Interactions of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crops with spiders (Araneae)

Journal of Arachnology

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 1-21

  Peterson, Julie A ^a   Lundgren, Jonathan G ^b   Harwood, James D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b NORTH CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

agroecosystem; Bt toxin; genetically modified organisms; GMO, non target risk assessment; Spiders

Indexed keywords

ARANEAE; BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS; GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM; SOLANUM MELONGENA; SOLANUM TUBEROSUM; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 79959549077     PISSN: 01618202     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1636/M10-98.1     Document Type: Review

References (260)

1. Acharjee, S., B. K. Sarmah, P. A. Kumar, K. Olsen, R. Mahon, W. J. Moar, A. Moore & T. J. V. Higgins. 2010. Transgenic chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) expressing a sequence-modified Cry2Aa gene. Plant Science 178:1-339.
2. Ahmad, A., G. E. Wilde & K. Y. Zhu. 2005. Detectability of coleopteran-specific Cry3Bb1 protein in soil and its effect on nontarget surface and below-ground arthropods. Environmental Entomology 34:385-394. (Pubitemid 40483312)
3. Al-Deeb, M. A. & G. E. Wilde. 2003. Effect of Bt corn expressing the Cry3Bb1 toxin for corn rootworm control on aboveground nontarget arthropods. Environmental Entomology 32:1164-1170. (Pubitemid 37388000)
4. Al-Deeb, M. A., G. E. Wilde & R. A. Higgins. 2001. No effect of Bacillus thuringiensis on the predator Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Environmental Entomology 30:625-629. (Pubitemid 33017062)
5. Al-Deeb, M. A., G. E. Wilde & K. Y. Zhu. 2001. Effect of insecticides used in corn, sorghum, and alfalfa on the predator Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Journal of Economic Entomology 94:1353-1360. (Pubitemid 33750141)
6. Alderweireldt, M. 1994. Prey selection and prey capture strategies of linyphiid spiders in high-input agricultural fields. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 9:300-308.
7. Amalin, D. M., J. E. Peña, R. McSorley, H. W. Browning & J. H. Crane. 2001. Comparison of different sampling methods and effect of pesticide application on spider populations in lime orchards in South Florida. Environmental Entomology 30:1021-1027. (Pubitemid 34115382)
8. Anderson, J. F. 1970. Metabolic rates of spiders. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology 33:51-72.
9. Anderson, J. F. 1996. Metabolic rates of resting salticid and thomisid spiders. Journal of Arachnology 24:129-134.
10. Anderson, J. F. & K. N. Prestwich. 1982. Respiratory gas exchange in spiders. Physiological Zoology 55:72-90.
11. Armstrong, J. S., J. Lester & G. Kraemer. 2000. An inventory of the key predators of cotton pests on Bt and non-Bt cotton in West Texas. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference 2:1030-1033.
12. Arpaia, S., G. M. Di Leo, M. C. Fiore, J. E. U. Schmidt & M. Scardi. 2007. Composition of arthropod species assemblages in Btexpressing and near isogenic eggplants in experimental fields. Environmental Entomology 36:213-227. (Pubitemid 46513735)
13. Árpás, K., F. Tóth & J. Kiss. 2005. Foliage-dwelling arthropods in Bt-transgenic and isogenic maize: a comparison through spider web analysis. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 40:347-353. (Pubitemid 43140870)
14. Bao, J. H., D. P. Chin, M. Fukami, M. Ugaki, M. Nomura & M. Mii. 2009. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) with Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac gene for resistance against two common vegetable pests. Plant Biotechnology 26:249-254.
15. Bernal, C. C., R. M. Aguda & M. B. Cohen. 2002. Effect of rice lines transformed with Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes on the brown planthopper and its predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 102:21-28. (Pubitemid 34519663)
16. Bernal, J. S., J. G. Griset & P. O. Gillogly. 2002. Impacts of developing on Bt maize-intoxicated hosts on fitness parameters of a stem borer parasitoid. Journal of Entomological Science 37:27-40. (Pubitemid 34248779)
17. Betz, F. S., B. G. Hammond & R. L. Fuchs. 2000. Safety and advantages of Bacillus thuringiensis-protected plants to control insect pests. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 32:156-173.
18. Bhatti, M. A., J. Duan, C. L. Pilcher, C. D. Pilcher, M. J. McKee, T. E. Nickson, G. P. Head & C. Jiang. 2002. Ecological assessment for non-target organisms in the plots of corn rootworm insectprotected corn hybrid containing MON 863 event: 2000-2001 field trials. Report Number: MSL-17531. Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri.
19. Bhatti, M. A., J. Duan, G. P. Head, C. Jiang, M. J. McKee, T. E. Nickson, C. L. Pilcher & C. D. Pilcher. 2005. Field evaluation of the impact of corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) - protected Bt corn on foliage-dwelling arthropods. Environmental Entomology 34:1336-1345. (Pubitemid 41434329)
20. Bhatti, M. A., J. Duan, G. P. Head, C. Jiang, M. J. McKee, T. E. Nickson, C. L. Pilcher & C. D. Pilcher. 2005. Field evaluation of the impact of corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) - protected Bt corn on ground-dwelling invertebrates. Environmental Entomology 34:1325-1335. (Pubitemid 41434328)
21. Birch, A. N. E., I. E. Geoghegan, D. W. Griffiths & J. W. McNicol. 2002. The effect of genetic transformations for pest resistance on foliar solanidine-based glycoalkaloids of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Annals of Applied Biology 140:143-149. (Pubitemid 34414330)
22. Bishop, L. & S. E. Riechert. 1990. Spider colonization of agroecosystems: mode and source. Environmental Entomology 19:1738-1745.
23. Bostanian, N. J., C. D. Dondale, M. R. Binns & D. Pitre. 1984. Effects of pesticide use on spiders (Araneae) in Quebec apple orchards. Canadian Entomologist 116:663-675. (Pubitemid 16274294)
24. Breene, R. G., W. L. Sterling & M. Nyffeler. 1990. Efficacy of spider and ant predators on the cotton fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae). Entomophaga 35:393-401.
25. Brennan, K. E. C., J. D. Majer & M. L. Moir. 2005. Refining sampling protocols for inventorying invertebrate biodiversity: influence of drift-fence length and pitfall trap diameter on spiders. Journal of Arachnology 33:681-702. (Pubitemid 43165241)
26. Brook, A. J., B. A. Woodcock, M. Sinka & A. J. Vanbergen. 2008. Experimental verification of suction sampler capture efficiency in grasslands of differing vegetation height and structure. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:1357-1363.
27. Bruck, D. J., M. D. Lopez, L. C. Lewis, J. R. Prasifka & R. D. Gunnarson. 2006. Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn and permethrin on nontarget arthropods. Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 23:111-124.
28. Bundy, C. S., P. F. Smith, D. B. Richman & R. L. Steiner. 2005. Survey of the spiders of cotton in New Mexico with seasonal evaluations between Bt and non-Bt varieties. Journal of Entomological Science 40:355-367. (Pubitemid 44230434)
29. Burgio, G., A. Lanzoni, G. Accinelli, G. Dinelli, A. Bonetti, I. Marotti & F. Ramilli. 2007. Evaluation of Bt-toxin uptake by the non-target herbivore, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), feeding on transgenic oilseed rape. Bulletin of Entomological Research 97:211-215. (Pubitemid 46723941)
30. Candolfi, M. P., K. Brown, C. Grimm, B. Reber & H. Schmidli. 2004. A faunistic approach to assess potential side-effects of genetically modified Bt-corn on non-target arthropods under field conditions. Biocontrol Science and Technology 14:129-170. (Pubitemid 38448161)
31. Cao, J., A. M. Shelton & E. D. Earle. 2005. Development of transgenic collards (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) expressing a Cry1Ac or Cry1C Bt gene for control of the diamondback moth. Crop Protection 24:804-813. (Pubitemid 40886333)
32. Chambers, R. J. & D. P. Aikman. 1988. Quantifying the effects of predators on aphid populations. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 46:257-265. (Pubitemid 19325091)
33. Chen, M., J.-Z. Zhao, A. M. Shelton, J. Cao & E. D. Earle. 2008. Impact of single-gene and dual-gene Bt broccoli on the herbivore Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and its pupal endoparasitoid Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Transgenic Research 17:545-555. (Pubitemid 351938243)
34. Chen, M., G.-Y. Ye, Z.-C. Liu, Q. Fang, C. Hu, Y.-F. Peng & A. M. Shelton. 2009. Analysis of Cry1Ab toxin bioaccumulation in a food chain of Bt rice, an herbivore and a predator. Ecotoxicology 18:230-238.
35. Cloutier, C., S. Boudreault & D. Michaud. 2008. Impact of Colorado potato beetle-resistant potatoes on non-target arthropods: a metaanalysis of factors potentially involved in the failure of a Bt transgenic plant. Cahiers Agricultures 17:388-394. [in French with English abstract]
36. Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd Edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey.
37. Cottrell, T. E. & K. V. Yeargan. 1998. Effect of pollen on Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) population density, predation, and cannibalism in sweet corn. Environmental Entomology 27:1402-1410. (Pubitemid 128481091)
38. Couty, A., G. de la Vina, S. J. Clark, L. Kaiser, M.-H. Pham-Delegue & G. M. Poppy. 2001. Direct and indirect sublethal effects of Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) on the development of a potato-aphid parasitoid, Aphelinus abdominalis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Journal of Insect Physiology 47:553-561. (Pubitemid 32298652)
39. Crecchio, C. & G. Stotzky. 1998. Insecticidal activity and biodegradation of the toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki bound to humic acids from soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 30:463-470. (Pubitemid 28222666)
40. Cui, J.-J. & J.-Y. Xia. 1999. Effects of transgenic Bt cotton on the population dynamic of natural enemies. Acta Gossypii Sinica 11:84-91. [in Chinese with English abstract]
41. Curtis, D. J. 1980. Pitfalls in spider community studies (Arachnida, Araneae). Journal of Arachnology 8:271-280.
42. Daly, T. & G. D. Buntin. 2005. Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic corn for lepidopteran control on nontarget arthropods. Environmental Entomology 34:1292-1301. (Pubitemid 41434325)
43. DeBach, P. & D. Rosen. 1991. Biological Control by Natural Enemies. Cambridge University Press, London, UK.
44. De Keer, R. & J. P. Maelfait. 1988. Laboratory observations on the development and reproduction of Erigone atra Blackwall, 1833 (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 7:237-242.
45. de la Poza, M., X. Pons, G. P. Farinós, C. López, F. Ortego, M. Eizaguirre, P. Castañera & R. Albajes. 2005. Impact of farm-scale Bt maize on abundance of predatory arthropods in Spain. Crop Protection 24:677-684. (Pubitemid 40689466)
46. Delrio, G., M. Verdinelli & G. Serra. 2004. Monitoring of pest and beneficial insect populations in summer sown Bt maize. International Organization for Biological Control WPRS Bulletin 27:43-48.
47. Deng, S.-D., J. Xu, Q.-W. Zhang, S.-W. Zhou & G.-J. Xu. 2003. Effect of transgenic Bt cotton on population dynamics of the nontarget pests and natural enemies of pests. Acta Entomologica Sinica 46:1-5. (Pubitemid 36352261)
48. Deng, L., J. Dai, H. Cao & M. Xu. 2006. Effects of an organophosphorous insecticide on survival, fecundity, and development of Hylyphantes graminicola (Sundevall) (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25:3073-3077. (Pubitemid 46086963)
49. Dively, G. P. 2005. Impact of transgenic VIP3A 3 Cry1Ab lepidopteran-resistant field corn on the nontarget arthropod community. Environmental Entomology 34:1267-1291. (Pubitemid 41434324)
50. Dively, G. P. & R. Rose. 2002. Effects of Bt transgenic and conventional insecticide control on the non-target natural enemy community in sweet corn. Pp. 265-274. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Honolulu, HI, USA, January 14-18, 2002. (R. G. Van Driesche, ed.). USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-03-05.
51. Duan, J. J., G. Head, M. J. McKee, T. E. Nickson, J. H. Martin & F. S. Sayegh. 2002. Evaluation of dietary effects of transgenic corn pollen expressing Cry3Bb1 protein on a non-target ladybird beetle, Coleomegilla maculata. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 104:271-280. (Pubitemid 36093412)
52. Duan, J. J., G. Head, A. Jensen & G. Reed. 2004. Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis potato and conventional insecticides for Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) management on the abundance of ground-dwelling arthropods in Oregon potato ecosystems. Environmental Entomology 33:275-281. (Pubitemid 38522137)
53. Duan, J. J., M. S. Paradise, J. G. Lundgren, J. Bookout, C. Jiang & R. N. Wiedenmann. 2006. Assessing non-target impacts of Bt corn resistant to corn rootworms: Tier-1 testing with larvae of Poecilus chalcites (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Environmental Entomology 35:135-142. (Pubitemid 44607823)
54. Duan, J. J., J. E. Huesing & D. Teixeira. 2007. Development of Tier-I toxicity assays with Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) for assessing the risk of plant-incorporated protectants to nontarget heteropterans. Environmental Entomology 36:982-988. (Pubitemid 47311048)
55. Duan, J. J., J. G. Lundgren, S. E. Naranjo & M. Marvier. 2010. Extrapolating non-target risk of Bt crops from laboratory to field. Biology Letters 6:74-77.
56. Dutton, A., H. Klein, J. Romeis & F. Bigler. 2002. Uptake of Bt-toxin by herbivores feeding on transgenic maize and consequences for the predator Chrysoperla carnea. Ecological Entomology 27:441-447. (Pubitemid 34834263)
57. Eckert, J., I. Schuphan, L. A. Hothorn & A. Gathmann. 2006. Arthropods on maize ears for detecting impacts of Bt maize on nontarget organisms. Environmental Entomology 35:554-560. (Pubitemid 44606053)
58. Esteves, A. B., J. V. de Oliveira, J. B. Torres & M. C. Gondim. 2010. Compared biology and behavior of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on BollgardTM and non-transgenic isoline cotton. Neotropical Entomology 39:338-344.
59. Faria, C. A., F. L. Wäckers, J. Pritchard, D. A. Barrett & T. C. J. Turlings. 2007. High susceptibility of Bt maize to aphids enhances the performance of parasitoids of lepidopteran pests. PLoS One 2(7):e600.
60. Farinós, G. P., M. de la Poza, P. Hernández-Crespo, F. Ortego & P. Castañera. 2008. Diversity and seasonal phenology of aboveground arthropods in conventional and transgenic maize crops in Central Spain. Biological Control 44:362-371.
61. Fearing, P. L., D. Brown, D. Vlachos, M. Meghji & L. Privalle. 1997. Quantitative analysis of CryIA (b) expression in Bt maize plants, tissues, and silage and stability of expression over successive generations. Molecular Breeding 3:167-176.
62. Fernandes, O. A., M. Faria, S. Martinelli, F. Schmidt, V. F. Carvalho & G. Moro. 2007. Short-term assessment of Bt maize on nontarget arthropods in Brazil. Scientia Agricola 64:249-255. (Pubitemid 46890627)
63. Ferry, N., E. A. Mulligan, C. N. Stewart, B. E. Tabashnik, G. R. Port & A. M. R. Gatehouse. 2006. Prey-mediated effects of transgenic canola on a beneficial, non-target, carabid beetle. Transgenic Research 15:501-514. (Pubitemid 44215638)
64. Fitt, G. P., C. L. Mares & D. J. Llewellyn. 1994. Field evaluation and potential ecological impact of transgenic cottons (Gossypium hirsutum) in Australia. Biocontrol Science and Technology 4:535-548.
65. Flores, S., D. Saxena & G. Stotzky. 2005. Transgenic Bt plants decompose less in soil than non-Bt plants. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37:1073-1082. (Pubitemid 40383793)
66. Fountain, M. T., V. K. Brown, A. C. Gange, W. O. C. Symondson & P. J. Murray. 2007. The effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos on spider and Collembola communities. Pedobiologia 51:147-158. (Pubitemid 46764360)
67. French, B. W., L. D. Chandler, M. M. Ellsbury, B. W. Fuller & M. West. 2004. Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in a transgenic corn-soybean cropping system. Environmental Entomology 33:554-563. (Pubitemid 39651155)
68. Giampietro, M., S. Ulgiati & D. Pimentel. 1997. Feasibility of largescale biofuel production-Does an enlargement of scale change the picture? BioScience 47:587-600.
69. Gianessi, L. P. & J. E. Carpenter. 1999. Agricultural Biotechnology: Insect Control Benefits. National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, Washington, DC. Online at https://research.cip. cgiar.org/confluence/download/ attachments/3443/AG7.pdf.
70. Glare, T. R. & M. O'Callaghan. 2000. Bacillus thuringiensis: Biology, Ecology, and Safety. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, UK.
71. González-Zamora, J. E., S. Camúñez & C. Avilla. 2007. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins on developmental and reproductive characteristics of the predator Orius albidipennis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) under laboratory conditions. Environmental Entomology 36:1246-1253. (Pubitemid 350032811)
72. Goss, J. A. 1968. Development, physiology, and biochemistry of corn and wheat pollen. Botanical Review 34:333-358.
73. Greenstone, M. H. 1999. Spider predation: how and why we study it. Journal of Arachnology 27:333-342. (Pubitemid 129340854)
74. Greenstone, M. H. & A. F. Bennett. 1980. Foraging strategy and metabolic rate in spiders. Ecology 61:1255-1259.
75. Grossi-de-Sa, M. F., W. Lucena, M. L. Souza, A. L. Nepomuceno, E. O. Osir, N. Amugune, T. T. C. Hoa, T. N. H. Hai, D. A. Somers & E. Romano. 2006. Transgene expression and locus structure of Bt cotton. Pp. 93-107. In Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms. Methodologies for Assessing Bt Cotton in Brazil. (A. Hilbeck, D. A. Andow & E. M. G. Fontes, eds.). CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
76. Guo, J.-Y., F.-H. Wan, L. Dong, G. L. Lövei & Z.-J. Han. 2008. Tritrophic interactions between Bt cotton, the herbivore Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), and the predator Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Environmental Entomology 37:263-270. (Pubitemid 351300716)
77. Hagerty, A. M., S. G. Turnipseed & M. J. Sullivan. 2000. Impact of beneficial arthropod conservation in B. T. and conventional cotton. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference 2:976-978.
78. Hagerty, A. M., A. L. Kilpatrick, S. G. Turnipseed, M. J. Sullivan & W. C. Bridges. 2005. Predaceous arthropods and lepidopteran pests on conventional, Bollgard, and Bollgard II cotton under untreated and disrupted conditions. Environmental Entomology 34:105-114. (Pubitemid 40218516)
79. Harwood, J. D. & J. J. Obrycki. 2007. Web-site selection strategies of linyphiid spiders in alfalfa: implications for biological control. BioControl 52:451-467. (Pubitemid 46988294)
80. Harwood, J. D., K. D. Sunderland & W. O. C. Symondson. 2001. Living where the food is: web location by linyphiid spiders in relation to prey availability in winter wheat. Journal of Applied Ecology 38:88-99. (Pubitemid 32663251)
81. Harwood, J. D., K. D. Sunderland & W. O. C. Symondson. 2003. Weblocation by linyphiid spiders: prey-specific aggregation and foraging strategies. Journal of Animal Ecology 72:745-756. (Pubitemid 37065130)
82. Harwood, J. D., K. D. Sunderland & W. O. C. Symondson. 2004. Prey selection by linyphiid spiders: molecular tracking of the effects of alternative prey on rates of aphid consumption in the field. Molecular Ecology 13:3549-3560. (Pubitemid 39415684)
83. Harwood, J. D., W. G. Wallin & J. J. Obrycki. 2005. Uptake of Bt endotoxins by nontarget herbivores and higher order arthropod predators: molecular evidence from a transgenic corn agroecosystem. Molecular Ecology 14:2815-2823. (Pubitemid 41576963)
84. Harwood, J. D., R. A. Samson & J. J. Obrycki. 2006. No evidence for the uptake of Cry1Ab Bt-endotoxins by the generalist predator Scarites subterraneus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in laboratory and field experiments. Biocontrol Science and Technology 16:377-388.
85. Harwood, J. D., R. A. Samson & J. J. Obrycki. 2007. Temporal detection of Cry1Ab-endotoxins by coccinellid predators in fields of Bacillus thuringiensis corn. Bulletin of Entomological Research 97:643-648. (Pubitemid 350100418)
86. Hassell, R. L. & B. M. Shepard. 2002. Insect populations on Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic sweet corn. Journal of Entomological Science 37:285-292. (Pubitemid 35337438)
87. Haynes, D. L. & P. Sisojevic. 1966. Predatory behaviour of Philodromus rufus Walckenaer (Araneae: Thomisidae). Canadian Entomologist 98:113-133.
88. Head, G., W. Moar, M. Eubanks, B. Freeman, J. Ruberson, A. Hagerty & S. Turnipseed. 2005. A multiyear, large-scale comparison of arthropod populations on commercially managed Bt and non-Bt cotton fields. Environmental Entomology 34:1257-1266. (Pubitemid 41434323)
89. Hedges, L. V. & I. Olkin. 1985. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. Academic Press, New York.
90. Heong, K. L., S. Bleih & E. G. Rubia. 1991. Prey preference of the wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg et Strand). Researches on Population Ecology 33:179-186. (Pubitemid 23402653)
91. High, S. M., M. B. Cohen, Q. Y. Shu & I. Altosaar. 2004. Achieving successful deployment of Bt rice. Trends in Plant Science 9:286-292. (Pubitemid 38708850)
92. Hilbeck, A. & J. E. U. Schmidt. 2006. Another view on Bt proteins - how specific are they and what else might they do? Biopesticides International 2:1-50.
93. Hilbeck, A., M. Baumgartner, P. M. Fried & F. Bigler. 1998. Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn-fed prey on mortality and development time of immature Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Environmental Entomology 27:480-487. (Pubitemid 128485667)
94. Hilder, V. A., K. S. Powell, A. M. R. Gatehouse, J. A. Gatehouse, L. N. Gatehouse, Y. Shi, W. D. O. Hamilton, A. Merryweather, C. A. Newell, J. C. Timans, W. J. Peumans, E. van Damme & D. Boulter. 1995. Expression of snowdrop lectin in transgenic tobacco plants results in added protection against aphids. Transgenic Research 4:18-25.
95. Hodge, M. A. 1999. The implications of intraguild predation for the role of spiders in biological control. Journal of Arachnology 27:351-362. (Pubitemid 129340856)
96. Holland, J. M. & S. Smith. 1999. Sampling epigeal arthropods: an evaluation of fenced pitfall traps using mark-release-recapture and comparisons to unfenced pitfall traps in arable crops. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 91:347-357. (Pubitemid 29422957)
97. Hoy, M. A. 1994. Parasitoids and predators in management of arthropod pests. Pp. 129-198. In Introduction to Insect Pest Management. (R. L. Metcalf & W. H. Luckmann, eds.). Wiley, New York.
98. Hutchinson, W. D., E. C. Burkness, P. D. Mitchel, R. D. Moon, T. W. Leslie, S. J. Fleischer, M. Abrahamson, K. L. Hamilton, K. L. Steffey, M. E. Gray, R. L. Hellmich, L. V. Kaster, T. E. Hunt, R. J. Wright, K. Pecinovsky, T. L. Rabaey, B. R. Flood & E. S. Raun. 2010. Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers. Science 330:222-225.
99. Icoz, I. & G. Stotzky. 2007. Cry3Bb1 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis in root exudates and biomass of transgenic corn does not persist in soil. Transgenic Research 17:609-620. (Pubitemid 351938247)
100. Icoz, I. & G. Stotzky. 2008. Fate and effects of insect-resistant Bt crops in soil ecosystems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40:559-586.
101. James, C. 2007. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2007. ISAAA Brief No. 37. ISAAA, Ithaca, New York.
102. James, C. 2009. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2009. ISAAA Brief No. 41. ISAAA, Ithaca, New York.
103. Jasinski, J. R., J. B. Eisley, C. E. Young, J. Kovach & H. Willson. 2003. Select nontarget arthropod abundance in transgenic and nontransgenic field crops in Ohio. Environmental Entomology 32:407-413. (Pubitemid 36516828)
104. Jiang, Y.-H., Q. Fu, J.-A. Cheng, Z.-R. Zhu, M.-X. Jiang, G.-Y. Ye & Z.-T. Zhang. 2004. Dynamics of Cry1Ab protein from transgenic Bt rice in herbivores and their predators. Acta Entomologica Sinica 47:454-460. [in Chinese with English abstract] (Pubitemid 39146544)
105. Kalushkov, P., G. Blagoev & C. Deltshev. 2008. Biodiversity of epigeic spiders in genetically modified (Bt) and conventional (non-Bt) potato fields in Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 60:61-69.
106. Kaniewski, W. K. & P. E. Thomas. 2004. The potato story. AgBio-Forum 7:41-46. (Pubitemid 39526765)
107. Koskella, J. & G. Stotzky. 1997. Microbial utilization of free and clay-bound insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and their retention of insecticidal activity after incubation with microbes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63:3561-3568. (Pubitemid 27383153)
108. Kuvshinov, V., K. Koivu, A. Kanerva & E. Pehu. 2001. Transgenic crop plants expressing synthetic Cry9Aa gene protected against insect damage. Plant Science 160:341-353. (Pubitemid 32111759)
109. Lang, A. 2000. The pitfalls of pitfall trap catches and absolute density estimates of epigeal invertebrate predators in arable land. Journal of Pest Science 73:99-106. (Pubitemid 30664567)
110. Lang, A., M. Arndt, R. Beck, J. Bauchhenss & G. Pommer. 2005. Monitoring of the environmental effects of the Bt gene: research project sponsored by the Bavarian State Ministry for Environment, Health, and Consumer Protection. Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Freising- Weihenstephan, Germany.
111. Lehman, R. M., S. L. Osborne, D. Prischmann-Voldseth & K. Rosentrater. 2010. Insect-damaged corn stalks decompose at rates similar to Bt-protected, non-damaged corn stalks. Plant and Soil Journal 333:481-490.
112. Li, F.-F., G.-Y. Ye, Q. Wu, Y.-F. Peng & X.-X. Chen. 2007. Arthropod abundance and diversity in Bt and non-Bt rice fields. Environmental Entomology 36:646-654. (Pubitemid 46954972)
113. Liu, Z.-C., G.-Y. Ye, C. Hu & S. K. Datta. 2002. Effects of Bt transgenic rice on population dynamics of main non-target insect pests and dominant spider species in rice paddies. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica 29:138-144. [in Chinese with English abstract]
114. Liu, Z.-C., G.-Y. Ye, C. Hu & S. K. Datta. 2003. Impact of transgenic indica rice with a fused gene of cry1Ab/cry1Ac on the rice paddy arthropod community. Acta Entomologica Sinica 46:454-465. [in Chinese with English abstract] (Pubitemid 37041876)
115. Lövei, G. L. & S. Arpaia. 2005. The impact of transgenic plants on natural enemies: a critical review of laboratory studies. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 114:1-14. (Pubitemid 40191485)
116. Lozzia, G. C. 1999. Biodiversity and structure of ground beetle assemblages (Coleoptera Carabidae) in Bt corn and its effects on non-target insects. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura 31:37-58.
117. Lozzia, G. C. & I. E. Rigamonti. 1998. Preliminary observations on the arthropod fauna of transgenic corn fields. ATTI Giornate Fitopatologiche 223-228. [in Italian with English abstract]
118. Lozzia, G. C., I. E. Rigamonti & M. Agosti. 1998. Evaluation methods of the effects of transgenic corn on non target species. Notiziario Sulla Protezione delle Plante 8:27-39. [in Italian with English abstract]
119. Ludy, C. 2004. Intentional pollen feeding in the garden spider Araneus diadematus. Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society 101:4-5.
120. Ludy, C. & A. Lang. 2006. Bt maize pollen exposure and impact on the garden spider, Araneus diadematus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 118:145-156.
121. Ludy, C. & A. Lang. 2006. A 3-year field-scale monitoring of foliage-dwelling spiders (Araneae) in transgenic Bt maize fields and adjacent field margins. Biological Control 38:314-324. (Pubitemid 44163832)
122. Lundgren, J. G. 2009. Relationships of Natural Enemies and Nonprey Foods. Springer International, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
123. Lundgren, J. G. & J. K. Fergen. The effects of a winter cover crop on Diabrotica virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) populations and beneficial arthropod communities in no-till maize. Environmental Entomology. In press.
124. Lundgren, J. G. & R. N. Wiedenmann. 2002. Coleopteran-specific Cry3Bb1 toxin from transgenic corn pollen does not affect the fitness of a nontarget species, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environmental Entomology 31:1213-1218. (Pubitemid 36101246)
125. Lundgren, J. G., J. T. Shaw, E. R. Zaborski & C. E. Eastman. 2006. The influence of organic transition systems on beneficial grounddwelling arthropods and predation of insects and weed seeds. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21:227-237. (Pubitemid 46189094)
126. Lundgren, J. G., A. J. Gassmann, J. S. Bernal, J. J. Duan & J. R. Ruberson. 2009. Ecological compatibility of GM crops and biological control. Crop Protection 28:1017-1030.
127. Lundgren, J. G., M. E. Ellsbury & D. A. Prischmann. 2009. Analysis of the predator community of a subterranean herbivorous insect based on polymerase chain reaction. Ecological Applications 19:2157-2166.
128. Lundgren, J. G., L. S. Hesler, K. Tilmon, K. Dashiell & R. Scott. 2009. Direct effects of soybean varietal selection and Aphis glycines-resistant soybeans on natural enemies. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 3:9-16.
129. Mandaokar, A. D., R. K. Goyal, A. Shukla, S. Bisaria, R. Bhalla, V. S. Reddy, A. Chaurasia, R. P. Sharma, I. Altosaar & P. Ananda Kumar. 2000. Transgenic tomato plants resistant to fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner). Crop Protection 19:307-312. (Pubitemid 30368969)
130. Mansour, F. 1987. Spiders in sprayed and unsprayed cotton fields in Israel, their interactions with cotton pests and their importance as predators of the Egyptian cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis. Phytoparasitica 15:31-41.
131. Mansour, F. & U. Heimbach. 1993. Evaluation of lycosid, micryphantid and linyphiid spiders as predators of Rhopalosiphum padi (Hom.: Aphididae) and their functional response to prey density-laboratory experiments. Entomophaga 38:79-87. (Pubitemid 24412039)
132. Mansour, F., D. Rosen & A. Shulov. 1981. Disturbing effect of a spider on larval aggregations of Spodoptera littoralis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 29:234-237.
133. Marvier, M., C. McCreedy, J. Regetz & P. Kareiva. 2007. A metaanalysis of effects of Bt cotton and maize on nontarget invertebrates. Science 316:1475-1477. (Pubitemid 46906613)
134. Maupin, J. L. & S. E. Riechert. 2001. Superfluous killing in spiders: a consequence of adaptation to food-limited environments? Behavioral Ecology 12:569-576. (Pubitemid 32882186)
135. Meehan, C. J., E. J. Olson, M. W. Reudink, T. K. Kyser & R. L. Curry. 2009. Herbivory in a spider through exploitation of an ant-plant mutualism. Current Biology 19:892-893.
136. Meissle, M. & A. Lang. 2005. Comparing methods to evaluate the effects of Bt maize and insecticide on spider assemblages. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 107:359-370. (Pubitemid 40588803)
137. Meissle, M. & J. Romeis. 2009. The web-building spider Theridion impressum (Araneae: Theridiidae) is not adversely affected by Bt maize resistant to corn rootworms. Plant Biotechnology Journal 7:645-656.
138. Meissle, M., E. Vojtech & G. M. Poppy. 2005. Effects of Bt maize-fed prey on the generalist predator Poecilus cupreus L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Transgenic Research 14:123-132. (Pubitemid 40747892)
139. Men, X., F. Ge, X. Liu & E. N. Yardim. 2003. Diversity of arthropod communities in transgenic Bt cotton and nontransgenic cotton agroecosystems. Environmental Entomology 32:270-275. (Pubitemid 36516811)
140. Men, X., F. Ge, C. A. Edwards & E. N. Yardim. 2004. Influence of pesticide applications on pest and predatory arthropods associated with transgenic Bt cotton and nontransgenic cotton plants. Phytoparasitica 32:246-254. (Pubitemid 38991345)
141. Miklos, J. A., M. F. Alibhai, S. A. Bledig, D. C. Connor-Ward, A. G. Gao, B. A. Holmes, K. H. Kolacz, V. T. Kabuye, T. C. MacRae, M. S. Paradise, A. S. Toedebusch & L. A. Harrison. 2007. Characterization of soybean exhibiting high expression of a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A transgene that confers a high degree of resistance to lepidopteran pests. Crop Science 47:148-157. (Pubitemid 46327845)
142. Moar, W. J., M. Eubanks, B. Freeman, S. Turnipseed, J. Ruberson & G. Head. 2002. Effects of Bt cotton on biological control agents in the southeastern United States. Pp. 275-277. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Honolulu, HI, USA, January 14-18, 2002. (R. G. Van Driesche, ed.). USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, West Virginia. FHTET-03-05.
143. Murdoch, W. W., J. Chesson & P. L. Chesson. 1985. Biological control in theory and practice. American Naturalist 125:344-366.
144. Nakasuji, F., H. Yamanaka & K. Kiritani. 1973. The disturbing effect of micryphantid spiders on the larval aggregation of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Kontyu 41:220-227. [in Japanese with English abstract]
145. Naranjo, S. E. 2005. Long-term assessment of the effects of transgenic Bt cotton on the abundance of nontarget arthropod natural enemies. Environmental Entomology 34:1193-1210. (Pubitemid 41434320)
146. Naranjo, S. E. 2009. Impacts of Bt crops on non-target organisms and insecticide use patterns. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition, and Natural Resources 4:1-23.
147. Nentwig, W. 1987. The prey of spiders. Pp. 249-263. In Ecophysiology of Spiders. (W. Nentwig, ed.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
148. Nyffeler, M. & R. G. Breene. 1990. Evidence of low daily food consumption by wolf spiders in meadowland and comparison with other cursorial hunters. Journal of Applied Entomology 110:73-81.
149. Nyffeler, M. & K. D. Sunderland. 2003. Composition, abundance and pest control potential of spider communities in agroecosystems: a comparison of European and US studies. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 95:579-612. (Pubitemid 36463247)
150. Nyffeler, M. & W. O. C. Symondson. 2001. Spiders and harvestmen as gastropod predators. Ecological Entomology 26:617-628. (Pubitemid 34000076)
151. Nyffeler, M., W. L. Sterling & D. A. Dean. 1994. How spiders make a living. Environmental Entomology 23:1357-1367. (Pubitemid 26448436)
152. Nyffeler, M., H. Moor & R. F. Foelix. 2001. Spiders feeding on earthworms. Journal of Arachnology 29:119-124.
153. Obrist, L. B., H. Klein, A. Dutton & F. Bigler. 2005. Effects of Bt maize on Frankliniella tenuicornis and exposure of thrips predators to prey-mediated Bt toxin. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 115:409-416. (Pubitemid 40816934)
154. Obrist, L. B., H. Klein, A. Dutton & F. Bigler. 2006. Assessing the effects of Bt maize on the predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris. Experimental and Applied Acarology 38:125-139.
155. Obrist, L. B., A. Dutton, R. Albajes & F. Bigler. 2006. Exposure of arthropod predators to Cry1Ab toxin in Bt maize fields. Ecological Entomology 31:143-154.
156. Obrist, L. B., A. Dutton, J. Romeis & F. Bigler. 2006. Biological activity of Cry1Ab toxin expressed by Bt maize following ingestion by herbivorous arthropods and exposure of the predator Chrysoperla carnea. BioControl 51:31-48. (Pubitemid 43247936)
157. Oelbermann, K., R. Langel & S. Scheu. 2008. Utilization of prey from the decomposer system by generalist predators of grassland. Oecologia 155:605-617.
158. Oraze, M. J., A. A. Grigarick, J. H. Lynch & K. A. Smith. 1988. Spider fauna of flooded rice fields in northern California. Journal of Arachnology 16:331-337.
159. Palm, C. J., D. L. Schaller, K. K. Donegan & R. J. Seidler. 1996. Persistence in soil of transgenic plant-produced Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki d-endotoxin. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42:1258-1262. (Pubitemid 27076952)
160. Patt, J. M. & R. S. Pfannenstiel. 2008. Odor-based recognition of nectar in cursorial spiders. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 127:64-71. (Pubitemid 351379624)
161. Patt, J. M. & R. S. Pfannenstiel. 2009. Characterization of restricted area searching behavior following consumption of prey and nonprey food in a cursorial spider, Hibana futilis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 132:13-20.
162. Pekár, S. 1999. Foraging mode: a factor affecting the susceptibility of spiders (Araneae) to insecticide applications. Pesticide Science 55:1077-1082.
163. Pekár, S. & J. Beneš. 2008. Aged pesticide residues are detrimental to agrobiont spiders (Araneae). Journal of Applied Entomology 132:614-622.
164. Perlak, F. J., T. B. Stone, Y. M. Muskopf, L. J. Petersen, G. B. Parker, S. A. McPherson, J. Wyman, S. Love, G. Reed, D. Biever & D. A. Fischhoff. 1993. Genetically improved potatoes: protection from damage by Colorado potato beetle. Plant Molecular Biology 22:313-321.
165. Peterson, J. A., J. J. Obrycki & J. D. Harwood. 2009. Quantification of Bt-endotoxin exposure pathways in carabid food webs across multiple transgenic events. Biocontrol Science and Technology 19:613-625.
166. Peterson, J. A., S. A. Romero & J. D. Harwood. 2010. Pollen interception by linyphiid spiders in a corn agroecosystem: implications for dietary diversification and risk-assessment. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 4:207-217.
167. Pfannenstiel, R. S. 2008. Spider predators of lepidopteran eggs in south Texas field crops. Biological Control 46:202-208.
168. Picard-Nizou, A. L., M.-H. Pham-Delegue, V. Kerguelen, P. Douault, R. Marillaeu, L. Olsen, R. Grison, A. Toppan & C. Masson. 1995. Foraging behaviour of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) on transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera). Transgenic Research 4:270-276.
169. Pilcher, C. D., J. J. Obrycki, M. E. Rice & L. C. Lewis. 1997. Preimaginal development, survival, and field abundance of insect predators on transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn. Environmental Entomology 26:446-454. (Pubitemid 127478395)
170. Pilorget, L., J. Buckner & J. G. Lundgren. 2010. Sterol limitation in a pollen-fed omnivorous lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Insect Physiology 56:81-87.
171. Pleasants, J. M., R. L. Hellmich, G. P. Dively, M. K. Sears, D. E. Stanley-Horn, H. R. Mattila, J. E. Foster, P. Clark & G. D. Jones. 2001. Corn pollen deposition on milkweeds in and near cornfields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:11919-11924. (Pubitemid 32959802)
172. Ponsard, S., A. P. Gutierrez & N. J. Mills. 2002. Effect of Bt-toxin (Cry1Ac) in transgenic cotton on the adult longevity of four heteropteran predators. Environmental Entomology 31:1197-1205. (Pubitemid 36101244)
173. Post, W. M. & S. E. Riechert. 1977. Initial investigation into the structure of spider communities. Journal of Animal Ecology 46:729-749.
174. Pray, C., D. Ma, J. Huang & F. Qiao. 2001. Impact of Bt cotton in China. World Development 29:813-825. (Pubitemid 32477500)
175. Provencher, L. & D. Coderre. 1987. Functional responses and switching of Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) and Clubiona pikei Gertsch (Araneae: Clubionidae) for the aphids Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology 16:1305-1309.
176. Rao, K. V., K. S. Rathore, T. K. Hodges, X. Fu, E. Stoger, D. Sudhaker, S. Williams, P. Christou, M. Bharathi, D. P. Brown, K. S. Powell, J. Spence, A. M. R. Gatehouse & J. A. Gatehouse. 1998. Expression of snowdrop lectin (GNA) in transgenic rice plants confers resistance to rice brown planthopper. Plant Journal 15:469-477.
177. Raps, A., J. Kehr, P. Gugerli, W. J. Moar, F. Bigler & A. Hilbeck. 2001. Immunological analysis of phloem sap of Bacillus thuringiensis corn and of the nontarget herbivore Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) for the presence of Cry1Ab. Molecular Ecology 10:525-533. (Pubitemid 32232357)
178. Raynor, G. S., E. C. Ogden & J. V. Hayes. 1972. Dispersion and deposition of corn pollen from experimental sources. Agronomy Journal 64:420-427.
179. Reed, G. L., A. S. Jensen, J. Riebe, G. Head & J. J. Duan. 2001. Transgenic Bt potato and conventional insecticides for Colorado potato beetle management: comparative efficacy and non-target impacts. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 100:89-100. (Pubitemid 32731476)
180. Renouard, J. J., R. Creamer & D. B. Richman. 2004. Gut content analysis of the spider Hibana incursa (Araneae: Anyphaenidae) using serological methods. Southwestern Entomologist 29:91-97. (Pubitemid 39059742)
181. Řezáč, M., S. Pekár & F. Kocourek. 2006. Effect of Bt-maize on epigeic spiders (Araneae) and harvestman (Opiliones). Plant Protection Science 42:1-8.
182. Řezáč, M., S. Pekár & J. Stará. 2010. The negative effect of some selective insecticides on the functional response of a potential biological control agent, the spider Philodromus cespitum. Bio-Control 55:503-510.
183. Riddick, E. W., G. Dively & P. Barbosa. 2000. Season-long abundance of generalist predators in transgenic versus nontransgenic potato fields. Journal of Entomological Science 35:349-359. (Pubitemid 32139622)
184. Riechert, S. E. & T. Lockley. 1984. Spiders as biological control agents. Annual Review of Entomology 29:299-320.
185. Riecken, U. 1999. Effects of short-term sampling on ecological characterization and evaluation of epigeic spider communities and their habitats for site assessment studies. Journal of Arachnology 27:189-195. (Pubitemid 129340834)
186. Romeis, J., A. Dutton & F. Bigler. 2004. Bacillus thuringiensis toxin (Cry1Ab) has no direct effect on larvae of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Insect Physiology 50:175-183. (Pubitemid 38300234)
187. Romeis, J., M. Meissle & F. Bigler. 2006. Transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins and biological control. Nature Biotechnology 24:63-71. (Pubitemid 43083167)
188. Romeis, J., N. C. Lawo & A. Raybould. 2009. Making effective use of existing data for case-by-case risk assessment of genetically engineered crops. Journal of Applied Entomology 133:571-583.
189. Romero, S. A. & J. D. Harwood. 2010. Diel and seasonal patterns of prey available to epigeal predators: evidence for food limitation in a linyphiid spider community. Biological Control 52:84-90.
190. Rose, R. & G. P. Dively. 2007. Effects of insecticide-treated and lepidopteran-active Bt transgenic sweet corn on the abundance and diversity of arthropods. Environmental Entomology 36:1254-1268. (Pubitemid 350032812)
191. Rosenberg, M. S., D. C. Adams & J. Gurevitch. 2000. MetaWin, Version 2. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
192. Samu, F. 1993. Wolf spider feeding strategies: optimality of prey consumption in Pardosa hortensis. Oecologia 94:139-145. (Pubitemid 24406682)
193. Samu, F. & Z. Biro. 1993. Functional response, multiple feeding and wasteful killing in a wolf spider (Araneae: Lycosidae). European Journal of Entomology 90:471-476.
194. Samu, F. & C. Szinetár. 2002. On the nature of agrobiont spiders. Journal of Arachnology 30:389-402. (Pubitemid 35431768)
195. Saxena, D. & G. Stotzky. 2000. Insecticidal toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is released from roots of transgenic Bt corn in vitro and in situ. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 33:35-39. (Pubitemid 30462290)
196. Saxena, D. & G. Stotzky. 2001. Bt corn has a higher lignin content than non-Bt corn. American Journal of Botany 88:1704-1706. (Pubitemid 33650842)
197. Saxena, D., S. Flores & G. Stotzky. 1999. Transgenic plants: insecticidal toxin in root exudates from Bt corn. Nature 402:480.
198. Saxena, D., S. Flores & G. Stotzky. 2002. Bt toxin is released in root exudates from 12 transgenic corn hybrids representing three transformation events. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34:133-137. (Pubitemid 34115201)
199. Saxena, D., C. N. Stewart, I. Altosaar, Q. Shu & G. Stotzky. 2004. Larvicidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis are released in root exudates of transgenic B. thuringiensis corn, potato, and rice but not of B. thuringiensis canola, cotton, and tobacco. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 42:383-387. (Pubitemid 38800986)
200. Schirmel, J., S. Lenze, D. Katzmann & S. Buchholz. 2010. Capture efficiency of pitfall traps is highly affected by sampling interval. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 136:206-210.
201. Schmidt, M. H. & T. Tscharntke. 2005. The role of perennial habitats for Central European farmland spiders. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 105:235-242. (Pubitemid 39568823)
202. Schmitz, O. J., A. P. Beckerman & K. M. O'Brien. 1997. Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions. Ecology 78:1388-1399.
203. Schoenly, K. G., H. D. Justo, Jr., A. T. Barrion, M. K. Harris & D. G. Bottrell. 1998. Analysis of invertebrate biodiversity in a Philippine farmer's irrigated rice field. Environmental Entomology 27:1125-1136. (Pubitemid 128482909)
204. Sehnal, F., O. Habuštová, L. Spitzer, H. M. Hussein & V. Růžička. 2004. A biannual study on the environmental impact of Bt maize. International Organization for Biological Control WPRS Bulletin 27:147-160.
205. Settle, W. H., H. Ariawan, E. T. Astuti, W. Cahyana, A. L. Hakim, D. Hindayana, A. S. Lestari, Pajarningsih & Sartanto. 1996. Managing tropical rice pests through conservation of generalist natural enemies and alternative prey. Ecology 77:1975-1988.
206. Shelton, A. M., J.-Z. Zhao & R. T. Roush. 2002. Economic, ecological, food safety, and social consequences of the development of Bt transgenic plants. Annual Review of Entomology 47:845-881. (Pubitemid 34108597)
207. Shi, Y., W. B. Wang, K. S. Powell, E. Van Damme, V. A. Hilder, A. M. R. Gatehouse, D. Boulter & J. A. Gatehouse. 1994. Use of the rice sucrose synthase-1 promoter to direct phloem-specific expression of B-glucoronidase and snowdrop lectin genes in transgenic tobacco plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 45:623-631. (Pubitemid 2099644)
208. Sigsgaard, L. 2007. Early season natural control of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens: the contribution and interaction of two spider species and a predatory bug. Bulletin of Entomological Research 97:533-544. (Pubitemid 47530763)
209. Sisterson, M. S., R. W. Biggs, C. Olson, Y. Carriére, T. J. Dennehy & B. E. Tabashnik. 2004. Arthropod abundance and diversity in Bt and non-Bt cotton fields. Environmental Entomology 33:921-929. (Pubitemid 39147649)
210. Smith, R. B. & T. P. Mommsen. 1984. Pollen feeding in an orbweaving spider. Science 226:1330-1332.
211. Smith, C. W., J. Bertran & E. C. A. Runge. 2004. Corn: Origin, History, Technology, and Production. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey.
212. Stewart, C. N., M. J. Adang, J. N. All, P. L. Raymer, S. Ramachandran & W. A. Parrott. 1996. Insect control and dosage effects in transgenic canola containing a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis cryIAc gene. Plant Physiology 112:115-120. (Pubitemid 26368212)
213. Stotzky, G. 2004. Persistence and biological activity in soil of the insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, especially from transgenic plants. Plant and Soil 266:77-89. (Pubitemid 40318850)
214. Sunderland, K. D. 1999. Mechanisms underlying the effects of spiders on pest populations. Journal of Arachnology 27:308-316.
215. Sunderland, K. D., A. M. Fraser & A. F. G. Dixon. 1986. Distribution of linyphiid spiders in relation to capture of prey in cereal fields. Pedobiologia 29:367-375.
216. Sunderland, K. D., C. J. Topping, S. Ellis, S. Long, S. Van de Laak & M. Else. 1996. Reproduction and survival of linyphiid spiders, with special reference to Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall). Acta Jutlandica 71:81-95.
217. Sunderland, K. D., J. A. Axelson, K. Dromph, B. Freier, J. L. Hemptinne, N. H. Holst, P. J. M. Mols, M. K. Petersen, W. Powell, P. Ruggle, H. Triltsch & L. Winder. 1997. Pest control by a community of natural enemies. Acta Jutlandica 72:271-326.
218. Symondson, W. O. C., K. D. Sunderland & M. H. Greenstone. 2002. Can generalist predators be effective biocontrol agents? Annual Review of Entomology 47:561-594. (Pubitemid 34108591)
219. Taylor, R. M. & R. A. Bradley. 2009. Plant nectar increases survival, molting, and foraging in two foliage wandering spiders. Journal of Arachnology 37:232-237.
220. Taylor, R. M. & R. S. Pfannenstiel. 2008. Nectar feeding by wandering spiders on cotton plants. Environmental Entomology 37:996-1002.
221. Taylor, R. M. & R. S. Pfannenstiel. 2009. How dietary plant nectar affects the survival, growth, and fecundity of a cursorial spider Cheiracanthium inclusum (Araneae: Miturgidae). Environmental Entomology 38:1379-1386.
222. Thiele, H. U. 1977. Carabid Beetles in their Environments. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
223. Thirtle, C., L. Beyers, Y. Ismael & J. Piesse. 2003. Can GM-technologies help the poor? The impact of Bt cotton in Makhathini Flats, KwaZulu-Natal. World Development 31:717-732. (Pubitemid 36374772)
224. Thorbek, P., K. D. Sunderland & C. J. Topping. 2004. Reproductive biology of agrobiont linyphiid spiders in relation to habitat, season and biocontrol potential. Biological Control 30:193-202. (Pubitemid 38572079)
225. Tian, J. C., Z. C. Liu, M. Chen, Y. Chen, X. X. Chen, Y. F. Peng, C. Hu & G. Y. Ye. 2010. Laboratory and field assessments of preymediated effects of transgenic Bt rice on Ummeliata insecticeps (Araneida: Linyphiidae). Environmental Entomology 39:1369-1377.
226. Tietjen, W. J. & A. B. Cady. 2007. Sublethal exposure to a neurotoxic pesticide affects activity rhythms and patterns of four spider species. Journal of Arachnology 35:396-406. (Pubitemid 47608348)
227. Topping, C. J. & K. D. Sunderland. 1992. Limitations to the use of pitfall traps in ecological studies exemplified by a study of spiders in a field of winter wheat. Journal of Applied Ecology 29:485-491. (Pubitemid 23395691)
228. Torres, J. A. & J. R. Ruberson. 2005. Canopy-and ground-dwelling predatory arthropods in commercial Bt and non-Bt cotton fields: patterns and mechanisms. Environmental Entomology 34:1242-1256. (Pubitemid 41435108)
229. Torres, J. A. & J. R. Ruberson. 2006. Interactions of Bt-cotton and the omnivorous big-eyed bug Geocoris punctipes (Say), a key predator in cotton fields. Biological Control 39:47-57. (Pubitemid 44322048)
230. Torres, J. B. & J. R. Ruberson. 2007. Abundance and diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods of pest management importance in commercial Bt and non-Bt cotton fields. Annals of Applied Biology 150:27-39. (Pubitemid 46197520)
231. Torres, J. B. & J. R. Ruberson. 2008. Interactions of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin in genetically engineered cotton with predatory heteropterans. Transgenic Research 17:345-354. (Pubitemid 351579730)
232. Toschki, A., L. A. Hothorn & M. Ross-Nickoll. 2007. Effects of cultivation of genetically modified Bt maize on epigeic arthropods (Araneae; Carabidae). Environmental Entomology 36:967-981. (Pubitemid 47311047)
233. Tu, J., G. Zhang, K. Datta, C. Xu, Y. He, Q. Zhang, G. S. Khush & S. K. Datta. 2000. Field performance of transgenic elite commercial hybrid rice expressing Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxin. Nature Biotechnology 18:1101-1104.
234. Turnipseed, S. G. & M. J. Sullivan. 1999. Consequences of natural enemy disruption with applications of "hard" insecticides prior to the bollworm flight in conventional and B. T. cotton. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference 2:1110-1112.
235. Uetz, G. W. 1977. Coexistence in a guild of wandering spiders. Journal of Animal Ecology 46:531-541.
236. Uetz, G. W., J. Halaj & A. B. Cady. 1999. Guild structure of spiders in major crops. Journal of Arachnology 27:270-280. (Pubitemid 129340847)
237. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. 2010. Crop Production Practices for Corn: National. Online at http://www.ers.usda.gov/ Data/ARMS/app/default.aspx?survey5 CROP#startForm
238. United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2010a. Acreage report. Online at http://usda. mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/ current/Acre/Acre-06-30-2010.pdf.
239. United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2010b. Vegetables 2009 summary. Online at http://usda.mannlib.cornell. edu/usda/current/VegeSumm/VegeSumm-01-27-2010.pdf
240. Van Tol, N. B. & G. L. Lentz. 1998. Influence of Bt cotton on beneficial arthropod populations. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference 2:1052-1054.
241. Virla, E. G., M. Casuso & E. A. Frias. 2010. A preliminary study on the effects of a transgenic corn event on the non-target pest Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Crop Protection 29:635-638.
242. Vogelei, A. & R. Greissl. 1989. Survival strategies of the crab spider Thomisus onustus Walckenaer 1806 (Chelicerata, Arachnida, Thomisidae). Oecologia 80:513-515. (Pubitemid 20428198)
243. Volkmar, C. & B. Freier. 2003. Spider communities in Bt maize and not genetically modified maize fields. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 110:572-582. [in German with English summary] (Pubitemid 38065811)
244. Wäckers, F. L. 2005. Suitability of (extra-) floral nectar, pollen, and honeydew as insect food sources. Pp. 17-74. In Plant-provided Food for Carnivorous Insects. (F. L. Wäckers, P. C. J. van Rijn & J. Bruin, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
245. Wagner, J. D. & D. H. Wise. 1996. Cannibalism regulates densities of young wolf spiders: evidence from field and laboratory experiments. Ecology 77:639-652.
246. Wang, Y. & S. Johnston. 2007. The status of GM rice R&D in China. Nature Biotechnology 25:717-718.
247. Wang, Z.-Y., X.-F. Sun, F. Wang, K.-X. Tang & J.-R. Zhang. 2005. Enhanced resistance of snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis L. agglutinin)-expressing maize to Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée). Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 47:873-880. (Pubitemid 41320719)
248. Way, M. J. & K. L. Heong. 2009. Significance of the tropical fire ant Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as part of the natural enemy complex responsible for successful biological control of many tropical irrigated rice pests. Bulletin of Entomological Research 99:503-512.
249. Wei, W., T. H. Schuler, S. J. Clark, C. N. Stewart & G. M. Poppy. 2008. Movement of transgenic plant-expressed Bt Cry1Ac proteins through high trophic levels. Journal of Applied Entomology 132:1-11.
250. Weyman, G. S., P. C. Jepson & K. D. Sunderland. 1995. Do seasonal changes in numbers of aerially dispersing spiders reflect population density on the ground or variation in ballooning motivation? Oecologia 101:487-493.
251. Whitehouse, M. E. A., L. J. Wilson & G. P. Fitt. 2005. A comparison of arthropod communities in transgenic Bt and conventional cotton in Australia. Environmental Entomology 34:1224-1241. (Pubitemid 41434322)
252. Whitehouse, M. E. A., L. J. Wilson & G. A. Constable. 2007. Target and non-target effects on the invertebrate community of Vip cotton, a new insecticidal transgenic. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58:273-285. (Pubitemid 46439303)
253. Wise, D. H. 1993. Spiders in Ecological Webs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
254. Wolfenbarger, L. L., S. E. Naranjo, J. G. Lundgren, R. J. Bitzer & L. S. Watrud. 2008. Bt crop effects on functional guilds of non-target arthropods: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 3: e2118.
255. Wu, J., X. Luo, H. Guo, J. Xiao & Y. Tian. 2006. Transgenic cotton, expressing Amaranthus caudatus agglutinin, confers enhanced resistance to aphids. Plant Breeding 125:390-394. (Pubitemid 44124645)
256. Young, O. P. & J. P. Edwards. 1990. Spiders in United States field crops and their potential effect on crop pests. Journal of Arachnology 18:1-27.
257. Zurbrugg, C., L. Honemann, M. Meissle, J. Romeis & W. Nentwig. 2010. Decomposition dynamics and structural plant components of genetically modified Bt maize leaves do not differ from leaves of conventional hybrids. Transgenic Research 19:257-267.
258. Zwahlen, C. & D. A. Andow. 2005. Field evidence for the exposure of ground beetles to Cry1Ab from transgenic corn. Environmental Biosafety Research 4:113-117.
259. Zwahlen, C., A. Hilbeck, P. Gugerli & W. Nentwig. 2003. Degradation of the Cry1Ab protein within transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn in the field. Molecular Ecology 12:765-775. (Pubitemid 36380434)
260. Zwahlen, C., A. Hilbeck, R. Howald & W. Nentwig. 2003. Effects of transgenic Bt corn litter on the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Molecular Ecology 12:1077-1086. (Pubitemid 36524299)