What the pulmonary specialist should know about the new inhalation therapies

European Respiratory Journal

Volumn 37, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1308-1331

  Laube, B L ^a   Janssens, H M ^b   De Jongh, F H C ^c   Devadason, S G ^d   Dhand, R ^e   Diot, P ^f   Everard, M L ^g   Horvath, I ^h   Navalesi, P ⁱ   Voshaar, T ^j   Chrystyn, H ^k  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b SOPHIA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^c MEDISCH SPECTRUM TWENTE   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^e University of Missouri   (United States)

^f CHU BRETONNEAU   (France)

^g SHEFFIELD CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^h SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PIEDMONT   (Italy)

^j Krankenhaus Bethanien   (Germany)

^k UNIVERSITY OF HUDDERSFIELD   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

Inhalation technique; Inhalation therapy; Inhalation treatment; Pulmonary delivery

Indexed keywords

AEROSPAN; AMBROXOL; ATIMOS; AZTREONAM LYSINE; BECLOMETASONE; BECLOMETASONE DIPROPIONATE; BUDESONIDE; BUDESONIDE PLUS FORMOTEROL; CHLOROFLUOROCARBON; CICLESONIDE; COLISTIN; CROMOGLYCATE DISODIUM; DORNASE ALFA; FENOTEROL PLUS IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; FLUNISOLIDE; FLUORINATED HYDROCARBON; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE PLUS SALMETEROL; FORMOTEROL FUMARATE; HYANEB; HYPERSAL; ILOPROST; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE PLUS SALBUTAMOL SULFATE; LEVALBUTEROL; NEDOCROMIL SODIUM; ORCIPRENALINE; PENTAMIDINE ISETHIONATE; PIRBUTEROL; PROMIXIN; SALBUTAMOL; SALMETEROL XINAFOATE; TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE; TOBRAMYCIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AEROSOL; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BRONCHODILATATION; CHILD HEALTH CARE; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; ELDERLY CARE; FACE MASK; INHALATIONAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; METERED DOSE INHALER; NEBULIZER; PARTICLE SIZE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; POWDER INHALER; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADMINISTRATION, INHALATION; ADVISORY COMMITTEES; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ASTHMA; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; LUNG DISEASES; NEBULIZERS AND VAPORIZERS; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; PULMONARY MEDICINE; RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL; RESPIRATORY THERAPY;

EID: 79958008114     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: 13993003     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00166410     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. GINA report. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Bethesda, National Institutes of Health, 2006.
2. Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health. GOLD report. Global strategy for diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD. Bethesda, National Institutes of Health, 2009.
3. BTS/SIGN. British guidelines on the management of asthma. London and Edinburgh, British Thoracic Society and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, 2008.
4. Flume PA, O'Sullivan BP, Robinson KA, et al. Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: chronic medications for maintenance of lung health. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 957-969. (Pubitemid 350127838)
5. Heijerman H, Westerman E, Conway S, et al. Inhaled medication and inhalation devices for lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis: a European consensus. J Cyst Fibros 2009; 8: 295-315.
6. Brocklebank D, Ram F, Wright J, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of inhaler devices in asthma and chronic obstructive airway disease; a systematic review of the literature. Health Technol Assess 2001; 5: 1-149.
7. Dolovich MB, Ahrens RC, Hess DR, et al. Device selection and outcomes of aerosol therapy: evidence-based guidelines: American College of Chest Physicians/American College of Asthma, Allergy, and Immunology. Chest 2005; 127: 335-371. (Pubitemid 41724594)
8. Crompton GK, Barnes PJ, Broeders M, et al. The need to improve inhalation technique in Europe: a report by the Aerosol Drug Management Improvement Team. Respir Med 2006; 100: 1479-1494. (Pubitemid 44109117)
9. Chrystyn H, Price D. Not all asthma inhalers are the same: factors to consider when prescribing a new inhaler. Prim Care Respir J 2009; 18: 243-249.
10. Molimard M, Raherison C, Lignot M, et al. Assessment of handling of inhaler devices in real life: an observational study in 3811 patients in primary care. J Aerosol Med 2003; 16: 249-254. (Pubitemid 37169635)
11. Lavorini F, Magnan A, Dubus JC, et al. Effect of incorrect use of dry powder inhalers on management of patients with asthma and COPD. Respir Med 2008; 102: 593-604.
12. Crompton GK. Problems patients have using pressurized aerosol inhalers. Eur J Respir Dis 1982; 63: 101-104. (Pubitemid 12060363)
13. Labiris NR, Dolovich MB. Pulmonary drug delivery. Part I: physiological factors affecting therapeutic effectiveness of aerosolized medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 5: 588-599. (Pubitemid 37491710)
14. Köbrich R, Rudolf G, Stahlhofen W. A mathematical model of mass deposition in man. Ann Occup Hyg 1994; 38: 15-23.
15. Williamson IJ, Matusiewicz SP, Brown PH, et al. Frequency of voice problems and cough in patients using pressurized aerosol inhaled steroid preparations. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 590-592.
16. Newman SP, Pavia D, Garland N, et al. Effects of various inhalation modes on the deposition of radioactive pressurized aerosols. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 1982; 63: 57-65. (Pubitemid 12060356)
17. Usmani OS, Biddiscombe MF, Barnes PJ. Regional lung deposition and bronchodilator response as a function of beta-2 agonist particle size. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 1497-1504. (Pubitemid 43076536)
18. Pauwels R, Newman S, Borgstrom L. Airway deposition and the airway effects of antiasthma drugs delivered from metered-dose inhalers. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 2127-2138. (Pubitemid 27406455)
19. Laube BL. In vivo measurements of aerosol dose and distribution: clinical relevance. J Aerosol Med 1996; 9, Suppl. 1, S77-S91.
20. Laube BL. The expanding role of aerosols in systemic drug delivery, gene therapy and vaccination. Respir Care 2005; 50: 1162-1176.
21. Ilowite JS, Gorvoy JD, Smaldone GC. Quantitative deposition of aerosolized gentamicin in cystic fibrosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1445-1449. (Pubitemid 18030280)
22. Dolovich M, Sanchis J, Rossman C, et al. Aerosol penetrance: a sensitive index of peripheral airways obstruction. J Appl Physiol 1976; 40: 468-471.
23. Dolovich M, Killian D, Wolff R, et al. Pulmonary aerosol deposition in chronic bronchitis: IPPB versus quiet breathing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115: 397-402. (Pubitemid 8064142)
24. Carstairs HR, Nimmo AJ, Barnes PJ. Autoradiographic visualisation of b-adrenoceptor subtype in human lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 541-547. (Pubitemid 15247970)
25. Mak JC, Barnes PJ. Autoradiographic visualization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in human and guinea pig lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 1559-1568. (Pubitemid 20201361)
26. Adcock IM, Gilbey T, Gelder CM, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor localization in normal and asthmatic lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 771-782. (Pubitemid 26327304)
27. Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S, et al. The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2645-2653. (Pubitemid 38787999)
28. Barnes PJ. Corticosteroids: the drugs to beat. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533: 2-14. (Pubitemid 43340000)
29. Chua HL, Collis GG, Newbury AM, et al. The influence of age on aerosol deposition in children with cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 2185-2191.
30. Brennan VK, Osman L, Graham H, et al. Device compliance: the need to consider both competence and contrivance. Respir Med 2005; 99: 97-102. (Pubitemid 40017391)
31. Shim C, Williams MH. The adequacy of inhalation of aerosol from canister nebulizers. Am J Med 1980; 69: 891-894. (Pubitemid 11199861)
32. Stoloff SW, Stempel DA, Meyer J, et al. Improved refill persistence with fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in a single inhaler compared with other controller therapies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113: 245-251. (Pubitemid 38210545)
33. Charles T, Quinn D, Weatherall M, et al. An audiovisual reminder function improves adherence with inhaled corticosteroid therapy in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119: 811-816. (Pubitemid 46527819)
34. Chapman KR, Voshaar TH, Virchow JC. Inhaler choice in primary care. Eur Respir Rev 2005; 14: 117-122.
35. Broeders ME, Sanchis J, Levy ML, et al. The ADMIT series - Issues in inhalation therapy. 2) Improving technique and clinical effectiveness. Prim Care Respir J 2009; 18: 76-82.
36. Maugh TH 2nd. FDA phasing out asthma inhalers using CFC propellant. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/booster-shots/2010/04/the-fda-phasing-out- certain-asthma-inhalers.html Date last updated: April 13, 2010. Date last accessed: March, 29, 2011.
37. Gabrio BJ, Stein SW, Velsaquez DJ. A new method to evaluate plume characteristics of hydrofluoroalkane and chlorofluorocarbon metered dose inhalers. Int J Pharm 1999; 186: 3-12.
38. Leach CL, Davidson PJ, Boudreau RJ. Improved airway targeting with the CFC-free HFA-beclomethasone metered-dose inhaler compared with CFC-beclomethasone. Eur Respir J 1998; 12: 1346-1353. (Pubitemid 29011427)
39. Leach CL, Davidson PJ, Hasselquist BE, et al. Lung deposition of hydrofluoroalkane 134a beclomethasone is greater than that of chlorofluorocarbon fluticasone and chlorofluorocarbon beclomethasone: a cross over study in healthy volunteers. Chest 2002; 122: 510-516. (Pubitemid 35002128)
40. Busse WW, Brazinsky S, Jacobson K, et al. Efficacy response of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in asthma is proportional to dose and is improved by formulation with a new propellant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104: 1215-1222. (Pubitemid 30004983)
41. Leach CL, Davidson PJ, Hasselquist BE, et al. Influence of particle size and patient dosing technique on lung deposition of HFA-beclomethasone for a metered dose inhaler. J Aerosol Med 2005; 18: 379-385. (Pubitemid 43038404)
42. Bousquet J, Poli G, Acerbi D, et al. Systemic exposure and implications for lung deposition with extrafine hydrofluroalkane beclomethasone dipropionate/formoterol combinations. Clin Pharmacokinet 2009; 48: 347-358.
43. Papi A, Paggiaro P, Nicolini G, et al. Beclomethasone/formoterol vs fluticasone/salmeterol inhaled combination in moderate to severe asthma. Allergy 2007; 62: 1182-1188. (Pubitemid 47374029)
44. Papi A, Paggiaro PL, Nicolini G, et al. Beclomethasone/formoterol versus budesonide/formoterol combination therapy in asthma. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 682-689. (Pubitemid 46554617)
45. Newman SP, Weisz AW, Talaee N, et al. Improvement of drug delivery with a breath actuated pressurised aerosol for patients with poor inhaler technique. Thorax 1991; 46: 712-716.
46. Fergusson RJ, Lenney J, McHardy GJ, et al. The use of a new breath-actuated inhaler by patients with severe airflow obstruction. Eur Respir J 1991; 4: 172-174.
47. Barry PW, O'Callaghan C. Inhalational drug delivery from seven different spacer devices. Thorax 1996; 51: 835-840. (Pubitemid 26274087)
48. Richards J, Hirst P, Pitcairn G, et al. Deposition and pharmacokinetics of flunisolide delivered from pressurized inhalers containing non-CFC and CFC propellants. J Aerosol Med 2001; 14: 197-208. (Pubitemid 32744351)
49. Roller CM, Zhang G, Troedson RG, et al. Spacer inhalation technique and deposition of extrafine aerosol in asthmatic children. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 299-306. (Pubitemid 46231907)
50. Devadason SG, Huang T, Walker S, et al. Distribution of technetium-99m-labelled QVAR delivered using an Autohaler device in children. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 1007-1011. (Pubitemid 36675618)
51. Lavorini F, Fontana G. Targeting drugs to the airways: the role of spacer devices. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6: 91-102.
52. Cohen HA, Cohen Z, Pomeranz AS, et al. Bacterial contamination of spacer devices used by asthmatic children. J Asthma 2005; 42: 169-172. (Pubitemid 40776960)
53. Cole CH. Special problems in aerosol delivery: neonatal and pediatric considerations. Respir Care 2000; 45: 646-651.
54. Wildhaber JH, Waterer GW, Hall GL, et al. Reducing electrostatic charge on spacer devices and bronchodilator response. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 50: 277-280.
55. Pierart F, Wildhaber JH, Vrancken I, et al. Washing plastic spacers in household detergent reduces electrostatic charge and greatly improves delivery. Eur Respir J 1999; 13: 673-678. (Pubitemid 29180184)
56. Janssens HM, Heijnen EMEW, Jong de VM, et al. Aerosol delivery from spacers in wheezy infants aged 0 to 2 years in daily life. Eur Respir J 2000; 16: 850-856. (Pubitemid 32049370)
57. Barry PW, O'Callaghan C. The effect of delay, multiple actuations and spacer static charge on the in vitro delivery of budesonide from the Nebuhaler. Brit J Clinic Pharm 1995; 40: 76-78.
58. Schulte M, Osseiran K, Betz R, et al. Handling of and preferences for available dry powder inhaler systems by patients with asthma and COPD. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2008; 21: 321-328.
59. Moore AC, Stone S. Meeting the needs of patients with COPD: patients' preference for the Diskus inhaler compared with the Handihaler. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58: 444-450. (Pubitemid 38786564)
60. Wilson DS, Gillion MS, Rees PJ. Use of dry powder inhalers in COPD. Int J Clin Pract 2007; 61: 2005-2008. (Pubitemid 350077410)
61. Meakin BJ, Cainey JM, Woodcock PM. Simulated "in use" and "mis-use" aspects of the delivery of terbutaline sulphate from the Bricanyl Turbohaler™ dry powder inhaler. Int J Pharm 1995; 119: 103-108.
62. Clark AR, Hollingworth AM. The relationship between powder inhaler resistance and peak inspiratory conditions in healthy volunteers - implications for in vitro testing. J Aerosol Med 1993; 6: 99-110. (Pubitemid 23231366)
63. Chrystyn H. Effects of device design on patient compliance: comparing the same drug in different devices. In: Dalby RN, Byron PR, Peart J, et al. Respiratory Drug Delivery Europe 2009. River Grove, Davis Healthcare International Publishing, 2009; pp. 105-116.
64. Chrystyn H, Price D. What you need to know about inhalers and how to use them. Prescriber 2009; 20: 47-52.
65. Everard ML, Devadason SG, Le Souëf PN. Flow early in the inspiratory manoeuvre affects the aerosol particle size distribution from a Turbuhaler. Respir Med 1997; 91: 624-628. (Pubitemid 27453661)
66. Kamin WES, Genz T, Roeder S, et al. Mass output and particle size distribution of glucocorticosteroids emitted from different inhalation devices depending on various inspiratory parameters. J Aerosol Med 2002; 15: 65-73. (Pubitemid 34327057)
67. Pedersen S, Hansen OR, Fuglsang G. Influence of inspiratory flow rate upon the effect of a Turbuhaler. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65: 308-319.
68. Fenton C, Keating GM, Plosker GL. Novolizer: a multidose dry powder inhaler. Drugs 2003; 63: 2437-2445. (Pubitemid 37392911)
69. Koskela T, Malmström K, Sairanen U, et al. Efficacy of salbutamol via Easyhaler unaffected by low inspiratory flow. Respir Med 2000; 94: 1229-1233. (Pubitemid 32049251)
70. Newhouse MT, Nantel NP, Chambers CB, et al. Clickhaler (a novel dry powder inhaler) provides similar bronchodilation to pressurized metered-dose inhaler, even at low flow rates. Chest 1995; 115: 952-956.
71. Nielsen KG, Auk IL, Bojsen K, et al. Clinical effect of Diskus dry-powder inhaler at low and high inspiratory flow rates in asthmatic children. Eur Respir J 1998; 11: 350-354. (Pubitemid 28108348)
72. Chodosh S, Flanders JS, Kesten S, et al. Effective delivery of particles with the Handihaler dry powder inhalation system over a range of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity. J Aerosol Med 2001; 14: 309-315. (Pubitemid 32802033)
73. Nielsen KG, Skov M, Klug B, et al. Flow dependent effect of formoterol dry-powder inhaled from Aerolizer. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 2105-2109. (Pubitemid 27406450)
74. Bentur L, Mansour Y, Hamzani Y, et al. Measurement of inspiratory flow in children. Ped Pulmonol 2004; 38: 304-307.
75. Jarvis S, Ind PW, Shiner RJ. Inhaled therapy in elderly COPD patients; time for re-evaluation?Age and Ageing 2007; 36: 213-218.
76. Pedersen S. How to use a rotahaler. Arch Dis Child 1986; 61: 11-14. (Pubitemid 16124842)
77. Boe L, Dennis JH, O'Driscoll BR, et al. European Respiratory Society Task Force on the use of nebulizers. Eur Respir J 2001; 18: 228-242. (Pubitemid 32717452)
78. Smith EC, Denyer J, Kendrick AH. Comparison of 23 nebulizer/compressor combinations for domiciliary use. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 1214-1221.
79. Kendrick AH, Smith EC, Wilson RSE. Selecting and using nebulizer equipment. Thorax 1997; 52: S92-S101.
80. Brand P, Beckmann H, Maas Enriquez M, et al. Peripheral deposition of a1-protease inhibitor using commercial inhalation devices. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 263-267. (Pubitemid 36986995)
81. Niven RW, Ip AY, Mittleman S, et al. Some factors associated with the ultrasonic nebulization of proteins. Pharm Res 1995; 12: 53-59.
82. Munster AM, Benstrup E, Jensen JI, et al. Jet and ultrasonic nebulization of chain urokinase plasminogen activator (scu-PA). J Aerosol Med 2000; 13: 325-333. (Pubitemid 32105618)
83. Denyer J, Nikander K, Smith NJ. Adaptive aerosol delivery (AAD) technology. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2004; 1: 165-176. (Pubitemid 40297963)
84. Wagner A, Vorauer-Uhl K, Katinger H. Nebulization of liposomal rh-Cu/Zn-SOD with a novel vibrating membrane nebulizer. J Liposome Res 2006; 16: 113-125. (Pubitemid 43861148)
85. Elhissi AM, Karnam KK, Danesh-Azari MR, et al. Formulations generated from ethanol-based proliposomes for delivery via medical nebulizers. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 58: 887-894. (Pubitemid 43967104)
86. Kleemann E, Schemhl T, Geesler T, et al. Iloprost-containing liposomes for aerosol application in pulmonary arterial hypertension: formulation aspects and stability. Pharm Res 2007; 24: 277-287. (Pubitemid 46072187)
87. Johnson J, Waldrep JC, Guo J, et al. Aerosol delivery of recombinant human DNAse I: in vitro comparison of a vibrating mesh nebulizerwith a jet nebulizer. Respir Care 2008; 53: 1703-1708.
88. Smaldone GC, Berg E, Nikander K. Variation in pediatric aerosol delivery: importance of facemask. J Aerosol Med 2005; 18: 354-363. (Pubitemid 41395736)
89. Sangwan S, Gurses BK, Smaldone GC. Face masks and facial deposition of aerosols. Pediatr Pulmonol 2004; 37: 447-452. (Pubitemid 38620068)
90. Erzinger S, Schueepp KG, Brooks-Wildhaber J, et al. Face masks and aerosol delivery in vivo. J Aerosol Med 2007; 20: Suppl. 1, S78-S84.
91. Smaldone GC, Sangwan S, Shah A. Face mask design, facial deposition, and delivered dose of nebulized aerosols. J Aerosol Med 2007; 20, Suppl. 1, S66-S77.
92. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, National Institutes of Health: Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Bethesda, National Institutes of Health, 2007.
93. Zierenberg B, Eicher J, Dunne S, et al. Boehringer Ingelheim nebulizer BINEB® a new approach to inhalation therapy. In: Dalby R, Byron PR, Farr SJ, eds. Respiratory Drug Delivery V. Buffalo Grove, Interpharm Press, 1996; pp. 187-193.
94. Zierenberg B. Optimizing the in vitro performance of Respimat®. J Aerosol Med 1999; 12: S19-S24. (Pubitemid 29471418)
95. Newman SP, Steed KP, Reader SJ. Efficient delivery to the lungs of flunisolide aerosol from a new portable hand-held multidose nebulizer. J Pharm Sci 1996; 85: 960-964. (Pubitemid 26300224)
96. Newman SP, Brown J, Steed KP. Lung deposition of fenoterol and flunisolide delivered using a novel device for inhaled medicines. Comparison of Respimat® Soft Mist™ Inhaler with conventional pMDIs with and without spacer devices. Chest 1998; 113: 957-963.
97. Steed KP, Towse LJ, Freund B, et al. Lung and oropharyngeal depositions of fenoterol hydrobromide delivered from the prototype III hand-held multidose Respimat nebuliser. Eur J Pharm Sci 1997; 5: 55-61. (Pubitemid 27174590)
98. Bateman ED, Boushey HA, Bousquet J, et al. GOAL Investigators Group. Can guideline-defined asthma control be achieved? The Gaining Optimal Asthma Control Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 836-844. (Pubitemid 39346477)
99. Donaldson SH, Bennett WD, Zeman KL, et al. Mucus clearance and lung function in cystic fibrosis with hypertonic saline. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 241-250. (Pubitemid 43113029)
100. Kesser KC, Geller DE. New aerosol delivery devices for cystic fibrosis. Respir Care 2009; 54: 754-767.
101. Lipworth BJ. Treatment of acute asthma. Lancet 1997; 350: 18-23. (Pubitemid 127672109)
102. Corbridge TC, Hall JB. The assessment and management of adults with status asthmaticus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1296-1316.
103. Salmeron S, Taravella O, Bard M, et al. Modes d'administration des β-agonistes dans l'asthme. [Modes of administration of β-agonists in asthma.]. Rev Pneumol Clin 1996; 52: 119-127.
104. Hendeles L, Hatton RC, Coors TJ, et al. Automatic replacement of albuterol nebulizer therapy by metered-dose inhaler and valved holding chamber. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2005; 62: 1053-1061. (Pubitemid 40676641)
105. Jasper AC, Mohsenifar Z, Kahan S, et al. Cost benefit comparison of aerosol bronchodilator delivery methods in hospitalized patients. Chest 1987; 91: 614-618. (Pubitemid 17058891)
106. Turner JR, Corkery KJ, Eckman DE, et al. Equivalence of continuous flow nebuliser and metered dose inhaler with reservoir bag for treatment of acute airflow obstruction. Chest 1988; 93: 476-481.
107. Mestitz H, Copland JM, McDonald CF. Comparison of out-patient nebulized vs. metered dose inhaler terbutaline in chronic airflow obstruction. Chest 1989; 96: 1237-1240. (Pubitemid 20000813)
108. Shortfall SP, Blum J, Oldenburg FA, et al. Treatment of patients hospitalized for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: comparison of an oral/metered-dose inhaler regimen and an intravenous/nebulizer regimen. Respir Care 2002; 47: 154-158.
109. Robinson TD, Freiberg DB, Regnis JA, et al. The role of hypoventilation and ventilation-perfusion redistribution in oxygen-induced hypercapnia during acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1524-1529. (Pubitemid 30329022)
110. Durrington HJ, Flubacher M, Ramsay CF, et al. Initial oxygen management in patients with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. QJM 2005; 98: 499-504. (Pubitemid 41430105)
111. Zhang L, Mendoza-Sassi RA, Wainwright C, et al. Nebulized hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 4: CD006458.
112. Lenney W, Boner AL, Bont L, et al. Medicines used in respiratory diseases only seen in children. Eur Respir J 2009; 34: 531-551.
113. European Medicines Agency. Guideline on the requirements for clinical documentation for orally inhaled products (OIP) including the requirements for demonstration of therapeutic equivalence between two inhaled products for use in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). www.ema.europa.eu/pdfs/human/ewp/4850108en.pdf Date last updated: March 19, 2008. Date last accessed: March 24, 2011.
114. Cates CJ, Crilly JA, Rowe BH. Holding chambers (spacers) versus nebulisers for beta-agonist treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 2: CD000052.
115. Dhand R. Inhalation therapy with metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers in mechanically ventilated patients. Respir Care 2005; 50: 1331-1345.
116. Dhand R, Duarte AG, Jubran A, et al. Dose-response to bronchodilator delivered by metered-dose inhaler in ventilator-supported patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 388-393. (Pubitemid 26269108)
117. Fink JB, Dhand R, Duarte AG, et al. Aerosol delivery from a metered-dose inhaler during mechanical ventilation. An in vitro model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 382-387. (Pubitemid 26269107)
118. Mouloudi E, Katsanoulas K, Anastasaki M, et al. Bronchodilator delivery by metered dose inhaler in mechanically ventilated COPD patients: influence of tidal volume. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25: 1215-1221.
119. Waldrep JC, Keyhani K, Black M, et al. Operating characteristics of 18 different continuous-flow jet nebulizers with beclomethasone dipropionate liposome aerosol. Chest 1994; 105: 106-110. (Pubitemid 24029086)
120. Hess DR, Dillman C, Kacmarek RM. In-vitro evaluation of aerosol bronchodilator delivery during mechanical ventilation: pressure-control versus volume control ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 1145-1150. (Pubitemid 36918559)
121. Vecellio L, Guerin C, Grimbert D, et al. In vitro study and semiempirical model for aerosol delivery control during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31: 871-876.
122. O'Riordan TG, Greco MJ, Perry RJ, et al. Nebulizer function during mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 1117-1122.
123. Miller DD, Amin MM, Palmer LB, et al. Aerosol delivery and modern mechanical ventilation: in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 1205-1209. (Pubitemid 37421837)
124. Goode ML, Fink JB, Dhand R, et al. Improvement in aerosol delivery with helium-oxygen mixture during mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 109-114. (Pubitemid 32097971)
125. Duarte AG, Momii K, Bidani A. Bronchodilator therapy with metered-dose inhaler and spacer versus nebulizer in mechanically-ventilated patients: comparison of magnitude and duration of response. Respir Care 2000; 45: 817-823.
126. Manthous CA, Hall JB, Schmidt GA, et al. Metered-dose inhaler versus nebulized albuterol in mechanically-ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1567-1570. (Pubitemid 24002489)
127. Bernasconi M, Brandolese R, Poggi R, et al. Dose-response effects and time course of effects of inhaled fenoterol on respiratory mechanics and arterial oxygen tension in mechanically ventilated patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Intensive Care Med 1990; 16: 108-114. (Pubitemid 20277723)
128. Putensen C, Hormann C, Kleinsasser A, et al. Cardiopulmonary effects of aerosolized prostaglandin E1 and nitric oxide inhalation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1743-1747.
129. Walmrath D, Schneider T, Schermuly R, et al. Direct comparison of inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized prostacyclin in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 991-996. (Pubitemid 26081651)
130. Hess DR. The mask for noninvasive ventilation: principles of design and effects on aerosol delivery. J Aerosol Med 2007; 20: Suppl. 1, S85-S99.
131. Branconnier MP, Hess DR. Albuterol delivery during non-invasive ventilation. Respir Care 2005; 50: 1649-1653.
132. Calvert LD, Jackson JM, White JA, et al. Enhanced delivery of nebulised salbutamol during non-invasive ventilation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 58: 1553-1557. (Pubitemid 44785545)
133. Haughney J, Price D, Barnes NC, et al. Choosing inhaler devices for people with asthma: current knowledge and outstanding research needs. Respir Med 2010; 104: 1237-1245.
134. Thomas M, Price D, Chrystyn H, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids for asthma: impact of practice level device switching on asthma control. BMC Pulm Med 2009; 9: 1.