Making effective use of existing data for case-by-case risk assessments of genetically engineered crops

Journal of Applied Entomology

Volumn 133, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 571-583

  Romeis, J ^a   Lawo, N C ^a   Raybould, A ^b  

^a AGROSCOPE RECKENHOLZ TÄNIKON RESEARCH STATION ART   (Switzerland)

^b JEALOTT S HILL INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bt crops; Chickpea; Cotton; Cry proteins; GM crops; Pigeonpea; Transgenic plants

Indexed keywords

COTTON; CROP PEST; DATA ACQUISITION; DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL RISK; GENETIC ENGINEERING; INSECTICIDE; LEGUME; NONTARGET ORGANISM; PEST CONTROL; PROTEIN; REGULATORY FRAMEWORK; RISK ASSESSMENT; TRANSGENIC PLANT;

CAJANUS CAJAN; CICER ARIETINUM; GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM; HEXAPODA;

EID: 68949194139     PISSN: 09312048     EISSN: 14390418     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01423.x     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Ali M, 1990. Pigeonpea: cropping systems. In : The pigeonpea. Ed. by Nene YL, Hall SD, Sheila VK, CAB International, Wallingford, 279 301.
2. Arora PK, Monga K, 1993. Predaceous spiders of pigeonpea pests and their extent of feeding. Uttar Pradesh J. Zool. 13, 81 82.
3. Arora RL, Kiran S, Reddy LJ, 2004. Characterization of insect pollinators in pigeonpea cropping systems in northern coastal Andhra Pradesh. In : Assessing the risk of losses in biodiversity in traditional cropping systems: a case study of pigeonpea in Andhra Pradesh. Ed. by Bramel PJ, ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, 119 131.
4. Bambawale OM, Singh A, Sharma OP, Bhosle BB, Lavekar RC, Dhandapani A, Kanwar V, Tanwar RK, Rathod KS, Patange NR, Pawar VM, 2004. Performance of Bt cotton (MECH-162) under Integrated Pest Management in farmers' participatory field trial in Nanded district, Central India. Curr. Sci. 86, 1628 1633.
5. Bates SL, Zhao JZ, Roush RT, Shelton AM, 2005. Insect resistance management in GM crops: past, present and future. Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 57 62.
6. Bhatnagar VS, Sithanantham S, Pawar CS, Jadhav D, Rao VR, Reed W, 1984. Conservation and augmentation of natural enemies with reference to integrate pest management in chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). In : Proceedings of the International Workshop in Integrated Pest Control for Grain Legumes. Ed. by Matteson PC, Department de Difusao de Teconlogia of EMBRAPA, EMBRAPA Centro Nacional de Pesquisa-Arroz, Feijao, Goiania, Goias, Brazil, 157 180.
7. Bhuvaneswari K, Balagurunathan R, 2002. Pod borer complex of pigeonpea in Tamil Nadu. Insect Environ. 8, 160 161.
8. Borah SR, Dutta SK, 2003. Predatory spiders of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in pigeonpea. Insect Environ. 9, 18 20.
9. Brock TCM, Arts GHP, Maltby L, van den Brink P, 2006. Aquatic risks of pesticides, ecological protection goals, and common aims in European Union legislation. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 2, e20 e46.
10. Chaudhari SV, 2000. Parasitism by Senometopia illota Curran (Diptera: Tachinidae) on Helicoverpa armigera Hubner in pigeonpea and chickpea. Indian J. Plant Prot. 28, 218 219.
11. Claver MA, Ambrose DP, 2003. Suppression of Heliothis armigera (Hübner), Nezara viridula (L.) and Riptorus clavatus Thungberg infesting pigeonpea by the reduviid predator Rhynocoris fuscipes (Fabricius) in field cages. Entomol. Croatica 7, 85 88.
12. Corey D, Kambhampati S, Wilde G, 1998. Electrophoretic analysis of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) feeding habits in field corn. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 71, 11 17.
13. Cowgill SE, Atkinson HJ, 2003. A sequential approach to risk assessment of transgenic plants expressing protease inhibitors: effects on nontarget herbivorous insects. Trans. Res. 12, 439 449.
14. Craig W, Tepfer M, Degrassi G, Ripandelli D, 2008. An overview of general features of risk assessmenrts of genetically modified crops. Euphytica 164, 853 880.
15. Cross FB, 1996. Paradoxical perils of the precautionary principle. Wash. Lee Law Rev. 53, 851 925.
16. Davies J, Bhatnagar VS, Jadhav D, Naidu MVR, Lateef MA, Venkateshwarlu G, Chari KA, 1979. Cropping entomology report of work. Cropping entomology progress report no 3. Legumes program. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India.
17. Dayakar S, Ray SN, 1999. Natural parasitization of Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.) in pigeonpea ecosystems at Pantnagar. Insect Environ. 4, 136.
18. DBT (Department of Biotechnology), 2008. Handbook for IBSC members. Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. [www document accessed 18 May 2009]. URL http://dbtbiosafety.nic.in/.
19. Dhillon MK, Sharma HC, 2007. Survival and development of Campoletis chlorideae on various insect and crop hosts: Implications for Bt-transgenic crops. J. Appl. Entomol. 131, 179 185.
20. Dhudashia RD, Bhalani PA, Bharodia RK, 1985. Gryon antestiae Dodd. as an egg parasitoid of Clavigralla gibbosa Spinola in Saurashtra region of Gujarat State. Agric. Sci. Dig. India 5, 172 173.
21. Duffield SJ, Reddy YVR, 1997. Distribution and movement of predators of Helicoverpa armigera in intercropped sorghum and short-duration pigeonpea. Crop Res. Hisar 14, 315 335.
22. Durairay C, Palanuswamy S, Muthiah AR, 2003. Egg parasitoid Gryon sp. on pigeonpea pod bug Clavigralla gibbosa in Tamil Nadu, India. Int. Chickpea Pigeonpea Newsl. 10, 54 55.
23. Durairay C, Subbaratnam GV, Singh TVK, Shanower TG, 2005. Helicoverpa in India: spatial and temporal dynamics and management options. In : Heliothis-Helicoverpa management: emerging trends and strategies for future research. Ed. by Sharma HC, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, India, 91 117.
24. Dutton A, Romeis J, Bigler F, 2003. Assessing the risks of insect resistant transgenic plants on entomophagous arthropods: Bt-maize expressing Cry1Ab as a case study. BioControl 48, 611 636.
25. FAO, 2008. FAOSTAT, Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. [www document accessed 18 May 2009]. URL http://faostat.fao.org.
26. Ferré J, van Rie J, MacIntosh SC, 2008. Insecticidal genetically modified crops and insect resistance management (IRM). In : Integration of insect-resistant genetically modified crops within IPM programs. Ed. by Romeis J, Shelton AM, Kennedy GG, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 41 85.
27. Fitt GP, 1989. The ecology of Heliothis species in relation to agroecosystems. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34, 17 52.
28. Fitt GP, 2008. Have Bt crops led to changes in insecticide use patterns and impacted IPM? In : Integration of insect-resistant genetically modified crops within IPM programs. Ed. by Romeis J, Shelton AM, Kennedy GG, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 303 328.
29. Forrester NW, Cahill M, Bird L, Layland JK, 1993. Management of pyrethoid and endosulfan resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia. Bull. Entomol. Res. Suppl. Ser. 1, 1 132.
30. Garcia-Alonso M, Jacobs E, Raybould A, Nickson TE, Sowig P, Willekens H, van der Kouwe P, Layton R, Amijee F, Fuentes AM, Tencalla F, 2006. A tiered system for assessing the risk of genetically modified plants to non-target organisms. Environ. Biosafety Res. 5, 57 65.
31. Giri AP, Kachole MS, 1998. Amylase inhibitors of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) seeds. Phytochemistry 47, 197 202.
32. Hegde R, Lingappa S, 1998. Performance of Chrysoperla carnea Stephens against pigeonpea pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 11, 658 661.
33. Hill RA, Sendashonga C, 2003. General principles for risk assessment of living modified organisms: lessons from chemical risk assessment. Environ. Biosafety Res. 2, 81 88.
34. ICRISAT, 1992. The medium term plan. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India.
35. Jaffe G, 2006. Regulatory slowdown on GM crop decisions. Nat. Biotechnol. 24, 748 749.
36. James C, 2008. Global status of commercialized biotech-GM crops: 2008. ISAAA Brief No. 39. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY, USA.
37. Jha SS, Ohri D, 1996. Phylogenetic relationships of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and its wild relatives based on seed protein profiles. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 43, 275 281.
38. Johnson KL, Raybould AF, Hudson MD, Poppy GM, 2007. How does scientific risk assessment of GM crops fit within the wider risk analysis? Trends Plant Sci. 12, 1 5.
39. Joshi S, Venkatesan T, Rao NS, 1997. Host range and predatory fauna of Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Bangalore, Karnataka. J. Biol. Control 11, 59 63.
40. Joshi S, Ballal CR, Rao NS, Joshi S, 1999. Species complex, population density and dominance structure of aphidophagous syrphids in cowpea ecosystems. Entomon 24, 203 213.
41. Kalaitzandonakes N, Alston JM, Bradford KJ, 2007. Compliance costs for regulatory approval of new biotech crops. Nat. Biotechnol. 25, 509 511.
42. Kalariya GB, Judal GS, Patel GM, 1999. Correlation between pests of red gram and their bioagents. Indian J. Entomol. 61, 92 94.
43. Kennedy GG, 2008. Integration of insect-resistant genetically modified crops within IPM programs. In : Integration of insect-resistant GM crops within IPM programs. Ed. by Romeis J, Shelton AM, Kennedy GG, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1 26.
44. Kranthi KR, Jadhav DR, Kranthi S, Wanjari RR, Ali SS, Russell DA, 2002. Insecticide resistance in five major insect pests of cotton in India. Crop Prot. 21, 449 460.
45. Kumar A, Nath P, 2003a. Diversity of natural enemies of insect pests in UPAS-120 cultivar of pigeonpea at Varanasi. Ann. Agric. 24, 154 155.
46. Kumar A, Nath P, 2003b. Natural enemies of pigeonpea insect pests at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int. Chickpea Pigeonpea Newsl. 10, 51 54.
47. Kumar Rao JVDK, 1990. Pigeonpea: nitrogen fixation. In : The pigeonpea. Ed. by Nene YL, Hall SD, Sheila VK, CAB International, Wallingford, 233 256.
48. Kushwaha KS, 1995. Environment interaction: insect pest management. Kushwaha Farm-Book Series, Udaipur.
49. Lal SS, Yadava CP, Ahmad R, 1997. Insect pests of short duration pigeonpea - a review. Plant Prot. Bull. Faridabad 49, 25 32.
50. Lateef SS, Reddy YVR, 1984. Parasitoids of some pigeonpea pests at ICRISAT. Int. Pigeonpea Newsl. 3, 46 47.
51. Lawo NC, Mahon RJ, Milner RJ, Sarmah BK, Higgins TJV, Romeis J, 2008. Effectiveness of Bt chickpeas and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae in controlling Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 4381 4389.
52. Lawo NC, Wäckers FL, Romeis J, 2009. Indian Bt cotton varieties do not affect the performance of cotton aphids. PLoS ONE 4, e4804. doi :.
53. Lundgren JG, Fergen JK, Riedell WE, 2008. The influence of plant anatomy on oviposition and reproductive success of the omnivorous bug Orius insidiosus. Anim. Behav. 75, 1495 1502.
54. van der Maesen LJG, 1990. Pigeonpea: origin, history, evolution, and taxonomy. In : The pigeonpea. Ed. by Nene YL, Hall SD, Sheila VK, CAB International, Wallingford, 15 46.
55. Malone LA, Gatehouse AMR, Barratt BIP, 2008. Beyond Bt: alternative strategies for insect-resistant genetically modified crops. In : Integration of insect-resistant genetically modified crops within IPM programs. Ed. by Romeis J, Shelton AM, Kennedy GG, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 357 417.
56. Matten SR, Head GP, Quemade HD, 2008. How governmental regulation can help or hinder the integration of Bt crops within IPM programs. In : Integration of insect-resistant GM crops within IPM programs. Ed. by Romeis J, Shelton AM, Kennedy GG, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 27 39.
57. Michaud D (Ed.), 2000. Protease inhibitor interactions in plant-pest systems: a brief overview. In : Recombinant protease inhibitors in plants, Eurekah. com, Georgetown, TX, USA, 1 8.
58. Mitchell PL, Gupta R, Singh AK, Kumar P, 2004. Behavioral and development effects of Neem extracts on Clavigralla scutellaris (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) and its egg parasitoid, Gryon fulviventre (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 97, 917 923.
59. Mohapatra LN, Sahu BB, 2003. Natural parasitization of pigeon leaf webber Grapholita critica in the Eastern Ghat High Land Zone of Orissa. Indian J. Entomol. 65, 465 467.
60. ® Cotton Event 531 [www document accessed 18 May 2009]. URL http://www.monsanto.com/pdf/ products/bollgard-pss.pdf.
61. ® Cotton Event 15985 [www document accessed 18 May 2009]. URL http://www.monsanto.com/ pdf/products/bollgard-II-pss.pdf.
62. Moudgal RK, Lakra RK, Dahiya B, Dhillon MK, 2008. Physico-chemical traits of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. pod wall affecting Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) damage. Euphytica 161, 429 436.
63. Mulimani VH, Paramjyothi S, 1992. Proteinase inhibitors of redgram (Cajanus cajan). J. Sci. Food Agric. 59, 273 275.
64. Murugan K, Senthil KN, Jeyabalan D, Senthil NS, Sivaramakrishnan S, Swamiappan M, 2000. Influence of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) diet on its parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae Uchida. Insect Sci. Appl. 20, 23 31.
65. Nahar N, Mosihuzzaman M, Theander O, 1988. Analysis of phenolic acids and carbohydrates in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) plants. J. Sci. Food Agric. 50, 45 53.
66. Naranjo SE, 2009. Impacts of Bt crops on non-target invertebrates and insecticide use patterns. CAB Rev. Perspect. Agr., Vet. Sci., Nutr. Nat. Resour. 4, No.011. doi
67. Naranjo SE, Ruberson JR, Sharma HC, Wilson L, Wu K-M, 2008. The present and future role of insect-resistant GM crops in cotton IPM. In : Integration of insect-resistant GM crops within IPM programs. Ed. by Romeis J, Shelton AM, Kennedy GG, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 159 194.
68. Nema KK, Sharma S, Sharma S, 2002. Record of Trissolcus sp. on green stink bug. Insect Environ. 8, 69 71.
69. Nene YL, Sheila V, 1990. Geography and importance. In : The pigeonpea. Ed. by Nene YL, Hall SD, Sheila VK, CAB International, Wallingford, 1 14.
70. Nickson T, 2008. Planning environmental risk assessment for genetically modified crops: problem formulation for stress tolerant crops. Plant Physiol. 147, 494 502.
71. Ombir, Singh R, Dahiya KK, 1996. Studies on field parasitization of eggs of Clavigralla gibbosa Spinola by Gryon sp. Crop Res. Hisar 1, 98 99.
72. Paarlberg R, 2006. Let them eat precaution: why GM crops are being overregulated in the developing world. In : Let them eat precaution. Ed. by Entine J, AEI Press, Washington, DC, 92 112.
73. Patton DE, 1998. Environmental risk assessment: tasks and obligations. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 4, 657 670.
74. Pawar CS, Bhatnagar VS, Jadhav DR, 1986. Host plants and natural enemies of Heliothis spp. in India: a compendium. ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics), Cropping Entomology, Progress report 13, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India.
75. Pawar CS, Bhatnagar VS, Jadhav DR, 1989. Campoletis chloridae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) as a parasite of Helicoverpa armigera (Hüb.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in southwest India. Sci. Cult. 51, 101 102.
76. Pichare MM, Kachole MS, 1996. Protease inhibitors of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and its wild relatives. Physiol. Plant. 98, 845 851.
77. Qaim M, Subramanian A, Naik G, Zilberman D, 2006. Adoption of Bt cotton and impact variability: insights from India. Rev. Agric. Econom. 28, 48 58.
78. Qaim M, Pray CE, Zilberman D, 2008. Economic and social considerations in the adoption of Bt crops. In : Integration of insect-resistant GM crops within IPM programs. Ed. by Romeis J, Shelton AM, Kennedy GG, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 329 356.
79. Ranga Rao GV, Shanower TG, 1999. Identification and management of pigeonpea insect pests in Asia. In : Information Bulletin No. 57. Ed. by ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India.
80. Rangaiah PV, Sehgal VK, 1984. Insects on T21 pigeonpea and losses caused by them at Pantnagar, Northern India. Int. Pigeonpea Newsl. 3, 40 43.
81. Rao MS, Reddy KD, Singh TVK, 2004. Impact of intercropping on the incidence of Maruca vitrata Geyer and Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and their predators on pigeonpea during rainy and post rainy season. Shashpa 11, 61 70.
82. Ratnaparkhe MB, Gupta VS, Ven Murthy MR, Ranjekar PK, 1995. Genetic fingerprinting of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and its wild relatives using RAPD markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91, 893 898.
83. Raybould A, 2006. Problem formulation and hypothesis testing for environmental risk assessments of genetically modified crops. Environ. Biosafety Res. 5, 119 125.
84. Raybould A, 2007. Ecological versus ecotoxicological methods for assessing the environmental risks of transgenic crops. Plant Sci. 173, 589 602.
85. Raybould A, Stacey D, Vlachos D, Graser G, Li X, Joseph R, 2007. Non-target organism risk assessment of MIR604 maize expressing mCry3A for control of corn rootworm. J. Appl. Entomol. 131, 391 399.
86. Reddy LJ, Reddy YV, Bramel PJ, 2003. Degree of cross-pollination between pigeonpea and its various wild relatives. In : Assessment of risk to biodiversity in traditional cropping systems: a case study of pigeonpeas (Cajanus cajun L. Millspaugh) in Andhra Pradesh, India. Ed. by Bramel PJ, ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, 143 147.
87. Reed W, Lateef SS, 1990. Pigeonpea: pest management. In : The pigeonpea. Ed. by Nene YL, Hall SD, Sheila VK, ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, 349 374.
88. Romeis J, Shanower TG, 1996. Arthropod natural enemies of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in India. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 6, 481 508.
89. Romeis J, Shanower TG, Zebitz CPW, 1997. Volatile plant infochemicals mediate plant preference of Trichogramma chilonis. J. Chem. Ecol. 23, 2455 2465.
90. Romeis J, Shanower TG, Zebitz CPW, 1998. Physical and chemical plant characters inhibiting the searching behaviour of Trichogramma chilonis. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 87, 275 284.
91. Romeis J, Shanower TG, Zebitz CPW, 1999. Trichogramma egg parasitism of Helicoverpa armigera on pigeonpea and sorghum in southern India. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 90, 69 81.
92. Romeis J, Shanower TG, Madhuri K, 2000. Biology and field performance of Gryon clavigralla (Hymenoptera: Scelinidae) an egg parasitoid of Clavigralla spp. (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in India. Bull. Entomol. Res. 90, 253 263.
93. Romeis J, Sharma HC, Sharma KK, Sampa D, Sarmah BK, 2004. The potential for insect-resistant transgenic chickpeas and their possible effects on non-target arthropods. Crop Prot. 23, 923 938.
94. Romeis J, Meissle M, Bigler F, 2006. Transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins and biological control. Nat. Biotechnol. 24, 63 71.
95. Romeis J, Bartsch D, Bigler F, Candolfi MP, Gielkens MMC, Hartley SE, Hellmich RL, Huesing JE, Jepson PC, Layton R, Quemada H, Raybould A, Rose RI, Schiemann J, Sears MK, Shelton AM, Sweet J, Vaituzis Z, Wolt JD, 2008a. Assessment of risk of insect-resistant transgenic crops to nontarget arthropods. Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 203 208.
96. Romeis J, van Driesche RG, Barratt BIP, Bigler F, 2008b. Insect-resistant transgenic crops and biological control. In : Integration of insect-resistant genetically modified crops within IPM Programs. Ed. by Romeis J, Shelton AM, Kennedy GG, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 87 117.
97. Romeis J, Meissle M, Raybould A, Hellmich RL, 2009. Impact of insect-resistant genetically modified crops on above-ground non-target arthropods. In : Environmental impact of genetically modified crops. Ed. by Ferry N, Gatehouse AMR, CABI, Wallingford, UK, 165 198.
98. Rose RI, 2007. White paper on tier-based testing for the effects of proteinaceous insecticidal plant-incorporated protectants on non-target invertebrates for regulatory risk assessment (USDA-APHIS and US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA) [www document accessed 18 May 2009]. URL http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/pips/non-target-arthropods.pdf.
99. Ryan JG, Bidinger PD, Prahlad Rao N, Pushpamma P, 1984. The determinant of individual diets and nutritional status in six villages of Southern India. ICRISAT Res. Bull. 7, 140.
100. Sah BN, Mehra BP, 1986. New record of the parasites of Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch in Ranchi, India. Indian J. Entomol. 48, 359.
101. Sahoo BK, Senapati B, 2000. Natural enemies of pod borers in pigeonpea. Int. Chickpea Pigeonpea Newsl. 7, 57 59.
102. Sanap MM, Aher RP, Deshmukh RB, 1995. Incidence of major insect pests associated with pigeonpea at Rahuri. Indian. J. Pulses Res. 8, 192 194.
103. SCBD (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity), 2000. Cartagena protocol on biosafety to the convention on biological diversity: text and annexes. SCBD, Montreal, QC, Canada.
104. Sebastian PC, 1993. A study on the parasitoids of pigeon pea podfly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch), in Kerala. Indian J. Entomol. 55, 158 161.
105. Shanower TG, Kelley TG, Cowgill SE, 1997. Development of effective and environmentally sound strategies to control Helicoverpa armigera in pigeonpea and chickpea production systems. In : Tropical entomology. Ed. by Saini RK, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Tropical Entomology ICIPE Press, Nairobi, Kenya, 255 276.
106. Shanower TG, Lal SS, Bhagwat VR, 1998. Biology and management of Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Crop Prot. 17, 249 263.
107. Shanower TG, Romeis J, Minja EM, 1999. Insect pests of pigeonpea and their management. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 44, 77 96.
108. Sharma HC, 1998. Bionomics, host plant resistance, and management of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata- a review. Crop Prot. 17, 373 386.
109. Sharma HC, 2005. Heliothis-Helicoverpa management: emerging trends and strategies for future research. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India.
110. Sharma KK, Lavanya M, Anjaiah V, 2006. Agrobacterium-mediated production of transgenic pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) expressing the synthetic Bt Cry1Ab gene. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant 42, 165 173.
111. Sharma HC, Dhillon MK, Arora R, 2008. †-endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis influences the survival and development of the parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae through intoxicated Helicoverpa armigera larvae. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 126, 1 8.
112. Sigsgaard L, Ersbøll AK, 1999. Effects of cowpea intersowing and insecticide application on Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its natural enemies in pigeonpea intercropped with sorghum. Int. J. Pest Manag. 45, 61 67.
113. Singh D, 1991. Three hymenopterous parasitoids of Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch), a pest of tur, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. J. Entomol. Res. 15, 282 286.
114. Singh G, Balan J, 1986. Host plant and natural enemies of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) in Haryana. Indian J. Ecol. 13, 175 178.
115. Singh J, Mavi GS, 1984. A spider as predator of Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Punjab, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 81, 501.
116. Singh R, Sinha TB, 1983. Trioxys (Binodoxys) indicus Subba Rao & Sharma as a possible biological agent in the control of Aphis craccivora Koch. Pranikee 4, 245 250.
117. Singh Y, Singh SP, Singh Y, 1991. Parasitoids of Heliothis armigera (Hb.) on pigeonpea in Delhi. Indian J. Entomol. 53, 168.
118. Singh RP, Upadhyay SK, Singh RP, 2003. Study of foraging behaviour of honeybee on pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). Sci. Lett. 26, 336 340.
119. Sithanantham S, Rao VR, Reed W, 1987. Parasites of the pigeonpea podfly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch), in India. J. Biol. Control 1, 10 16.
120. Srinivas PR, Jayaraj S, 1989. Record of natural enemies of Heliothis armigera from Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu. J. Biol. Control 3, 71 72.
121. Srinivasan R, 2008. Susceptibility of legume pod borer (LPB), Maruca vitrata to †-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in Taiwan. J. Invert. Path. 97, 79 81.
122. Surekha C, Beena MR, Arundhati A, Singh PK, Tuli R, Dutta-Gupta A, Kirti PB, 2005. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) using embryonal segments and development of transgenic plants for resistance against Spodoptera. Plant Sci. 169, 1074 1080.
123. Thakur BS, Odak SC, 1982. New record of the parasites of Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch. Sci. Cult. 48, 80.
124. Waterhouse DF, 1998. Biological control of insect pests: Southeast Asian prospects. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Melbourne, Australia.
125. Wolfenbarger LL, Naranjo SE, Lundgren JG, Bitzer RJ, Watrud LS, 2008. Bt crop effects on functional guilds of non-target arthropods: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 3, e2118. doi :.
126. Yang S, Pang W, Ash G, Harper J, Carling J, Wenzl P, Huttner E, Zong X, Kilian A, 2006. Low level of genetic diversity in cultivated pigeonpea compared to its wild relatives is revealed by diversity arrays technology. Theor. Appl. Genet. 113, 585 595.