메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 122, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 155-170

The neuropathological basis of clinical progression in multiple sclerosis

Author keywords

Axon loss; Clinical progression; Demyelination; Inflammation; Neurodegeneration; Remyelination

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; GADOLINIUM PENTETATE; GLUTAMIC ACID; N ACETYLASPARTIC ACID;

EID: 79960835277     PISSN: 00016322     EISSN: 14320533     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0840-0     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (178)

References (86)
  • 1
    • 0018394631 scopus 로고
    • A histological, histochemical and biochemical study of the macroscopically normal white matter in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1016/0022-510X(79)90142-4
    • IV Allen SR McKeown 1979 A histological, histochemical and biochemical study of the macroscopically normal white matter in multiple sclerosis J Neurol Sci 41 81 91 438845 10.1016/0022-510X(79)90142-4 1:STN:280:DyaE1M7nsVOitQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9083274)
    • (1979) Journal of the Neurological Sciences , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 81-91
    • Allen, I.V.1    McKeown, S.R.2
  • 3
    • 1642281535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relapsing and Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Pathology of the Newly Forming Lesion
    • DOI 10.1002/ana.20016
    • MH Barnett JW Prineas 2004 Relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: pathology of a newly forming lesion Ann Neurol 55 458 468 15048884 10.1002/ana.20016 (Pubitemid 38391962)
    • (2004) Annals of Neurology , vol.55 , Issue.4 , pp. 458-468
    • Barnett, M.H.1    Prineas, J.W.2
  • 4
    • 0033663894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurological disability correlates with spinal cord axonal loss and reduced N-acetyl aspartate in chronic multiple sclerosis patients
    • 11117546 10.1002/1531-8249(200012)48:6<893::AID-ANA10>3.0.CO;2-B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhtlKqsw%3D%3D
    • C Bjartmar G Kidd S Mörk, et al. 2000 Neurological disability correlates with spinal cord axonal loss and reduced N-acetyl aspartate in chronic multiple sclerosis patients Ann Neurol 48 893 901 11117546 10.1002/1531-8249(200012)48:6<893::AID-ANA10>3.0.CO;2-B 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhtlKqsw%3D%3D
    • (2000) Ann Neurol , vol.48 , pp. 893-901
    • Bjartmar, C.1    Kidd, G.2    Mörk, S.3
  • 5
    • 0042123685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracortical multiple sclerosis lesions are not associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration
    • DOI 10.1191/1352458503ms917oa
    • L Bö CA Vedeler H Nyland BD Trapp SJ Mörk 2003 Intracortical multiple sclerosis lesions are not associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration Multiple Scler 4 323 331 10.1191/1352458503ms917oa (Pubitemid 36958014)
    • (2003) Multiple Sclerosis , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 323-331
    • Bo, L.1    Vedeler, C.A.2    Nyland, H.3    Trapp, B.D.4    Mork, S.J.5
  • 6
    • 1942469989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging as a tool to examine the neuropathology of multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2003.00521.x
    • L Bö JJ Geurts R Ravid F Barkhof 2004 Magnetic resonance imaging as a tool to examine the neuropathology of multiple sclerosis Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 30 106 117 15043708 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2003.00521.x (Pubitemid 38496701)
    • (2004) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 106-117
    • Bo, L.1    Geurts, J.J.G.2    Ravid, R.3    Barkhof, F.4
  • 7
    • 33645533249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis
    • 16637929 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00615.x
    • L Bö JJ Geurts SJ Mork P van der Valk 2006 Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 183 48 50 16637929 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00615.x
    • (2006) Acta Neurol Scand Suppl , vol.183 , pp. 48-50
    • Bö, L.1    Geurts, J.J.2    Mork, S.J.3    Van Der Valk, P.4
  • 8
    • 33846093882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of correlation between cortical demyelination and white matter pathologic changes in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1001/archneur.64.1.76
    • L Bö J Geurts P Van der Valk C Polman F Barkhof 2007 Lack of correlation between cortical demyelination and white matter pathologic changes in multiple sclerosis Arch Neurol 64 74 80 10.1001/archneur.64.1.76 (Pubitemid 46072427)
    • (2007) Archives of Neurology , vol.64 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-80
    • Bo, L.1    Geurts, J.J.G.2    Van Der Valk, P.3    Polman, C.4    Barkhof, F.5
  • 9
    • 79952728820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cervical cord and brain grey matter atrophy independently associate with long term MS disability
    • 20710012 10.1136/jnnp.2010.205021 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M3mslCqtA%3D%3D
    • U Bonati LK Fisniku DR Altmann, et al. 2011 Cervical cord and brain grey matter atrophy independently associate with long term MS disability J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 82 471 472 20710012 10.1136/jnnp.2010.205021 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M3mslCqtA%3D%3D
    • (2011) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.82 , pp. 471-472
    • Bonati, U.1    Fisniku, L.K.2    Altmann, D.R.3
  • 10
    • 0021079164 scopus 로고
    • Immunohistological analysis of T lymphocyte subsets in the central nervous system in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis
    • J Booss MM Esiri WW Tourtellotte DY Mason 1983 Immunohistological analysis of T lymphocyte subsets in the central nervous system in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis J Neurol Sci 62 219 232 6607973 10.1016/0022-510X(83)90201-0 1:STN:280:DyaL2c7jslOjtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14176251)
    • (1983) Journal of the Neurological Sciences , vol.62 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 219-232
    • Booss, J.1    Esiri, M.M.2    Tourtellotte, W.W.3    Mason, D.Y.4
  • 11
    • 77957677989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demyelination versus remyelination in progressive multiple sclerosis
    • 20855416 10.1093/brain/awq250
    • S Bramow JM Frischer H Lassmann, et al. 2010 Demyelination versus remyelination in progressive multiple sclerosis Brain 133 2983 2998 20855416 10.1093/brain/awq250
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 2983-2998
    • Bramow, S.1    Frischer, J.M.2    Lassmann, H.3
  • 14
    • 0028843731 scopus 로고
    • Monocyte/macrophage differentiation in early multiple sclerosis lesions
    • 7486871 10.1002/ana.410380514
    • W Brück P Porada S Poser, et al. 1995 Monocyte/macrophage differentiation in early multiple sclerosis lesions Ann Neurol 38 788 796 7486871 10.1002/ana.410380514
    • (1995) Ann Neurol , vol.38 , pp. 788-796
    • Brück, W.1    Porada, P.2    Poser, S.3
  • 16
    • 42549167642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extensive cortical inflammation is associated with epilepsy in multiple sclerosis
    • 18227989 10.1007/s00415-008-0752-7
    • M Calabrese N de Stefano M Atzori, et al. 2008 Extensive cortical inflammation is associated with epilepsy in multiple sclerosis J Neurol 255 581 586 18227989 10.1007/s00415-008-0752-7
    • (2008) J Neurol , vol.255 , pp. 581-586
    • Calabrese, M.1    De Stefano, N.2    Atzori, M.3
  • 17
    • 77950534279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 3-year magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical lesions in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis
    • 20373349
    • M Calabrese MA Rocca M Atzori, et al. 2010 A 3-year magnetic resonance imaging study of cortical lesions in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis Ann Neurol 67 376 383 20373349
    • (2010) Ann Neurol , vol.67 , pp. 376-383
    • Calabrese, M.1    Rocca, M.A.2    Atzori, M.3
  • 18
    • 77956265543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis
    • 20625376 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.93
    • M Calabrese M Filippi P Gallo 2010 Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis Nat Rev Neurol 6 438 444 20625376 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.93
    • (2010) Nat Rev Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 438-444
    • Calabrese, M.1    Filippi, M.2    Gallo, P.3
  • 19
    • 79953291261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial DNA deletions and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
    • 21446022 10.1002/ana.22109 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXls1Omtbk%3D
    • GR Campbell I Ziabreva AK Reeve, et al. 2011 Mitochondrial DNA deletions and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis Ann Neurol 69 481 492 21446022 10.1002/ana.22109 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXls1Omtbk%3D
    • (2011) Ann Neurol , vol.69 , pp. 481-492
    • Campbell, G.R.1    Ziabreva, I.2    Reeve, A.K.3
  • 21
    • 43449120392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of parvalbumin and calretinin immunoreactive interneurons in motor cortex from multiple sclerosis post-mortem tissue
    • 18297277 10.1007/s00221-008-1317-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlsFyjs7c%3D
    • RJ Clements J McDonough EJ Freeman 2008 Distribution of parvalbumin and calretinin immunoreactive interneurons in motor cortex from multiple sclerosis post-mortem tissue Exp Brain Res 187 459 465 18297277 10.1007/s00221-008-1317-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlsFyjs7c%3D
    • (2008) Exp Brain Res , vol.187 , pp. 459-465
    • Clements, R.J.1    McDonough, J.2    Freeman, E.J.3
  • 22
    • 54149084585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis
    • 18970977 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht12gtLvN
    • A Compston A Coles 2008 Multiple sclerosis Lancet 372 1502 1517 18970977 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht12gtLvN
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , pp. 1502-1517
    • Compston, A.1    Coles, A.2
  • 23
    • 33244469927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age at disability milestones in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awh714
    • C Confavreux S Vukusic 2006 Age at disability milestones in multiple sclerosis Brain 129 595 605 16415309 10.1093/brain/awh714 (Pubitemid 43278222)
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , Issue.3 , pp. 595-605
    • Confavreux, C.1    Vukusic, S.2
  • 24
    • 0034676548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis
    • 11078767 10.1056/NEJM200011163432001 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FisFWnsg%3D%3D
    • C Confavreux S Vukusic T Moreau P Adeleine 2000 Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis N Engl J Med 343 1430 1438 11078767 10.1056/NEJM200011163432001 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FisFWnsg%3D%3D
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 1430-1438
    • Confavreux, C.1    Vukusic, S.2    Moreau, T.3    Adeleine, P.4
  • 26
    • 0034906715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-mortem MRI-guided sampling of multiple sclerosis brain lesions: Increased yield of active demyelinating and (p)reactive lesions
    • CJ de Groot E Bergers W Kamphorst, et al. 2001 Post-mortem MRI-guided sampling of multiple sclerosis brain lesions: increased yield of active demyelinating and (p)reactive lesions Brain 124 1635 1645 11459754 10.1093/brain/124.8.1635 (Pubitemid 32726776)
    • (2001) Brain , vol.124 , Issue.8 , pp. 1635-1645
    • De Groot, C.J.A.1    Bergers, E.2    Kamphorst, W.3    Ravid, R.4    Polman, C.H.5    Barkhof, F.6    Van Der Valk, P.7
  • 27
    • 0031852514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal damage correlates with disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Results of a longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/121.8.1469
    • N De Stefano PM Matthews L Fu, et al. 1998 Axonal damage correlates with disability in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Results of a longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study Brain 121 1469 1477 9712009 10.1093/brain/121.8.1469 (Pubitemid 28349900)
    • (1998) Brain , vol.121 , Issue.8 , pp. 1469-1477
    • De Stefano, N.1    Matthews, P.M.2    Fu, L.3    Narayanan, S.4    Stanley, J.5    Francis, G.S.6    Antel, J.P.7    Arnold, D.L.8
  • 29
    • 79954549499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI predictors of cognitive outcome in early multiple sclerosis
    • 21444901 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318212a8be 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3MzktFCnsg%3D%3D
    • MS Deloire A Ruet D Hamel M Bonnet V Dousset B Brochet 2011 MRI predictors of cognitive outcome in early multiple sclerosis Neurology 76 1161 1167 21444901 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318212a8be 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3MzktFCnsg%3D%3D
    • (2011) Neurology , vol.76 , pp. 1161-1167
    • Deloire, M.S.1    Ruet, A.2    Hamel, D.3    Bonnet, M.4    Dousset, V.5    Brochet, B.6
  • 31
    • 79953274047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demyelination causes synaptic alterations in hippocampi from multiple sclerosis patients
    • 21446020 10.1002/ana.22337 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXls1Omtb0%3D
    • R Dutta A Chang MK Doud, et al. 2011 Demyelination causes synaptic alterations in hippocampi from multiple sclerosis patients Ann Neurol 69 445 454 21446020 10.1002/ana.22337 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXls1Omtb0%3D
    • (2011) Ann Neurol , vol.69 , pp. 445-454
    • Dutta, R.1    Chang, A.2    Doud, M.K.3
  • 32
    • 0034104079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative pathological evidence for axonal loss in normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1002/1531-8249(200003)47:3<391::AID-ANA20>3.0.CO;2-J
    • N Evangelou MM Esiri S Smith, et al. 2000 Quantitative pathological evidence for axonal loss in normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis Ann Neurol 47 391 395 10716264 10.1002/1531-8249(200003)47:3<391::AID- ANA20>3.0.CO;2-J 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7nvFSjug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30141854)
    • (2000) Annals of Neurology , vol.47 , Issue.3 , pp. 391-395
    • Evangelou, N.1    Esiri, M.M.2    Smith, S.3    Palace, J.4    Matthews, P.M.5
  • 33
    • 0031002545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/120.3.393
    • B Ferguson MK Matyszak MM Esiri VH Perry 1997 Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions Brain 120 393 399 9126051 10.1093/brain/120.3.393 (Pubitemid 27153632)
    • (1997) Brain , vol.120 , Issue.3 , pp. 393-399
    • Ferguson, B.1    Matyszak, M.K.2    Esiri, M.M.3    Perry, V.H.4
  • 34
    • 0028815032 scopus 로고
    • Correlations between changes in disability and T2-weighted brain MRI activity in multiple sclerosis: A follow-up study
    • 7854522 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7lslOnsA%3D%3D
    • M Filippi DW Paty L Kappos, et al. 1995 Correlations between changes in disability and T2-weighted brain MRI activity in multiple sclerosis: a follow-up study Neurology 45 255 260 7854522 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7lslOnsA%3D%3D
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , pp. 255-260
    • Filippi, M.1    Paty, D.W.2    Kappos, L.3
  • 35
    • 54849431166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study
    • 18661561 10.1002/ana.21436
    • E Fisher JC Lee K Nakamura RA Rudick 2008 Gray matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study Ann Neurol 64 255 265 18661561 10.1002/ana.21436
    • (2008) Ann Neurol , vol.64 , pp. 255-265
    • Fisher, E.1    Lee, J.C.2    Nakamura, K.3    Rudick, R.A.4
  • 36
    • 54849431592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gray matter atrophy is related to long-term disability in multiple sclerosis
    • 18570297 10.1002/ana.21423
    • LK Fisniku DT Chard JS Jackson, et al. 2008 Gray matter atrophy is related to long-term disability in multiple sclerosis Ann Neurol 64 247 254 18570297 10.1002/ana.21423
    • (2008) Ann Neurol , vol.64 , pp. 247-254
    • Fisniku, L.K.1    Chard, D.T.2    Jackson, J.S.3
  • 37
    • 70149122373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + T cells in multiple sclerosis
    • 19743458 10.1002/ana.21744 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1ansrbJ
    • + T cells in multiple sclerosis Ann Neurol 66 132 141 19743458 10.1002/ana.21744 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1MXht1ansrbJ
    • (2009) Ann Neurol , vol.66 , pp. 132-141
    • Friese, M.A.1    Fugger, L.2
  • 38
    • 66549130329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains
    • 19339255 10.1093/brain/awp070
    • JM Frischer S Bramow A Dal-Bianco, et al. 2009 The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains Brain 132 1175 1189 19339255 10.1093/brain/awp070
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 1175-1189
    • Frischer, J.M.1    Bramow, S.2    Dal-Bianco, A.3
  • 40
    • 20744442122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracortical lesions in multiple sclerosis: Improved detection with 3D double inversion-recovery MR imaging
    • DOI 10.1148/radiol.2361040450
    • JJ Geurts PJ Pouwels BM Uitdehaag, et al. 2005 Intracortical lesions in multiple sclerosis: improved detection with 3D double inversion-recovery MR imaging Radiology 236 254 260 15987979 10.1148/radiol.2361040450 (Pubitemid 40853320)
    • (2005) Radiology , vol.236 , Issue.1 , pp. 254-260
    • Geurts, J.J.G.1    Pouwels, P.J.W.2    Uitdehaag, B.M.J.3    Polman, C.H.4    Barkhof, F.5    Castelijns, J.A.6
  • 42
    • 48849116689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis
    • 18703006 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70191-1
    • JJ Geurts F Barkhof 2008 Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis Lancet Neurol 7 841 851 18703006 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70191-1
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol , vol.7 , pp. 841-851
    • Geurts, J.J.1    Barkhof, F.2
  • 43
    • 60249099507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional variations in the extent and pattern of grey matter demyelination in multiple sclerosis: A comparison between the cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, deep grey matter nuclei and the spinal cord
    • 18829630 10.1136/jnnp.2008.148767 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M%2Fnsleltg%3D%3D
    • CP Gilmore I Donaldson L Bo T Owens J Lowe N Evangelou 2009 Regional variations in the extent and pattern of grey matter demyelination in multiple sclerosis: a comparison between the cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, deep grey matter nuclei and the spinal cord J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80 182 187 18829630 10.1136/jnnp.2008.148767 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1M%2Fnsleltg%3D%3D
    • (2009) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.80 , pp. 182-187
    • Gilmore, C.P.1    Donaldson, I.2    Bo, L.3    Owens, T.4    Lowe, J.5    Evangelou, N.6
  • 44
    • 78650520038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognition in multiple sclerosis: Relevance of lesions, brain atrophy and proton MR spectroscopy
    • 20635111 10.1007/s10072-010-0370-x
    • A Giorgio N de Stefano 2010 Cognition in multiple sclerosis: relevance of lesions, brain atrophy and proton MR spectroscopy Neurol Sci 31 Suppl 2 S245 S248 20635111 10.1007/s10072-010-0370-x
    • (2010) Neurol Sci , vol.31 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Giorgio, A.1    De Stefano, N.2
  • 45
    • 77953182076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benign multiple sclerosis: A need for a consensus
    • 20586735 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01375.x
    • SB Glad JH Aarseth H Nyland T Riise KM Myhr 2010 Benign multiple sclerosis: a need for a consensus Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 190 44 50 20586735 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01375.x
    • (2010) Acta Neurol Scand Suppl , vol.190 , pp. 44-50
    • Glad, S.B.1    Aarseth, J.H.2    Nyland, H.3    Riise, T.4    Myhr, K.M.5
  • 46
    • 0016684155 scopus 로고
    • The significance of perivascular infiltrations in multiple sclerosis
    • 56431 10.1007/BF00312463 1:STN:280:DyaE287ksFChsA%3D%3D
    • A Guseo K Jellinger 1975 The significance of perivascular infiltrations in multiple sclerosis J Neurol 211 51 60 56431 10.1007/BF00312463 1:STN:280:DyaE287ksFChsA%3D%3D
    • (1975) J Neurol , vol.211 , pp. 51-60
    • Guseo, A.1    Jellinger, K.2
  • 48
    • 33845312662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of neurofascin localization reveals early changes preceding demyelination and remyelination in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awl290
    • OW Howell A Palser A Polito, et al. 2006 Disruption of neurofascin localisation reveals early changes preceding demyelination and remyelination in multiple sclerosis Brain 129 3173 3185 17041241 10.1093/brain/awl290 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28npsVyhsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 44871434)
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , Issue.12 , pp. 3173-3185
    • Howell, O.W.1    Palser, A.2    Polito, A.3    Melrose, S.4    Zonta, B.5    Scheiermann, C.6    Vora, A.J.7    Brophy, P.J.8    Reynolds, R.9
  • 49
    • 77957931759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activated microglia mediate axoglial disruption that contributes to axonal injury in multiple sclerosis
    • 20838243 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181f3a5b1
    • OW Howell JL Rundle A Garg M Komada PJ Brophy R Reynolds 2010 Activated microglia mediate axoglial disruption that contributes to axonal injury in multiple sclerosis J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 69 1017 1033 20838243 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181f3a5b1
    • (2010) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.69 , pp. 1017-1033
    • Howell, O.W.1    Rundle, J.L.2    Garg, A.3    Komada, M.4    Brophy, P.J.5    Reynolds, R.6
  • 50
    • 0032887020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis. A historical note
    • B Kornek H Lassmann 1999 Axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis: a historical note Brain Pathol 9 651 656 10517504 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1999. tb00547.x 1:STN:280:DyaK1MvksFSqsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29470958)
    • (1999) Brain Pathology , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 651-656
    • Kornek, B.1    Lassmann, H.2
  • 51
    • 33244486947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically based study 9: Observations on the progressive phase of the disease
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awh721
    • M Kremenchutzky GP Rice J Baskerville DM Wingerchuk GC Ebers 2006 The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study 9: observations on the progressive phase of the disease Brain 129 584 594 16401620 10.1093/brain/awh721 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28%2FovFymtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 43278221)
    • (2006) Brain , vol.129 , Issue.3 , pp. 584-594
    • Kremenchutzky, M.1    Rice, G.P.A.2    Baskerville, J.3    Wingerchuk, D.M.4    Ebers, G.C.5
  • 52
    • 0036788406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time
    • 12244078 10.1093/brain/awf235
    • T Kuhlmann G Lingfeld A Bitsch J Schuchardt W Bruck 2002 Acute axonal damage in multiple sclerosis is most extensive in early disease stages and decreases over time Brain 125 2202 2212 12244078 10.1093/brain/awf235
    • (2002) Brain , vol.125 , pp. 2202-2212
    • Kuhlmann, T.1    Lingfeld, G.2    Bitsch, A.3    Schuchardt, J.4    Bruck, W.5
  • 55
    • 77954382272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a two-stage disability progression in multiple sclerosis
    • 20423930 10.1093/brain/awq076
    • E Leray J Yaouanq E Le Page, et al. 2010 Evidence for a two-stage disability progression in multiple sclerosis Brain 133 1900 1913 20423930 10.1093/brain/awq076
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 1900-1913
    • Leray, E.1    Yaouanq, J.2    Le Page, E.3
  • 56
    • 0030453516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progressive cerebral atrophy in multiple sclerosis. A serial MRI study
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/119.6.2009
    • NA Losseff SL Webb JI O'Riordan, et al. 1996 Spinal cord atrophy and disability in multiple sclerosis. A new reproducible and sensitive MRI method with potential to monitor disease progression Brain 119 2009 2019 9010005 10.1093/brain/119.6.2009 (Pubitemid 27032631)
    • (1996) Brain , vol.119 , Issue.6 , pp. 2009-2019
    • Losseff, N.A.1    Wang, L.2    Lai, H.M.3    Yoo, D.S.4    Gawne-Cain, M.L.5    McDonald, W.I.6    Miller, D.H.7    Thompson, A.J.8
  • 57
    • 0342288638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal changes in chronic demyelinated cervical spinal cord plaques
    • G Lovas N Szilagyi K Majtenyi, et al. 2000 Axonal changes in chronic demyelinated cervical spinal cord plaques Brain 123 308 317 10648438 10.1093/brain/123.2.308 (Pubitemid 30055154)
    • (2000) Brain , vol.123 , Issue.2 , pp. 308-317
    • Lovas, G.1    Szilagyi, N.2    Majtenyi, K.3    Palkovits, M.4    Komoly, S.5
  • 58
    • 0342906187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination
    • DOI 10.1002/1531-8249(200006)47:6<707::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-Q
    • C Lucchinetti W Bruck J Parisi B Scheithauer M Rodriguez H Lassmann 2000 Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination Ann Neurol 47 707 717 10852536 10.1002/1531-8249(200006)47: 6<707::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-Q 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3czgvFektA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30390191)
    • (2000) Annals of Neurology , vol.47 , Issue.6 , pp. 707-717
    • Lucchinetti, C.1    Bruck, W.2    Parisi, J.3    Scheithauer, B.4    Rodriguez, M.5    Lassmann, H.6
  • 59
    • 34249700046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology
    • DOI 10.1093/brain/awm038
    • R Magliozzi O Howell A Vora, et al. 2007 Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology Brain 130 1089 1104 17438020 10.1093/brain/awm038 (Pubitemid 47355604)
    • (2007) Brain , vol.130 , Issue.4 , pp. 1089-1104
    • Magliozzi, R.1    Howell, O.2    Vora, A.3    Serafini, B.4    Nicholas, R.5    Puopolo, M.6    Reynolds, R.7    Aloisi, F.8
  • 60
    • 78249280011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Gradient of neuronal loss and meningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis
    • 20976767 10.1002/ana.22230 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVOrur7I
    • R Magliozzi OW Howell C Reeves, et al. 2010 A Gradient of neuronal loss and meningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis Ann Neurol 68 477 493 20976767 10.1002/ana.22230 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVOrur7I
    • (2010) Ann Neurol , vol.68 , pp. 477-493
    • Magliozzi, R.1    Howell, O.W.2    Reeves, C.3
  • 61
    • 77957186211 scopus 로고
    • The benign form of multiple sclerosis. A study based on 241 cases seen within three years of onset and followed up until the tenth year or more of the disease
    • 13773723 10.1093/brain/84.2.186 1:STN:280:DyaF3c%2Fptlyhtw%3D%3D
    • D McAlpine 1961 The benign form of multiple sclerosis. A study based on 241 cases seen within three years of onset and followed up until the tenth year or more of the disease Brain 84 186 203 13773723 10.1093/brain/84.2.186 1:STN:280:DyaF3c%2Fptlyhtw%3D%3D
    • (1961) Brain , vol.84 , pp. 186-203
    • McAlpine, D.1
  • 62
    • 53049098427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compartmentalization of inflammation in the CNS: A major mechanism driving progressive multiple sclerosis
    • 18715571 10.1016/j.jns.2008.06.032 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1eitr3F
    • E Meinl M Krumholtz T Derfuss A Junker R Hohlfeld 2008 Compartmentalization of inflammation in the CNS: a major mechanism driving progressive multiple sclerosis J Neurol Sci 274 42 44 18715571 10.1016/j.jns.2008.06.032 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1eitr3F
    • (2008) J Neurol Sci , vol.274 , pp. 42-44
    • Meinl, E.1    Krumholtz, M.2    Derfuss, T.3    Junker, A.4    Hohlfeld, R.5
  • 63
    • 0029009233 scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis
    • 7551120 10.1097/00019052-199506000-00009 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2Fitlygug%3D%3D
    • DH Miller 1995 Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in multiple sclerosis Curr Opin Neurol 8 210 215 7551120 10.1097/00019052-199506000-00009 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2Fitlygug%3D%3D
    • (1995) Curr Opin Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 210-215
    • Miller, D.H.1
  • 65
    • 0036602982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune and degenerative CNS diseases
    • DOI 10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02154-9, PII S0166223602021549
    • H Neumann I Medana J Bauer H Lassmann 2002 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune and degenerative CNS diseases Trend Neurosci 25 313 319 12086750 10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02154-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xks1ymtLo%3D (Pubitemid 34667013)
    • (2002) Trends in Neurosciences , vol.25 , Issue.6 , pp. 313-319
    • Neumann, H.1    Medana, I.M.2    Bauer, J.3    Lassmann, H.4
  • 67
    • 34247862406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remyelination can be extensive in multiple sclerosis despite a long disease course
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00805.x
    • R Patani M Balaratnam A Vora R Reynolds 2007 Remyelination can be extensive in multiple sclerosis despite a long disease course Neuropath App Neurobiol 33 277 287 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00805.x 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXnsVSgu74%3D (Pubitemid 46701044)
    • (2007) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 277-287
    • Patani, R.1    Balaratnam, M.2    Vora, A.3    Reynolds, R.4
  • 69
    • 0034842126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions
    • DOI 10.1002/ana.1123
    • JW Peterson L Bö S Mörk A Chang BD Trapp 2001 Transected neuritis, apoptotic neurons and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions Ann Neurol 50 389 400 11558796 10.1002/ana.1123 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrhtFCnug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32848742)
    • (2001) Annals of Neurology , vol.50 , Issue.3 , pp. 389-400
    • Peterson, J.W.1    Bo, L.2    Mork, S.3    Chang, A.4    Trapp, B.D.5
  • 70
    • 33947519177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gray matter involvement in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000250267.85698.7a, PII 0000611420070227000006
    • I Pirko CF Lucchinetti S Sriram R Bakshi 2007 Gray matter involvement in multiple sclerosis Neurology. 68 634 642 17325269 10.1212/01.wnl.0000250267. 85698.7a (Pubitemid 46667808)
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.68 , Issue.9 , pp. 634-642
    • Pirko, I.1    Lucchinetti, C.F.2    Sriram, S.3    Bakshi, R.4
  • 71
    • 0027181055 scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis. Pathology of recurrent lesions
    • JW Prineas RO Barnard T Revesz EE Kwon L Sharer ES Cho 1993 Multiple sclerosis. Pathology of recurrent lesions Brain 116 681 693 8513397 10.1093/brain/116.3.681 (Pubitemid 23203644)
    • (1993) Brain , vol.116 , Issue.3 , pp. 681-693
    • Prineas, J.W.1    Barnard, R.O.2    Revesz, T.3    Kwon, E.E.4    Sharer, L.5    Cho, E.-S.6
  • 72
    • 67049100681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI features of benign multiple sclerosis: Toward a new definition of this disease phenotype
    • 19433744 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a55feb 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MzjslOgug%3D%3D
    • M Rovaris F Barkhof M Calabrese, et al. 2009 MRI features of benign multiple sclerosis: toward a new definition of this disease phenotype Neurology 72 1693 1701 19433744 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a55feb 1:STN:280: DC%2BD1MzjslOgug%3D%3D
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.72 , pp. 1693-1701
    • Rovaris, M.1    Barkhof, F.2    Calabrese, M.3
  • 73
    • 77954364428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of multiple sclerosis: A geographically based study 10: Relapses and long-term disability
    • 20534650 10.1093/brain/awq118
    • A Scalfari A Neuhaus A Degenhardt, et al. 2010 The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study 10: relapses and long-term disability Brain 133 1914 1929 20534650 10.1093/brain/awq118
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 1914-1929
    • Scalfari, A.1    Neuhaus, A.2    Degenhardt, A.3
  • 74
    • 65649135481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Translating pathology in multiple sclerosis: The combination of post-mortem imaging, histopathology and clinical findings
    • 19254283 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01137.x 1:STN:280: DC%2BD1MzntlWmtg%3D%3D
    • A Seewann EJ Kooi SD Roosendaal F Barkhof P van der Valk JJ Geurts 2009 Translating pathology in multiple sclerosis: the combination of post-mortem imaging, histopathology and clinical findings Acta Neurol Scand 119 349 355 19254283 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01137.x 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MzntlWmtg%3D%3D
    • (2009) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.119 , pp. 349-355
    • Seewann, A.1    Kooi, E.J.2    Roosendaal, S.D.3    Barkhof, F.4    Van Der Valk, P.5    Geurts, J.J.6
  • 75
    • 4444310685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetization transfer ratio and myelin in postmortem multiple sclerosis brain
    • DOI 10.1002/ana.20202
    • K Schmierer F Scaravilli DR Altmann GJ Barker DH Miller 2004 Magnetization transfer ratio and myelin in post-mortem multiple sclerosis brain Ann Neurol 56 407 415 15349868 10.1002/ana.20202 (Pubitemid 39166560)
    • (2004) Annals of Neurology , vol.56 , Issue.3 , pp. 407-415
    • Schmierer, K.1    Scaravilli, F.2    Altmann, D.R.3    Barker, G.J.4    Miller, D.H.5
  • 76
    • 77950237691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High field (9.4 Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging of cortical grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis
    • 20123726 10.1093/brain/awp335
    • K Schmierer HG Parkes P-W So, et al. 2010 High field (9.4 Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging of cortical grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis Brain 133 858 867 20123726 10.1093/brain/awp335
    • (2010) Brain , vol.133 , pp. 858-867
    • Schmierer, K.1    Parkes, H.G.2    So, P.-W.3
  • 77
    • 77950862182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis-candidate mechanisms underlying CNS atrophy
    • 20153532 10.1016/j.tins.2010.01.002 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksVejs7s%3D
    • V Siffrin J Vogt H Radbruch R Nitsch F Zipp 2010 Multiple sclerosis-candidate mechanisms underlying CNS atrophy Trends Neurosci 33 202 210 20153532 10.1016/j.tins.2010.01.002 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksVejs7s%3D
    • (2010) Trends Neurosci , vol.33 , pp. 202-210
    • Siffrin, V.1    Vogt, J.2    Radbruch, H.3    Nitsch, R.4    Zipp, F.5
  • 78
    • 0035067635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrically active axons degenerate when exposed to nitric oxide
    • DOI 10.1002/ana.96
    • KJ Smith R Kapoor SM Hall M Davies 2001 Electrically active axons degenerate when exposed to nitric oxide Ann Neurol 49 470 479 11310624 10.1002/ana.96 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtVyjtL0%3D (Pubitemid 32281330)
    • (2001) Annals of Neurology , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 470-476
    • Smith, K.J.1    Kapoor, R.2    Hall, S.M.3    Davies, M.4
  • 79
    • 79955582720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis as a neurodegenerative disease: Pathology, mechanisms and therapeutic implications
    • Access Mar
    • Stadelmann C (2011) Multiple sclerosis as a neurodegenerative disease: pathology, mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Neurol Adv. Access Mar 31
    • (2011) Curr Opin Neurol Adv , vol.31
    • Stadelmann, C.1
  • 80
    • 0032576752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJM199801293380502
    • BD Trapp J Peterson RM Ransohoff R Rudick S Mörk L Bö 1998 Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis N Engl J Med 338 278 285 9445407 10.1056/NEJM199801293380502 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2Fpt1SksA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28065253)
    • (1998) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.338 , Issue.5 , pp. 278-285
    • Trapp, B.D.1    Peterson, J.2    Ransohoff, R.M.3    Rudick, R.4    Mork, S.5    Bo, L.6
  • 81
    • 67049099173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preactive lesions in multiple sclerosis
    • 19417567
    • P Van der Valk S Amor 2009 Preactive lesions in multiple sclerosis Curr Opin Neurol 22 207 213 19417567
    • (2009) Curr Opin Neurol , vol.22 , pp. 207-213
    • Van Der Valk, P.1    Amor, S.2
  • 84
    • 0017613973 scopus 로고
    • The benign form of multiple sclerosis. Anatomo clinical aspects
    • O Vuia 1977 The benign form of multiple sclerosis. Anatomo-clinical aspects Acta Neurol Scand 55 289 298 857573 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1977.tb05648.x 1:STN:280:DyaE2s7nvVejsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 8062309)
    • (1977) Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , vol.55 , Issue.4 , pp. 289-298
    • Vuia, O.1
  • 85
    • 33748997359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neocortical neuronal, synaptic, and glial loss in multiple sclerosis
    • DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000237551.26858.39, PII 0000611420060926000012
    • C Wegner MM Esiri SA Chance J Palace PM Matthews 2006 Neocortical neuronal, synaptic, and glial loss in multiple sclerosis Neurology 67 960 967 17000961 10.1212/01.wnl.0000237551.26858.39 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28rnt1SitA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 44454585)
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.67 , Issue.6 , pp. 960-967
    • Wegner, C.1    Esiri, M.M.2    Chance, S.A.3    Palace, J.4    Matthews, P.M.5
  • 86
    • 50849133254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perivascular spaces-MRI marker of inflammatory activity in the brain?
    • 18676439 10.1093/brain/awn171
    • J Wuerfel M Haertle H Waiczies, et al. 2008 Perivascular spaces-MRI marker of inflammatory activity in the brain? Brain 131 2332 2340 18676439 10.1093/brain/awn171
    • (2008) Brain , vol.131 , pp. 2332-2340
    • Wuerfel, J.1    Haertle, M.2    Waiczies, H.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.