Microresonators for Communication and Signal Processing Applications

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

Volumn 156, Issue , 2010, Pages 485-505

  Zhang, Lin ^a   Willner, Alan E ^a  

^a University of Southern California ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Arbitrary Waveform Generation; Drive Voltage; Free Spectral Range; Optical Frequency Comb; Ring Resonator

Indexed keywords

EID: 79954576102     PISSN: 03424111     EISSN: 15561534     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1744-7_19     Document Type: Chapter

References (102)

1. Kaminow, I.P., Li, T., et al. Optical fiber telecommunications. 5th Edition. Academic Press, Elsevier, San Diego (2008)
2. Ishikawa, H. Ultrafast all-optical signal processing devices. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey (2008)
3. Kobrinsky, M. J., Block, B.A., et al. On-chip optical interconnects. Intel Technol. J. 8, 129– 142 (2004)
4. Barwicz, T., Byun, H., et al. Silicon photonics for compact, energy-efficient interconnects. J. Opt. Networking 6, 63–73 (2007)
5. Shacham, A., Bergman, K. Building ultralow-latency interconnection networks using photonic integration. IEEE Micro. 27, 6–20 (2007)
6. Beausoleil, R.G., Ahn, J., et al. A nanophotonic interconnect for high-performance many-core computation. IEEE LEOS Newsletter 22, 15–22 (2008)
7. Krishnamoorthy, A.V., Zheng, X., et al. Optical interconnects for present and future high-performance computing systems. Proceed. 16th annual IEEE symposium on high-performance interconnects, no. 4618590, 175–177 (2008)
8. McCall, S.L., Levi, A.F.J., et al. Whispering-gallery mode microdisk lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 289–291 (1992)
9. Choi, S.J., Djordjev, K., et al. Microdisk lasers vertically coupled to output waveguides. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 15, 1330–1332 (2003)
10. Scheuer, J., Green, W.M.J., et al. Low-threshold two-dimensional annular Bragg lasers. Opt. Lett. 29, 2641–2643 (2004)
11. Lee, J.Y., Luo, X., et al. Reciprocal transmissions and asymmetric modal distributions in waveguide-coupled spiral-shaped microdisk resonators. Opt. Express 15, 14650–14666 (2007)
12. Barrios, C.A., Lipson, M. Modeling and analysis of high-speed electro-optic modulation in high confinement silicon waveguides using metal-oxide-semiconductor configuration. J. Appl. Phys. 96, 6008–6015 (2004)
13. Sadagopan, T., Choi, S.J., et al. Carrier-induced refractive index changes in InP based circular microresonators for low-voltage high-speed modulation. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17, 414–416 (2005)
14. Xu, Q., Schmidt, B., et al. Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator. Nature 435, 325–327 (2005)
15. Kekatpure, R.D., Brongersma, M.L., et al. Design of a silicon-based field-effect electro-optic modulator with enhanced light–charge interaction. Opt. Lett. 30, 2149–2151 (2005)
16. Li, C., Zhou, L., et al. Silicon microring carrier-injection based modulators/switches with tunable extinction ratios and OR-logic switching by using waveguide cross-coupling. Opt. Express 15, 5069–5076 (2007)
17. Little, B.E., Chu, S.T., et al. Microring resonator channel dropping filters. J. Lightw. Technol. 15, 998–1005 (1997)
18. Popovíc, M. A., Barwicz, T., et al. Multistage high-order microring-resonator add-drop filters. Opt. Lett. 31, 2571–2573 (2006)
19. Van, V. Dual-mode microring reflection filters. J. Lightw. Technol. 25, 3142–3150 (2007)
20. Xiao, S., Khan, M.H., et al. A highly compact third-order silicon microring add-drop filter with a very large free spectral range, a flat passband and a low delay dispersion. Opt. Express 15, 14765–14771 (2007)
21. Rabus, D.G., Hamacher, M., et al. High-Q channel-dropping filters using ring resonators with integrated SOAs. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14, 1442–1444 (2002)
22. Amarnath, K., Grover, R., et al. Electrically pumped InGaAsP-InP microring optical amplifiers and lasers with surface passivation. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17, 2280–2282 (2005)
23. Mookherjea, S. Using gain to tune the dispersion relation of coupled-resonator optical waveguides. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 18, 715–717 (2006)
24. Poon, J. K. S., Yariv, A. Active coupled-resonator optical waveguides. I. Gain enhancement and noise. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24, 2378–2388 (2007)
25. Soref, R.A., Little, B.E. Proposed N-wavelength M-fiber WDM crossconnect switch using active microring resonators. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 10, 1121–1123 (1998)
26. Van, V., Ibrahim, T.A., et al. All-optical nonlinear switching in GaAs-AlGaAs microring resonators. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14, 74–76 (2002)
27. Vlasov, Y., Green, W. M. J., et al. High-throughput silicon nanophotonic deflection switch for on-chip optical networks. Nat. Photon. 2, 242–246 (2008)
28. Van, V., Ibrahim, T.A., et al. Optical signal processing using nonlinear semiconductor microring resonators. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 8, 705–713 (2002)
29. Xu, Q., Lipson, M. All-optical logic based on silicon micro-ring resonators. Opt. Express 15, 924–929 (2007)
30. Mikroulis, S., Simos, H., et al. 40-Gb/s NRZ and RZ operation of an all-optical AND logic gate based on a passive InGaAsP/InP microring resonator. J. Lightw. Technol. 24, 1159–1164 (2006)
31. Preble, S.F., Xu, Q., et al. Changing the color of light in a silicon resonator. Nat. Photon. 1, 293–296 (2007)
32. Turner, A.C., Foster, M.A., et al. Ultra-low power parametric frequency conversion in a silicon microring resonator. Opt. Express 16, 4881–4887 (2008)
33. Li, Q., Zhang, Z., et al. Dense wavelength conversion and multicasting in a resonance-split silicon microring. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 081113 (2008)
34. Poon, J.K.S., Scheuer, J., et al. Designing coupled-resonator optical waveguide delay lines. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21, 1665–1673 (2004)
35. Xu, Q., Sandhu, S., et al. Experimental realization of an on-chip all-optical analogue to electromagnetically induced transparency. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 123901 (2006)
36. Madsen, C.K., Lenz, G., et al. Multistage dispersion compensator using ring resonators. Opt. Lett. 24, 1555–1557 (1999)
37. Hossein-Zadeh, M., Vahala, K.J. Importance of intrinsic-Q in microring-based optical filters and dispersion-compensation devices. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19, 1045–1047 (2008)
38. Zhang, L., Song, M., et al. A compact chromatic dispersion compensator using unequal and mutually-coupled microring resonators. Integrated Photonics and Nanophotonics Research and Applications (IPNRA), paper IWA3 (2008)
39. Zhang, L., Yang, J.-Y., et al. Microring-based modulation and demodulation of DPSK signal. Opt. Express 15, 11564–11569 (2007)
40. Zhang, L., Yang, J.-Y., et al. Monolithic modulator and demodulator of DQPSK signals based on silicon microrings. Opt. Lett. 33, 1428–1430 (2008)
41. Lu, Y., Liu, F., et al. All-optical format conversions from NRZ to BPSK and QPSK based on nonlinear responses in silicon microring resonators. Opt. Express 15, 14275–14282 (2007)
42. Blair, S., Chen, Y. Resonant-enhanced evanescent-wave fluorescence biosensing with cylindrical optical cavities. Appl. Opt. 40, 570–582 (2001)
43. Boyd, R.W., Heebner, J. E. Sensitive disk resonator photonic biosensor. Appl. Opt. 40, 5742– 5747 (2001)
44. Yalcin, A., Popat, K.C., et al. Optical sensing of biomolecules using microring resonators. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 12, 148–154 (2006)
45. Armani, A., Vahala, K., et al. Heavy water detection using ultra-high-Q microcavities. Opt. Lett. 31, 1896–1898 (2006)
46. De Vos, K., Bartolozzi, I., et al. Silicon-on-Insulator microring resonator for sensitive and label-free biosensing. Opt. Express 15, 7610–7615 (2007)
47. Geisler, D.J., Fontaine, N.K., et al. Modulation-format agile, reconfigurable Tb/s transmitter based on optical arbitrary waveform generation. Opt. Express 17, 15911–15925 (2009)
48. Liu, A., Jones, R., et al. A high-speed silicon optical modulator based on a metal–oxide– semiconductor capacitor. Nature 427, 615–618 (2004)
49. Liu, A., Samara-Rubio, D., et al. Scaling the modulation bandwidth and phase efficiency of a silicon optical modulator. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 11, 367–372 (2005)
50. Barrios, C.A. Electrooptic modulation of multisilicon-on-insulator photonic wires. J. Lightw. Technol. 24, 2146–2155 (2006)
51. Passaro, V.M.N., Dell’Olio, F. Scaling and optimization of MOS optical modulators in nanometer SOI waveguides. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 7, 401–408 (2008)
52. Gardes, F.Y., Reed, G.T., et al. A sub-micron depletion-type photonic modulator in silicon on insulator. Opt. Express 13, 8845–8854 (2005)
53. A. Liu, L. Liao et al. High-speed optical modulation based on carrier depletion in a silicon waveguide. Opt. Express 15, 660–668 (2007)
54. Watts, M. R., Trotter, D. C., et al. Ultralow power silicon microdisk modulators and switches. Proceed. 5th IEEE Int. Conf. Group IV Photonics, 4–6 (2008)
55. Png, C.E., Chan, S. P., et al. Optical phase modulators for MHz and GHz modulation in silicon-on-insulator (SOI). J. Lightw. Technol. 22, 1573–1582 (2004)
56. Gan, F., Kartner, F.X. High-speed silicon electrooptic modulator design. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17, 1007–1009 (2005)
57. Xu, Q., Schmidt, B., et al. Cascaded silicon micro-ring modulators for WDM optical interconnection. Opt. Express 14, 9430–9435 (2006)
58. Xu, Q., Manipatruni, S., et al. 12.5 Gbit/s carrier-injection-based silicon microring silicon modulators. Opt. Express. 15, 430–436 (2007)
59. Green, W.M.J., Rooks, M.J., et al. Ultra-compact, low RF power, 10 Gb/s silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator. Opt. Express 15, 17106–17113 (2007)
60. Soref, R.A., Bennett, B.R. Electrooptical effects in silicon. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. QE-23, 123–129 (1987)
61. Lockwood, D.J., Pavesi, L. Silicon photonics. Springer-Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg (2004)
62. Rabiei, P., Steier, W. H., et al. Polymer micro-ring filters and modulators. J. Lightw. Technol. 20, 1968–1975 (2002)
63. Baehr-Jones, T., Hochberg, M., et al. Optical modulation and detection in slotted Silicon waveguides. Opt. Express 13, 5216–5226 (2005)
64. Haus, H.A. Waves and fields in optoelectronics. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632, 197–206 (1984)
65. Akahane, Y., Asano, T., et al. Two-dimensional photonic-crystal-slab channel drop filter with flat-top response. Opt. Express 13, 2512–2530 (2005)
66. Li, Y., Zhang, L., et al. Coupled-ring-resonator-based silicon modulator for enhanced performance. Opt. Express 16, 13342–13348 (2008)
67. Sacher, W.D., Poon, J.K.S. Dynamics of microring resonator modulators. Opt. Express 16, 15741–15753 (2008)
68. Zhang, L., Song, M., et al. Embedded ring resonators for micro-photonic applications, Opt. Letters 33, 1978–1980 (2008)
69. Green, W.M.J., Rooks, M.J., et al. Optical modulation using anti-crossing between paired amplitude and phase resonators. Opt. Express 15, 17264–17272 (2007)
70. Song, M., Zhang, L., et al. Nonlinear distortion in a silicon microring-based electro-optic modulator for analog optical links. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron., to be published Jan./Feb. 2010.
71. Heebner, J.E., Wong, V., et al. Optical transmission characteristics of fiber ring resonators. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 40, 726–730 (2004)
72. Stapleton, A., Farrell, S., et al. Optical phase characterization of active semiconductor microdisk resonators in transmission. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 031106 (2006)
73. Zhang, L., Li, Y., et al. Silicon-based single ring resonator modulators for intensity modulation, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron., to be published Jan./Feb. 2010.
74. Almeida, V.R., Barrios, C.A., et al. All-optical switching on a silicon chip. Opt. Lett. 29, 2867–2869 (2004)
75. Downie, J.D. Relationship of Q penalty to eye-closure penalty for NRZ and RZ signals with signal-dependent noise. J. Lightw. Technol. 23, 2031–2038 (2005)
76. Spirit, D.M., Ellis, A.D., et al. Optical time division multiplexing: Systems and networks. IEEE Commun. Mag. 32, 56–62 (1994)
77. Hansryd, J., Andrekson, P.A., et al. Fiber-based optical parametric amplifiers and their applications IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 8, 506–520 (2002)
78. Igarashi, K., Kikuchi, K. Optical signal processing by phase modulation and subsequent spectral filtering aiming at applications to ultrafast optical communication systems. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron. 14, 551–565 (2008)
79. Yariv, A. Universal relations for coupling of optical power between microresonators and dielectric waveguides. Electron. Lett. 36, 321 (2000)
80. Gnauck, A.H., Winzer, P.J. Optical phase-shift-keyed transmission. J. Lightw. Technol. 23, 115–130 (2005)
81. Winzer, P.J., Essiambre, R.-J. Advanced optical modulation formats. Proceed. of IEEE 94, 952–985 (2006)
82. Ciaramella, E., Contestabile, G., et al. A novel scheme to detect optical DPSK signals. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 16, 2138–2140 (2004)
83. Lyubomirsky, I., Chien, C. DPSK demodulator based on optical discriminator filter. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17, 492–494 (2005)
84. Christen, L., Lize, Y. K., et al. Fiber Bragg grating balanced DPSK demodulation. Proceed. of IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, 563–564 (2006)
85. Van, V., Ding, T.-N., et al. Group delay enhancement in circular arrays of microring resonators. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20, 997–999 (2008)
86. Xia, F., Sekaric, L., et al. Ultra-compact optical buffers on a silicon chip. Nat. Photon. 1, 65–71 (2007)
87. Xu, Q., Fattal, D., et al. Silicon microring resonators with 1.5-μm radius. Opt. Express 16, 4309–4315 (2008)
88. Zhang, L., Yang, J.-Y., et al. Monolithic modulator and demodulator of DQPSK signals based on silicon microrings. Opt. Lett. 33, 1428–1430 (2008)
89. Zhang, L., Song, M., et al. Generating spectral-efficient duobinary data format from silicon ring resonator modulators. ECOC paper Tu.3.C.4. (2008)
90. Udem, T., Holzwarth, R., et al. Optical frequency metrology. Nature 416, 233–237 (2002)
91. Cundiff, S.T., Ye, J. Colloquium: Femtosecond optical frequency combs. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 325–342 (2003)
92. Diddams, S.A., Jones, D.J., et al. Direct link between microwave and optical frequencies with a 300 THz femtosecond laser comb. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5102–5105 (2000)
93. Thorpe, M.J., Moll, K.D., et al. Broadband cavity ringdown spectroscopy for sensitive and rapid molecular detection. Science 311, 1595–1599 (2006)
94. Murphy, M.T., Udem, Th., et al. High-precision wavelength calibration with laser frequency combs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 380, 839–847 (2007)
95. Weiner, A.M. Femtosecond pulse shaping using spatial light modulators. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 1929–1960 (2000)
96. Jiang, Z., Huang, C., et al. Optical arbitrary waveform processing of more than 100 spectral comb lines. Nat. Photon. 1, 463–467 (2007)
97. Kippenberg, T.J., Spillane, S.M., et al. Kerr-nonlinearity optical parametric oscillation in an ultrahigh-Q toroid microcavity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 083904 (2004)
98. Del’Haye, P., Schliesser, A., et al. Optical frequency comb generation from a monolithic microresonator. Nature 450, 1214–1217 (2007)
99. Dulkeith, E., Xia, F., et al. Group index and group velocity dispersion in silicon-on-insulator photonic wires. Opt. Express 14, 3853–3863 (2006)
100. Turner, A.C., Manolatou, C., et al. Tailored anomalous group-velocity dispersion in silicon channel waveguides. Opt. Express 14, 4357–4362 (2006)
101. Liu, X.P., Green, W.M.J., et al. Conformal dielectric overlayers for engineering dispersion and effective nonlinearity of silicon nanophotonic wires. Opt. Lett. 33, 2889–2891 (2008)
102. Zhang, L., Yue, Y., et al. Achieving uniform chromatic dispersion over a wide wavelength range in highly nonlinear slot waveguides. Frontiers in Optics 2009, paper FThE2 (OSA, Oct. 11–15, 2009, San Jose, CA, USA).