Listeria monocytogenes: Antibiotic resistance in food production

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 569-578

  Lungu, Bwalya ^a,b   O'Bryan, Corliss A ^a   Muthaiyan, Arunachalam ^a   Milillo, Sara R ^a   Johnson, Michael G ^a   Crandall, Philip G ^a   Ricke, Steven C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

^b Poultry Diagnostic Research Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; AMPICILLIN PLUS GENTAMICIN; BACITRACIN; CEFALOTIN; CEFOTAXIME; CEFOXITIN; CEFTRIAXONE; CEFUROXIME; CEPHALOSPORIN C; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DOXYCYCLINE; ENROFLOXACIN; GENTAMICIN; GENTAMICIN PLUS PENICILLIN; MACROLIDE; MOXIFLOXACIN; PENICILLIN G; PENICILLIN PLUS RIFAMPICIN; RIFAMPICIN; TEICOPLANIN; TEICOPLANIN PLUS VANCOMYCIN; TETRACYCLINE; TRIMETHOPRIM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD INDUSTRY; HUMAN; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; LISTERIAL MENINGITIS; LISTERIOSIS; MENINGITIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; FEMALE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; FOODBORNE DISEASES; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; LISTERIOSIS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS;

LISTERIA; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES;

EID: 79955837373     PISSN: 15353141     EISSN: 15567125     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0718     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Abrahim A, Papa A, Soultos N, Ambrosiadis I, and Antoniadis A. Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. isolates from traditionally made fresh sausages in Greece. J Food Prot 1998;61:1378-1380. (Pubitemid 28503947)
2. [ACCT] Arkansas Cancer Control Taskforce. The Arkansas cancer plan 2001-2005: a framework for action. 2001. Available at www.healthy.arkansas.gov= programsServices=epidemiology= ChronicDisease=Documents=publications=cancerplan. pdf, ac-cessed August 12, 2010. (Online.)
3. Alonso-Hernando A, Capita R, Prieto M, and Alonso-Calleja C. Comparison of antibiotic resistance patterns in Listeria mono-cytogenes and Salmonella enterica strains pre-exposed and exposed to poultry decontaminants. Food Control 2009;20: 1108-1111.
4. Anonymous. Cancer in Arkansas. 2006a. Available at www. arkansascancercoalition.org, accessed August 12, 2010. (Online.)
5. Anonymous. Changing demographics and their implications for Louisiana's tourism industry. 2006b. Available at www.latour.lsu.edu=pdfs=demographics.pdf, accessed August 12, 2010. (Online.)
6. Antunes P, Reu C, Sousa JC, Pestana N, and Peixe L. Incidence and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of Listeria spp and Listeria monocytogenes isolated from poultry carcasses in Porto, Portugal. J Food Prot 2002;65:1888-1893. (Pubitemid 36017019)
7. Aureli P, Fiorucci GC, Caroli D, Marchiaro G, Novara O, Leone L, and Salmaso S. An outbreak of febrile gastroenteritis as-sociated with corn contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1236-1241. (Pubitemid 30235952)
8. Bager F, Emborg HD, and Heuer OE. DANMAP 2001\Use of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Food Animals, Food and Humans in Denmark. Statens Serum Institut, Danish Veterinary and Food Admin-istration, Danish Medicines Agency, Danish Veterinary In-stitute, Copenhagen, Denmark. ISSN 1600-2032, 2002.
9. Bambeke VF, Balzi E, and Tulkens PM. Antibiotic efflux pumps. Biochem Pharmacol 2000;60:457-470. (Pubitemid 30389612)
10. Barbuti S, Maggi A, and Casoli C. Antibiotic resistance in strains of Listeria spp from meat products. Lett Appl Microbiol 1992;15:56-58.
11. Bertrand S, Huys G, Yde M, D'Haene K, Tardy F, Vrints M, Swings J, and Collard J. Detection and characterization of tet(M) in tetracycline resistant Listeria strains from human and food-processing origins in Belgium and France. J Med Microbiol 2005;54:1151-1156. (Pubitemid 41783822)
12. Biavasco F, Giovanetti E, Miele A, Vignaroli C, Facinelli B, and Varaldo PE. In vitro conjugative transfer of VanA vancomycin resistance between enterococci and Listeriae of different spe-cies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996;15:50-59. (Pubitemid 26051262)
13. Borezee E, Pellegrini E, and Berche P. OppA of Listeria mono-cytogenes an oligopeptide-binding protein required for bacte-rial growth at low temperature and involved in intracellular survival. Infect Immun 2000;68:7069-7077. (Pubitemid 32463421)
14. Butler CC, Dunstan F, Heginbothom M, Mason B, Zoee R, Hillier S, Howe R, Palmer S, and Howard A. Containing antibiotic resistance: decreased antibiotic-resistant coliform urinary tract infections with reduction in antibiotic prescribing by general practices. Br J Gen Pract 2007;57:785-792. (Pubitemid 47595526)
15. Castanon JIR. History of the use of antibiotics as growth pro-moters in European poultry feeds. Poult Sci 2007;86:2466-2471. (Pubitemid 350097233)
16. Celli J and Trieu-Cuot P. Circularization of Tn916 is required for expression of the transposon-encoded transfer functions: characterization of long tetracycline-inducible transcripts reading through the attachment site. Mol Microbiol 1998; 28:103-117. (Pubitemid 28160117)
17. Charpentier E, Gerbaud G, and Courvalin P. Conjugative mo-bilization of the rolling-circle plasmid pIP823 from Listeria monocytogenes BM4293 among gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. J Bacteriol 1999;181:3368-3374. (Pubitemid 29259285)
18. Charpentier E, Gerbaud G, Jacquet C, Rocourt J, and Courvalin P. Incidence of antibiotic resistance in Listeria spp. J Infect Dis 1995;172:277-281.
19. Chen B-Y, Pyla R, Kim T-J, and Jung Y-S. Antibiotic resistance in Listeria species isolated from catfish fillets and processing environment. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010;50:626-632.
20. [CLSI] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infre-quently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria; Approved Guideline (M45-A). Wayne PA: CLSI 2006.
21. Cole M, Jones M, and Holyoak C. The effect of pH, salt con-centration and temperature on the survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes. J Appl Bacteriol 1990;69:63-72. (Pubitemid 20266001)
22. Conter M, Paludi D, Zanardi E, Ghidini S, Vergara A, and Ianieri A. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance of foodborne Listeria monocytogenes. Int J Food Microbiol 2009;128:497-500.
23. Dalton CB, Austin CC, Sobel J, Hayes PS, Bibb WF, Graves LM, Swaminathan B, Proctor ME, and Griffin PM. An outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever due to Listeria monocytogenes in milk. N Engl J Med 1997;336:100-105. (Pubitemid 27020886)
24. Dar JA, Thoker MA, Khan JA, Ali A, Khan MA, Rizwan M, Bhat KH, Dar MJ, Ahmed N, and Ahmad S. Molecular epidemi-ology of clinical and carrier strains of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the hospital settings of north India. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2006;5:22.
25. Davis MJ, Coote PJ, and O'Byrne CP. Acid tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes: the adaptive acid tolerance response (ATR) and growth-phase-dependent acid resistance. Microbiology 1996; 142:2975-2982. (Pubitemid 26362939)
26. Doucet-Populaire F, Trieu-Cuot P, Dosbaa I, Andremont A, and Courvalin P. Inducible transfer of conjugative transposon Tn1545 from Enterococcus faecalis to Listeria monocytogenes in the digestive tracts of gnotobiotic mice. Antimicro Agents Chemother 1991;35:185-187.
27. Espaze EP and Reynaud AE. Antibiotic susceptibilities of Lis-teria: in vitro studies. Infection 1988;16:160-164.
28. Evans RP, Macrina FL. Streprococcal R plasmid pIP501: en-donuclease site map, resistance determinant location, and construction of novel derivatives. J Bact 1983;154:1347-1355.
29. Facinelli B, Roberts MC, Giovanetti E, Casolari C, Fabio U, and Varaldo PE. Genetic basis of tetracycline resistance in food-borne isolates of Listeria innocua. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993;59:614-616. (Pubitemid 23058960)
30. Flamm RK, Hinrichs DJ, and Thomashow MF. Introduction of pAMb1 into Listeria monocytogenes by conjugation and ho-mology between native L. monocytogenes plasmids. Infect Immun 1984;44:157-161. (Pubitemid 14165158)
31. Franke AE and Clewell DB. Evidence for a chromosome-borne resistance transposon (Tn916) in Streptococcus faecalis that is capable of "conjugal" transfer in the absence of a conjugative plasmid. J Bacteriol 1981;145:494-502. (Pubitemid 11140332)
32. Godreuil S, Galimand M, Gerbaud G, Jacquet C, and Courvalin P. Efflux pump lde is associated with fluroquinolone resis-tance in Listeria monocytogenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:704-708. (Pubitemid 36158104)
33. Graves LM, Hunter SB, Ong AR, Schoonmaker-Bopp D, Hise K, Kornstein L, DeWitt WE, Hayes PS, Dunne E, Mead P, and Swaminathan B. Microbiological aspects of the investigation that traced the 1998 outbreak of listeriosis in the United States to contaminated hot dogs and establishment of molecular subtyping-based surveillance for Listeria monocytogenes in the PulseNet Network. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:2350-2355. (Pubitemid 40656250)
34. Griffith D, Lomovskaya O, Lee VJ, and Dudley MN. Potentiation of Levofloxacin (Levo) by MC-02,595, a Broad-Spectrum Efflux Pump Inhibitor (EPI) in Mouse Models of Infection Due to Pseu-domonas aeruginosa (PA) with Combinations of Different Mex Pump Expression and a gyrA Mutation. Program and Abstracts of the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, December 16-19, 2001. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2001, p. 203.
35. Hadorn K, Jachler H, Schaffner A, and Kayser FH. Genetic characterization of plasmid encoded multiple antibiotic resis-tance in a strain of Listeria monocytogenes causing endocarditis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993;12:928-937. (Pubitemid 24025872)
36. Hammond ML. Ertapenem: a Group 1 carbapenem with distinct antibacterial and pharmacological properties. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53 (Suppl 2):7-9.
37. Hansen JM, Gerner-Smidt P, and Bruun B. Antibiotic suscepti-bility of Listeria monocytogenes in Denmark 1958-2001. APMIS 2005;113:31-36. (Pubitemid 40278788)
38. Harakeh S, Saleh I, Zouhairi O, Baydoun E, Barbour E, and Alwan N. Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy-based food products. Sci Total Environ 2009;407:4022-4027.
39. Harwood VJ, Brownell M, Perusek W, and Whitlock JE. Van-comycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater and chicken feces in the United States. Appl Environ Micro-biol 2001;67:4930-4933. (Pubitemid 33646134)
40. Hasman A and Aarestrup FM. tcrB, a gene conferring transfer-able copper resistance in Enterococcus faecium: occurrence, transferability, and linkage to macrolide and glycopeptide resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1410-1416. (Pubitemid 34415322)
41. Hayashi F, Fuse A, Inoue M, Ishi H, Barcs I, and Mitsuhashi S. Frequency of drug resistance in Vibrio spp. in Japan. Lett Appl Microbiol 1993;16:28-31. (Pubitemid 23022061)
42. Jacquet C, Catimel B, Brosch R, Buchreiser C, Dehaumont P, Goulet V, Lepoutre A, Veit P, and Rocourt J. Investigations related to the epidemic strain involved in the French listeriosis outbreak in 1992. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995;61:2242-2246.
43. Jones FT and Ricke SC. Observations on the history of the de-velopment of antimicrobials and their use in poultry feeds. Poult Sci 2003;82:613-617. (Pubitemid 38641937)
44. Jones ME, Blosser-Middleton RS, Critchley IA, Karlowsky JA, Thornsberry C, and Sahm DF. Activity of faropenem, a new furanem, against European respiratory pathogens collected during 2000-2001: a comparison with other b-lactam agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:196-199. (Pubitemid 36163858)
45. Kwon YM, Ricke SC. Induction of acid resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium by exposure to short-chain fatty acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998;64:3458-3463. (Pubitemid 28411473)
46. Langlois BE, Dawson KA, Cromwell GL, and Stahly TS. Anti-biotic resistance in pigs following a 13 year ban. J Anim Sci 1986;62 (Suppl 3):18-32.
47. Lee N, Yuen KY, and Kumana CR. Clinical role of b-lactam=b-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Drugs 2003;63:1511-1524. (Pubitemid 36871775)
48. Lemaitre JP, Echchannaoui H, Michaut G, Divies C, and Rousset A. Plasmid-mediated resistance to antimicrobial agents among listeriae. J Food Prot 1998;61:1459-1464. (Pubitemid 28537329)
49. Levidiotou S, Charalabopoulos K, Vrioni G, Chaidos A, Poly-soidis K, Bourantas K, and Stefanou D. Fatal meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes in elderly patients with underlying malignancy. Int J Clin Pract 2004;58:292-296. (Pubitemid 38559528)
50. Li Q, Sherwood JS, and Logue CM. Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria spp. recovered from processed bison. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007;44:86-91. (Pubitemid 44973975)
51. Lomovskaya O, Warren MS, Lee A, Galazzo J, Fronko R, Lee M, Blais J, Cho D, Chamberland S, Renau TE, Leger R, Hecker SJ, Watkins W, Hoshino K, Ishida H, and Lee VJ. Identification and characterization of inhibitors of multidrug resistance efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: novel agents for combination therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:105-116. (Pubitemid 32039101)
52. Lou Y and Yousef AE. Adaptation to sublethal environmental stresses protects Listeria monocytogenes against lethal preser-vation factors. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997;63:1252-1255. (Pubitemid 27174824)
53. Lou Y and Yousef AE. Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to heat after adaptation to environment stresses. J Food Prot 1996;59:465-471. (Pubitemid 26311874)
54. Lyon SA, Berrang ME, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Fletcher DL, and Mei-nersmann RJ. Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria mono-cytogenes isolated from a poultry further processing plant. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2008;5:253-259. (Pubitemid 351873422)
55. Mata MT, Baquero F, and Perez-Diaz JC. A multidrug efflux transporter in Listeria monocytogenes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000;187:185-188. (Pubitemid 30336534)
56. Mayrhofer S, Paulsen P, Smulders JMF, and Hilbert F. Anti-microbial resistance of five major food-borne pathogens iso-lated from beef, pork and poultry. Int J Food Microbiol 2004;97:23-29. (Pubitemid 39555954)
57. Mendonca AF, Romero MG, Lihono MA, Nannapaneni R, and Johnson MG. Radiation resistance and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A following starvation in physiological saline. J Food Prot 2004;67:470-474. (Pubitemid 38610733)
58. Mereghetti L, Quentin R, Marquet-Van der Mee N, and Au-durier A. Low sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to quater-nary ammonium compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000;66:5083-5086.
59. Miettinen MK, Siitonen A, Heiskanen P, Haajanen H, Bjorkroth KJ, and Korkeala HJ. Molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of febrile gastroenteritis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in cold-smoked rainbow trout. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:2358-2360. (Pubitemid 29277810)
60. Miranda JM, Vázquez BI, Fente CA, Calo-Mata P, Cepeda A, Franco CM. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance in Es-cherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from organic and conventional poultry meat. J Food Prot 2008;71:2537-2542.
61. Miranda JM, Mondragón A, Vázqúez I, Fente CA, Cepeda A, Franco CM. Influence of farming methods on microbiological contamination and prevalence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs in isolates from beef. Meat Sci 2008;82:284-288.
62. Mullapudi S, Siletzky RM, and Kathariou S. Heavy-metal and benzalkonium chloride resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from the environment of turkey-processing plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008;74:1464-1468. (Pubitemid 351358442)
63. Nakajima H, Kobayashi K, Kobayashi M, Asako H, and Aono R. Overexpression of the robA gene increases organic solvent trace and multiple antibiotic and heavy metal ion resistance in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995;61:2302-2307.
64. National Research Council. The Use of Drugs in Food Animals, Benefits and Risks. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999.
65. Nelson ML and Levy SB. Reversal of tetracycline resistance mediated by different bacterial tetracycline resistance deter-minants by an inhibitor of the Tet(B) antiport protein. Anti-microb Agents Chemother 1999;43:1719-1724. (Pubitemid 29331254)
66. Njagi LW, Mbuthia PG, Bebora LC, Nyaga PN, Minga U, Olsen JE. Carrier status for Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species in free range farm and market healthy indigenous chickens and ducks. East African Med J 2004;81:529-533. (Pubitemid 41184859)
67. Okamoto M, Nakane A, and Minagawa T. Host resistance to an intragastric infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice de-pends on cellular immunity and intestinal bacterial flora. In-fect Immun 1994;62:3080-3085. (Pubitemid 24232085)
68. Pérez-Diaz JC, Vicente MF, and Baquero F. Plasmids in Listeria. Plasmid 1982;8:112-118. (Pubitemid 13206624)
69. Pesavento G, Ducci B, Nieri D, Comodo N, and Lo Nostro A. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Listeria spp. isolated from raw meat and retail foods. Food Control 2010;21:708-713.
70. Phan-Than L and Montagne A. Physiological and biochemical aspects of the acid survival of Listeria monocytogenes. J Gen Appl Microbiol 1998;44:183-191. (Pubitemid 28505132)
71. Phillips I, Casewell M, Cox T, De Groot B, Friis C, Jones R, Nightingale C, Preston R, and Waddell J. Does the use of antibiotics in food animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published data. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53:28-52. (Pubitemid 38072182)
72. Poyart-Salmeron C, Carlier C, Trieu-Cuot P, Courtieu AL, and Courvalin P. Transferable plasmid-mediated antibiotic resis-tance in Listeria monocytogenes. Lancet 1990;335:1422-1426. (Pubitemid 20186436)
73. Poyart-Salmeron C, Trieu-Cuot P, Carlier C, MacGown A, McLauchlin J, and Courvalin P. Genetic basis of tetracycline resistance in clinical isolates of Listeria monocytogenes. Anti-microb Agents Chemother 1992;36:463-466.
74. Prazak AM, Murano EA, Mercado I, Acuff GR. Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes during production and postharvest processing of cabbage. J Food Prot 2002;65:1728-1734. (Pubitemid 35273919)
75. Quentin C, Thibaut MC, Horovitz J, and Bebear C. Multiresistant strain of Listeria monocytogenes in septic abortion. Lancet 1990;336:375. (Pubitemid 20264185)
76. Renau TE, Leger R, Filonova L, Flamme E, Wang M, Yen R, Madsen D, Griffith D, Chamberland S, Dudley MN, Lee VJ, Lomovskaya O, Watkins W, Ohta T, Nakayama K, and Ishida Y. Conformationally-restricted analogues of efflux pump in-hibitors that potentiate the activity of levofloxacin in Pseudo-monas aeruginosa. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003;13:2755-2758. (Pubitemid 36851564)
77. Roberts MC, Facinelli B, Giovanetti E, and Varaldo PE. Trans-ferable erythromycin resistance in Listeria spp. isolated from food. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996;62:269-270. (Pubitemid 26013404)
78. Rota C, Yanguela J, Blanco D, Carraminana JJ, Arino A, and Herrera A. High prevalence of multiple resistance to antibi-otics in 144 Listeria isolates from Spanish dairy and meat products. J Food Prot 1996;59:938-943. (Pubitemid 26380708)
79. Safdar A and Armstrong D. Antimicrobial activities against 84 Listeria monocytogenes isolates from patients with systemic listeriosis at a comprehensive cancer center (1955-1997). J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:483-485. (Pubitemid 36098628)
80. Scheld WM, Fletcher DD, Fink FN, and Sanda MA. Response to therapy in an experimental rabbit model of meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes. J Infect Dis 1979;140:287-294. (Pubitemid 10189469)
81. Schouten MA, Voss A, and Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA. Anti-microbial susceptibility patterns of enterococci causing infections in Europe. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:2542-2546. (Pubitemid 29471244)
82. Schwaiger K, Schmeid EMV, and Bauer J. Comparative analysis on antibiotic resistance characteristics of Listeria spp. and En-terococcus spp. isolated from laying hens and eggs in con-ventional and organic keeping systems in Bavaria, Germany. Zoonoses Public Health 2010;57:171-180.
83. Sherley M, Gordon DM, and Collignon PJ. Species difference in plasmid carriage in the Enterobacteriaceae. Plasmid 2003; 49:79-85. (Pubitemid 36269173)
84. Silver S and Misra TK. Plasmid-mediated heavy metal resis-tances. Ann Rev Microbiol 1988;42:717-743.
85. Sipahi OR, Turhan T, Pullukcu H, Calik S, Tasbakan M, Sipahi H, Arda B, Yamazhan T, and Ulusoy S. Moxifloxacin versus ampicillin 1 gentamicin in the therapy of experimental Listeria monocytogenes meningitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61: 670-673. (Pubitemid 351321145)
86. Slade PJ and Collins-Thompson DL. Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk supplies in Ontario. Can Inst Food Sci Tech J 1991;20:323.
87. Sleator RD, Watson D, Hill C, and Gahan CGM. The interaction between Listeria monocytogenes and the host gastrointestinal tract. Microbiology 2009;155:2463-2475.
88. Soto SM, Guerra B, Del Cerro A, Gonzalez-Hevia MA, and Mendoza MC. Outbreaks and sporadic cases of Salmonella serovar Panama studied by DNA fingerprinting and antimi-crobial resistance. Int J Food Microbiol 2001;71:35-43. (Pubitemid 33065599)
89. Srinivasan V, Nam HM, Nguyen LT, Tamilselvam B, Murinda SE, and Oliver SP. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy farms. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2005;2:201-210.
90. Swaminathan B and Gerner-Smidt P. The epidemiology of human listeriosis. Microbes Infect 2007;9:1236-1243. (Pubitemid 47375151)
91. Tan Y-T, Tillett DJ, and McKay IA. Molecular strategies for overcoming antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Mol Med Today 2000;6:309-314. (Pubitemid 30619338)
92. Toomey N, Monaghan A, Fanning S, and Bolton DJ. Assessment of antimicrobial resistance transfer between lactic acid bacteria and potential foodborne pathogens using in vitro methods and mating in a food matrix. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009;6:925-933.
93. Trieu-Cuot P, Derlot E, and Courvalin P. Enhanced conjugative transfer of plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli to Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993;109:19-23. (Pubitemid 23148005)
94. Troxler R, von Graevenitz A, Funke G, Wiedemann B, and Stock I. Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria species: L. grayi, L. innocua, L. ivanovii, L. monocytogenes, L. seeligeri and L. wel-shimeri strains. Clin Microbiol Infect 2000;6:525-535.
95. Tsakris A, Papa A, Douboyas J, and Antoniadis A. Neonatal meningitis due to multi-resistant Listeria monocytogenes. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;39:553-554. (Pubitemid 27196959)
96. U.S. Census Bureau. 65\+ in the United States: 2005. 2005. Available at www.census.gov=prod=2006pubs=p23-209.pdf, accessed November 25, 2009. (Online.)
97. Van den Bogaard AE, London N, Driessen C, and Stobberingh EE. Antibiotic resistance of faecal Escherichia coli in poultry, poultry farmers and poultry slaughterers. J. Antimicrob Che-mother 2001;47:763-771. (Pubitemid 32519824)
98. Van Schaik W, Gahan CGM, and Hill C. Acid-adapted Listeria monocytogenes displays enhanced tolerance against the lanti-biotics nisin and lacticin 3147. J Food Prot 1999;62:536-539. (Pubitemid 29223442)
99. Vicente MF, Baquero F, and Pérez-Diaz JC. Conjugative acqui-sition and expression of antibiotic resistance determinants in Listeria spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 1988;21:309-318.
100. Walker SJ, Archer P, and Banks JG. Growth of Listeria mono-cytogenes at refrigeration temperatures. J Appl Bacteriol 1990;68:157-162. (Pubitemid 20129665)
101. Walsh D, Duffy G, Sheridan JJ, Blair IS, and McDowell DA. Antibiotic resistance among Listeria, including Listeria mono-cytogenes, in retail foods. J Appl Microbiol 2001;90:517-522. (Pubitemid 32291250)
102. Wang HH, Manuzon M, Lehman M, Wan K, Luo HL, Wittum TE, Yousef A, and Bakaletz LO. Food commensal microbes as a potentially important avenue in transmitting antibiotic re-sistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006;254:226-231.
103. Webber MA and Piddock LJV. The importance of efflux pumps in bacterial antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:9-11. (Pubitemid 36163821)
104. Welton LA, Thal LA, Perri MB, Donabedian S, McMahon J, Chow JW, and Zervos MJ. Antimicrobial resistance in en-terococci isolated from turkey flocks fed virginiamycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:705-708. (Pubitemid 28114834)
105. Wemekamp-Kamphuis HH, Karatzas AK, Wouters JA, and Abee T. Enhanced levels of cold shock proteins in Listeria monocytogenes LO28 upon exposure to low temperature and high hydrostatic pressure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68: 456-463. (Pubitemid 34113028)
106. B-controlled genes and their impact on acid stress, high hydrostatic pressure and freeze survival in Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004;70:3457-3466. (Pubitemid 38745891)
107. White DG, Zhao S, Sudler R, Ayers S, Friedman S, Chen S, McDermott PF, Wagner DD, and Meng J. The isolation of antibiotic resistant Salmonella from retail ground meats. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1147-1154.
108. [WHO] World Health Organization. Use of antimicrobials out-side of human medicine and resultant antimicrobial resistance in humans. 2002. Available at www.who.int=mediacentre= factsheets=fs268=en=, accessed June 16, 2010. (Online.)
109. Witte W. Medical consequences of antibiotic use in agriculture. Science 1998;279:996-997. (Pubitemid 28113291)
110. Yucel N, Citak S, and Onder M. Prevalence of antibiotic resis-tance of Listeria species in meat products in Ankara, Turkey. Food Microbiol 2005;22:241-245. (Pubitemid 39415722)
111. Zhu K, Bayles DO, Xiong A, Jayaswal RK, and Wilkinson BJ. Precursor and temperature modulation of fatty acid compo-sition and growth of Listeria monocytogenes cold-sensitive mutants with transposon-interrupted branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase. Microbiology 2005;151:615-623. (Pubitemid 40277764)