide for siRNA delivery into mammalian cells. Mol Ther 2009, 17(1):95-103. 10.1038/mt.2008.215, 2834975, 18957965.
56. Turner JJ, Jones S, Fabani MM, Ivanova G, Arzumanov AA, Gait MJ. RNA targeting with peptide conjugates of oligonucleotides, siRNA and PNA. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007, 38(1):1-7. 10.1016/j.bcmd.2006.10.003, 17113327.
57. Moschos SA, Jones SW, Perry MM, Williams AE, Erjefalt JS, Turner JJ, Barnes PJ, Sproat BS, Gait MJ, Lindsay MA. Lung delivery studies using siRNA conjugated to TAT(48-60) and penetratin reveal peptide induced reduction in gene expression and induction of innate immunity. Bioconjug Chem 2007, 18(5):1450-1459. 10.1021/bc070077d, 2621305, 17711319.
58. Meade BR, Dowdy SF. Exogenous siRNA delivery using peptide transduction domains/cell penetrating peptides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007, 59(2-3):134-140. 10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.004, 17451840.
59. Kale AA, Torchillin VP. "Smart" drug carriers: PEGylated TATp-modified pH-sensitive liposomes. J Liposome Res 2007, 17(3-4):197-203.
60. Pappalardo JS, Quattrocchi V, Langellotti C, Di Giacomo S, Gnazzo V, Olivcra V, Calamante G, Zamorano PI, Levchenko TS, Torchilin VP. Improved transfection of spleen-derived antigen presenting cells in culture using TATp-liposomes. J Control Release 2009, 134(4):41-46.
61. Brooks NA, Pouniotis DS, Sheng KC, Apostolopoulos V, Pietersz GA. A membrane penetrating multiple antigen peptide (MAP) incorporating ovalbumin CD8 epitope induces potent immune responses in mice. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 2010, 1798(12):2286-2295.
62. Brooks NA, Pouniotis DS, Tang C-T, Apostolopoulos V, Pietersz GA. Cell-penetrating peptides: application in vaccine delivery. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 2010, 1805(1):25-34.
63. Kim DT, Mitchell DJ, Brockstedt DG, Fong L, Nolan GP, Fathman CG, Engleman EG, Rothbard JB. Introduction of soluble proteins into the MHC class I pathway by conjugation to an HIV tat peptide. J Immunol 1997, 159(4):1666-1668.
64. Tacken PJ, Joosten B, Reddy A, Wu D, Eek A, Laverman P, Kretz-Rommel A, Adema GJ, Torensma R, Figdor CG. No advantage of cell-penetrating peptides over receptor-specific antibodies in targeting antigen to human dendritic cells for cross-presentation. J Immunol 2008, 180(11):7687-7696.
65. Shibagaki N, Udey MC. Dendritic cells transduced with protein antigens induce cytotoxic lymphocytes and elicit antitumor immunity. J Immunol 2002, 168(5):2393-2401.
66. Abdel-Aal A-BM, Zaman M, Fujita Y, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Toth I. Design of three-component vaccines against group A streptococcal infections: importance of spatial arrangement of vaccine components. J Med Chem 2010, 53(22):8041-8046. 10.1021/jm1007787, 21028828.
67. Abdel-Aal A-BM, Batzloff MR, Fujita Y, Barozzi N, Faria A, Simerska P, Moyle PM, Good MF, Toth I. Structure-activity relationships of a series of synthetic lipopeptide self-adjuvanting group A streptococcal vaccine candidates. J Med Chem 2008, 51(1):167-172. 10.1021/jm701091d, 18072728.
68. Ni J, Powell R, Baskakov IV, DeVico A, Lewis GK, Wang L-X. Synthesis, conformation, and immunogenicity of monosaccharide-centered multivalent HIV-1 gp41 peptides containing the sequence of DP178. Bioorg Med Chem 2004, 12(12):3141-3148. 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.04.008, 15158782.
69. Lundberg P, Langel U. A brief introduction to cell-penetrating peptides. J Mol Recogn JMR 2003, 16(5):227-233.
70. Joliot A, Prochiantz A. Transduction peptides: from technology to physiology. Nat Cell Biol 2004, 6(3):189-196. 10.1038/ncb0304-189, 15039791.
71. Pimentel TAPF, Yan Z, Jeffers SA, Holmes KV, Hodges RS, Burkhard P. Peptide nanoparticles as novel immunogens: design and analysis of a prototypic severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009, 73(1):53-61. 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00746.x, 2756483, 19152635.
72. Mathieu MN, Wade JD, Tan Y-Y, Summers RJ, Tregear GW. Novel Strategy for the synthesis of template-assembled analogues of rat relaxin. J Pept Sci 2000, 6(5):235-242. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1387(200005)6:5<235::AID-PSC247>3.0.CO;2-J, 10823492.
73. Boykins RA, Joshi M, Syin C, Dhawan S, Nakhasi H. Synthesis and construction of a novel multiple peptide conjugate system: strategy for a subunit vaccine design. Peptides 2000, 21(1):9-17. 10.1016/S0196-9781(99)00172-2, 10704714.
74. Zhang L, Tam JP. Thiazolidine formation as a general and site-specific conjugation method for synthetic peptides and proteins. Anal Biochem 1996, 233(1):87-93. 10.1006/abio.1996.0011, 8789151.
75. Zeng W, Jackson DJ, Rose K. Synthesis of a new template with a built-in adjuvant and its use in contructing peptide vaccine candidates through polyoxime chemistry. J Pept Sci 1996, 2(1):66-72. 10.1002/psc.51, 9225247.
76. Wang L-X, Ni J, Singh S. Carbohydrate-centered maleimide cluster as a new type of templates for multivalent peptide assembling: synthesis of multivalent HIV-1 gp41 peptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2003, 11(1):159-166. 10.1016/S0968-0896(02)00339-5, 12467718.
77. Skwarczynski M, Zaman M, Urbani CN, Lin I-C, Jia Z, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Monterio MJ, Toth I. Polyacrylate dendrimer nanoparticles: A self-adjuvanting vaccine delivery system. Angew Chem Int Ed 2010, 49(33):5742-5745.
78. Horváth A, Olive C, Karpati L, Sun HK, Good M, Toth I. Toward the development of a synthetic group A streptococcal vaccine of high purity and broad protective coverage. J Med Chem 2004, 47(16):4100-4104. 10.1021/jm040041w, 15267249.
79. Moyle PM, Olive C, Ho M-F, Good MF, Toth I. Synthesis of a highly pure lipid core peptide based self-adjuvanting priepitopic group A streptococcal vaccine, and subsequent immunological evaluation. J Med Chem 2006, 49(21):6364-6370. 10.1021/jm060475m, 17034142.
80. Fujita Y, Moyle PM, Hieu S, Simerska S, Toth I. Investigation towards multi-epitope vaccine candidates using native chemical ligation. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 2008, 90(5):624-632.
81. Cairo CW, Gestwicki JE, Kanai M, Kiessling LL. Control of multivalent interactions by binding epitope density. J Am Chem Soc 2002, 124(8):1615-1619. 10.1021/ja016727k, 11853434.
82. Kaba SA, Brando C, Guo Q, Mitterlholzer C, Raman S, Tropel D, Aebi U, Burkhand P, Lanar DE. A nonadjuvanted polypeptide nanoparticle vaccine confers long-lasting protection against rodent malaria. J Immunol 2009, 183(11):7268-7277. 10.4049/jimmunol.0901957, 19915055.
83. O'Brien-Simpson NM, Ede NJ, Brown LE, Swan J, Jackson DC. Polymerization of unprotected synthetic peptides: A view toward synthetic peptide vaccines. J Am Chem Soc 1997, 119(6):1183-1188.
84. Jackson DC, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Ede NJ, Brown LE. Free radical induced polymerization of synthetic peptides into polymeric immunogens. Vaccine 1997, 15(15):1697-1705. 10.1016/S0264-410X(97)00085-6, 9364702.
85. Sadler K, Zeng W, Jackson DC. Synthesis of peptide epitope-based polymers: Controlling size and determining the efficiency of epitope incorporation. J Pept Res 2002, 60(3):150-158. 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2002.21009.x, 12213124.
86. Brandt ER, Sriprakash KS, Hobb RI, Hayman WA, Zeng W, Batzloff MR, Jackson DC, Good MF. New multi-determinant strategy for a group A streptococcal vaccine designed for the Australian Aboriginal population. Nat Med 2000, 6(4):455-459. 10.1038/74719, 10742155.
87. Rajagopal K, Schneider JP. Self-assembling peptides and proteins for nanotechnological applications. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2004, 14(4):480-486. 10.1016/j.sbi.2004.06.006, 15313243.
88. Hartgerink JD, Granja JR, Milligan RA, Ghadiri MR. Self-assembling peptide nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 1996, 118(1):43-50.
89. Reches M, Gazit E. Molecular self-assembly of peptide nanostructures: Mechanism of association and potential uses. Curr Nanosci 2006, 2(2):105-111.
90. Malashkevich VN, Kammerer RA, Efimov VP, Schulthess T, Engel J. The crystal structure of a five-stranded coiled coil in COMP: a prototype ion channel?. Science 1996, 274(5288):761-765. 10.1126/science.274.5288.761, 8864111.
91. Burkhard P, Meier M, Lustig A. Design of a minimal protein oligomerization domain by a structural approach. Protein Sci 2000, 9(12):2294-2301. 10.1110/ps.9.12.2294, 2144530, 11206050.
92. Jung JP, Jones JL, Cronier SA, Collier JH. Modulating the mechanical properties of self-assembled peptide hydrogels via native chemical ligation. Biomterials 2008, 29(13):2143-2151.
93. Jung JP, Nagaraj AK, Fox EK, Rudra JS, Devgun JM, Collier JH. Co-assembling peptides as defined matrices for endothelial cells. Biomterials 2009, 30(12):2400-2410.
94. Rudra JS, Tian YF, Jung JP, Collier JH. A self-assembling peptide acting as an immune adjuvant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107(2):622-627. 10.1073/pnas.0912124107, 2818904, 20080728.
95. Sperling RA, Gil PR, Zhang F, Zanella M, Parak WJ. Biological applications of gold nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2008, 37(9):1896-1908. 10.1039/b712170a, 18762838.
96. Arvizo R, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Gold nanoparticles: opportunities and challenges in nanomedicine. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010, 7(6):753-763. 10.1517/17425241003777010, 2874072, 20408736.
97. McKenzie F, Faulds K, Graham D. DNA functionalized gold nanoparticles as probes for double stranded DNA through triplex formation. Chem Commun 2008, 28(20):2367-2369.
98. Eck W, Craig G, Sigdel A, Gerd R, Old LJ, Tang L, Brennan MF, Allen PJ, Mason MD. PEGylated gold nanoparticles conjugated to monoclonal F19 antibodies as targeted labeling agents for human pancreatic carcinoma tissue. ACS Nano 2008, 2(11):2263-2272. 10.1021/nn800429d, 19206392.
99. Loo C, Lin A Hirsch L, Lee MH, Barton J, Halas N, West J, Drezek R. Nanoshell-enable photonics-based imaging and therapy of cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2004, 3(1):33-40.
100. Pissuwan D, Valenzuela SM, Cortie MB. Therapeutic possibilities of plasmonically heated gold nanoparticles. Trends Biotechnol 2006, 24(2):62-67. 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.12.004, 16380179.
101. Qian X, Peng X-H, Ansari DO, Yin-Goen Q, Chen GZ, Shin DM, Yang L, Young AN, Wang MD, Nie S. In vivo tumor targeting and spectroscopic detection with surface-enhanced Raman nanoparticle tags. Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26(1):83-90. 10.1038/nbt1377, 18157119.
102. Paciotti GF, Myer L, Weinreich D, Goia D, Pavel N, McLaughlin RE, Tamarkin L. Colloidal gold: a novel nanoparticle vector for tumor directed drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2004, 11(3):169-183. 10.1080/10717540490433895, 15204636.
103. Gibson JD, Khanal BP, Zubarev ER. Paclitaxel-functionalized gold nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2007, 129(37):11653-11661. 10.1021/ja075181k, 17718495.
104. Brown SD, Nativo P, Smith J-A, Stirling D, Edwards PR, Venuopal B, Flint DJ, Plumb JA, Graham D, Wheate NJ. Gold nanoparticles for the improved anticancer drug delivery of the active component of oxaliplatin. J Am Chem Soc 2010, 132(13):4678-4684. 10.1021/ja908117a, 20225865.
105. Tomii A, Masugi F. Production of anti-platelet-activating factor antibodies by the use of colloidal gold as carrier. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1991, 44(2):75-80.
106. Zhou X, Zhang X, Yu X, Zha X, Fu Q, Liu B, Wang X, Chen Y, Chen Y, Shan Y, Jin Y, Wu Y, Liu J, Kong W, Shen J. The effect of conjugation to gold nanoparticles on the ability of low molecular weight chitosan to transfer DNA vaccine. Biomaterials 2008, 29(1):111-117. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.09.007, 17905427.
107. Chen Y-S, Hung Y-C, Lin W-H, Huang GS. Assessment of gold nanoparticles as a size-dependent vaccine carrier for enhancing the antibody response against synthetic food-and-mouth disease virus peptide. Nanotechnol 2010, 21:195101.
108. Connor EE, Mwamuka J, Gole A, Murphy CJ, Wyatt MD. Gold nanoparticles are taken by human cells but do not cause acute cytotoxicity. Small 2005, 1(3):325-327. 10.1002/smll.200400093, 17193451.
109. Male KB, Lachance B, Hrapovic S, Sunahara G, Luong JH. Assessment of cytotoxicity of quantum dots and gold nanoparticles using cell-based impedance spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2008, 80(14):5487-5493. 10.1021/ac8004555, 18553941.
110. Frens G. Controlled nucleation for the regulation of the particle size in monodisperse gold suspensions. Nature Phys Sci 1973, 214:20-22.
111. Turkevich J. Colloidal gold Part I. Historical and preparative aspects, morphology and structure. Gold Bull 1985, 18(3):86-91.
112. Perrault SD, Chan WC. Synthesis and surface modification of highly monodispersed, spherical gold nanoparticles of 50-200 nm. J Am Chem Soc 2009, 131(47):17042-17043. 10.1021/ja907069u, 19891442.
113. Martin MN, Basham JI, Chando P, Eah S-K. Charged gold nanoparticles in non-polar solvents: 10-min synthesis and 2D self-assembly. Langmuir 2010, 26(10):7410-7417. 10.1021/la100591h, 20392108.
114. Chen Y-S, Hung Y-C, Liau I, Huang GS. Assessment of the in vivo toxicity of gold nanoparticles. Nanoscale Res Lett 2009, 4(8):858-864. 10.1007/s11671-009-9334-6, 2894102, 20596373.
115. Malugin A, Ghandehari H. Cellular uptake and toxicity of gold nanoparticles in prostate cancer cells: a comparative study of rods and spheres. J Appl Toxicol 2010, 30(3):212-217.
116. Verma A, Uzun O, Hu Y, Han H-S, Watson N, Chen S, Irvine DJ, Stellacci F. Surface-structure-regulated cell-membrane penetration by monolayer-protected nanoparticles. Nat Mater 2008, 7(7):588-595. 10.1038/nmat2202, 2684029, 18500347.
117. Stokes RJ, McKenzie F, McFarlane E, Ricketts A, Tetley L, Faulds K, Alexander J, Graham D. Rapid cell mapping using nanoparticles and SERRS. Analyst 2009, 134(1):170-175. 10.1039/b815117b, 19082189.
118. Cruz LJ, Rueda F, Cordobilla B, Simón L, Hosta L, Albericio F, Domingo JC. Targeting nanosystems to human DCs via Fc receptor as an effective strategy to deliver antigen for immunotherapy. Mol Pharm 2011, 8(1):104-116. 10.1021/mp100178k, 21121669.