Recommendations for the transfusion management of patients in the peri-operative period. II. The intra-operative period

Blood Transfusion

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 189-217

  Liumbruno, Giancarlo Maria ^a   Bennardello, Francesco ^b   Lattanzio, Angela ^c   Piccoli, Pierluigi ^d   Rossetti, Gina ^e  

^a SAN GIOVANNI CALIBITA FATEBENEFRATELLI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b CIVILE M P AREZZO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c Service of Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine   (Italy)

^d Hospital of Verona   (Italy)

^e Trento Hospital   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOCAPROIC ACID; ANTITHROMBIN; FIBRIN GLUE; FIBRINOGEN; FRESH FROZEN PLASMA; RECOMBINANT BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A; TRANEXAMIC ACID;

ANEMIA; ANESTHESIA; BLEEDING; BLOOD COMPATIBILITY; BLOOD COMPONENT; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BLOOD VOLUME; CANCER SURGERY; CRYOPRECIPITATE; EMERGENCY SURGERY; EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION; FLUID THERAPY; HEART SURGERY; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; NEUROSURGERY; OBSTETRIC OPERATION; ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY; PATIENT CARE; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; REVIEW; SURGICAL PATIENT; THROMBOCYTE DISORDER; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; VASCULAR SURGERY;

BLOOD LOSS, SURGICAL; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTRAOPERATIVE CARE; MALE; MONITORING, PHYSIOLOGIC; SURGICAL PROCEDURES, ELECTIVE;

EID: 79953745541     PISSN: 17232007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2450/2011.0075-10     Document Type: Review

References (402)

1. Mannucci PM, Levi M. Prevention and treatment of major blood loss. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2301-11. (Pubitemid 46849160)
2. Lefkou E, Hunt B. Haematological management of obstetric haemorrhage. Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine 2008; 18: 265-70.
3. World Health Organization. The Prevention and Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage. Report of a Technical Working Group. Geneva 3-6 July 1989. World Health Organization/Maternal and Child Health 90.7. Geneva: WHO; 1990.
4. El-Refaey H, Rodeck C. Post-partum haemorrhage: definitions, medical and surgical management. A time for change. Br Med Bull 2003; 67: 205-17. (Pubitemid 38112002)
5. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Transfusion and Adjuvant Therapies. Practice guidelines for perioperative blood transfusion and adjuvant therapies: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Transfusion and Adjuvant Therapies. Anesthesiology 2006; 105: 198-208.
6. Frigo MG, Celleno D, Larciprete G, Veneziani A. Emorragia Ostetrica. In: Celleno D, Frigo MG, editors. Anestesia, Analgesia e Terapia Intensiva in Ostetricia. Roma: Centro d'Informazione e Stampa Universitaria; 2008. p. 319-42.
7. Hameed SM, Aird WC. Oxygen delivery. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: S658-S67.
8. Siegemund M, van Bommel J, Ince C. Assessment of regional tissue oxygenation. Int Care Med 1999; 25: 1044-60. (Pubitemid 29525058)
9. Huang YC. Monitoring oxygen delivery in the critically ill. Chest 2005; 128: 554S-60S.
10. Liumbruno G, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, et al. Recommendations for the transfusion of red blood cells. Blood Transfus 2009; 7: 49-64.
11. Hebert PC, Hu LQ, Biro GP. Review of physiologic mechanisms in response to anemia. Can Med Assoc J 1997; 156 (Suppl 11): S27-40.
12. Hebert PC, Van der Linden P, Biro G, Hu LQ. Physiologic aspects of anemia. Crit Care Clin 2004; 20: 187-212. (Pubitemid 38596811)
13. Ellis CG, Jagger J, Sharpe M. The microcirculation as a functional system. Crit Care 2005; 9: S3-8.
14. Wallis JP. Nitric oxide and blood: a review. Transfus Med 2005; 15: 1-11. (Pubitemid 40300002)
15. Madjdpour C, Spahn DR, Weiskopf RB. Anemia and perioperative red blood cell transfusion: a matter of tolerance. Crit Care Med 2006; 34 (5 Suppl): S102-8.
16. Pape A, Habler O. Alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusions. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2007; 21: 221-39. (Pubitemid 46888189)
17. th ed. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Press; 2008.
18. Liumbruno G, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, et al. Recommendations for the transfusion of plasma and platelets. Blood Transfus 2009; 7: 132-50.
19. Practice guidelines for obstetrical anesthesia: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetrical Anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 600-11.
20. Levi M, Toh CH, Thachil J, Watson HG. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol 2009; 145: 24-33.
21. Mackie J, Lawrie AS, Kitchen S, et al. A performance evaluation of commercial fibrinogen reference preparations and assays for Clauss and PT-derived fibrinogen. Thromb Haemost 2002; 87: 997-1005. (Pubitemid 34624882)
22. Mackie IJ, Kitchen S, Machin SJ, Lowe GD; Haemostasis and Thrombosis Task Force of the British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on fibrinogen assays. Br J Haematol 2003; 121: 396-404.
23. Sehgal LR, Zebala LP, Takagi I, et al. Evaluation of oxygen extraction ratio as a physiologic transfusion trigger in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Transfusion 2001; 41: 591-5. (Pubitemid 32844997)
24. Spahn DR, Dettori N, Kocian R, Chassot PG. Transfusion in the cardiac patient. Crit Care Clin 2004; 20: 269-79. (Pubitemid 38596816)
25. Welte M, Hable O. Die Indication zur perioperativen Transfusion von Erythrozyten. Anästh Intensivmed 2005; 3: 73-83. (Pubitemid 40461572)
26. Madjdpour C, Marcucci C, Tissot JD, Spahn DR. Perioperative blood transfusions. Value, risks, and guidelines. Anaesthesist 2005; 54: 67-80.
27. th revised edition; 2009. Available at: http://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/downloads/ LeitCrossBloodComponents4ed.pdf. Last accessed on 03/25/2010.
28. Weiskopf RB, Viele MK, Feiner J, et al. Human cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute, severe isovolemic anemia. JAMA 1998; 279: 217-21. (Pubitemid 28133784)
29. Lieberman JA, Weiskopf RB, Kelley SD, et al. Critical oxygen delivery in conscious humans is less than 7.3 ml O2 x kg(-1) x min(-1). Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 407-13.
30. Ickx BE, Rigolet M, Van Der Linden PJ. Cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute normovolemic anemia. Effects of anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 1011-6.
31. Weiskopf RB, Feiner J, Hopf H, et al. Heart rate increases linearly in response to acute isovolemic anemia. Transfusion 2003; 43: 235-40. (Pubitemid 36207303)
32. Spahn DR, Leone BJ, Reves JG, Pasch T. Cardiovascular and coronary physiology of acute isovolemic hemodilution: a review of nonoxygen-carrying and oxygen-carrying solutions. Anesth Analg 1994; 78: 1000-21. (Pubitemid 24138282)
33. Spahn DR, Zollinger A, Schlumpf RB, et al. Hemodilution tolerance in elderly patients without known cardiac disease. Anesth Analg 1996; 82: 681-6. (Pubitemid 26111561)
34. Spahn DR, Seifert B, Pasch T, Schmid ER. Effects of chronic beta-blockade on compensatory mechanisms during acute isovolaemic haemodilution in patients with coronary artery disease. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78: 381-5. (Pubitemid 27179888)
35. Jamnicki M, Kocian R, van der Linden P, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution: physiology, limitations, and clinical use. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003; 17: 747-54. (Pubitemid 38044907)
36. Liumbruno GM, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, et al. Recommendations for the use of albumin and immunoglobulins. Blood Transfus 2009; 7: 216-34.
37. Alderson P, Schierhout G, Roberts I, Bunn F. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 2: CD000567.
38. Roberts I, Alderson P, Bunn F, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 4: CD000567.
39. Perel P, Roberts I. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4: CD000567.
40. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, et al; SAFE Study Investigators. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2247-56. (Pubitemid 38669207)
41. Bunn F, Trivedi D, Ashraf S. Colloid solutions for fluid resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 1: CD001319.
42. Barron ME, Wilkes MM, Navickis RJ. A systematic review of the comparative safety of colloids. Arch Surg 2004; 139: 552-63. (Pubitemid 38585756)
43. Davidson IJ. Renal impact of fluid management with colloids: a comparative review. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006; 23: 721-38. (Pubitemid 44195803)
44. Egli GA, Zollinger A, Seifert B, et al. Effect of progressive haemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch, gelatin and albumin on blood coagulation. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78: 684-9. (Pubitemid 27268079)
45. de Jonge E, Levi M. Effects of different plasma substitutes on blood coagulation: a comparative review. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1261-7. (Pubitemid 32554345)
46. Langeron O, Doelberg M, Ang ET, et al. Voluven, a lower substituted novel hydroxyethyl starch (HES 130/0.4), causes fewer effects on coagulation in major orthopedic surgery than HES 200/0.5. Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 855-62. (Pubitemid 32239122)
47. Boldt J, Haisch G, Suttner S, et al. Effects of a new modified, balanced hydroxyethyl starch preparation (Hextend) on measures of coagulation. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89: 722-8. (Pubitemid 35277221)
48. Strauss RG, Pennell BJ, Stump DC. A randomized, blinded trial comparing the hemostatic effects of pentastarch versus hetastarch. Transfusion 2002; 42: 27-36.
49. Hardy JF, de Moerloose P, Samama M; Groupe d'intérêt en Hémostase Périopératoire. Massive transfusion and coagulopathy: pathophysiology and implications for clinical management. Can J Anaesth 2006; 53 (6 Suppl): S40-58.
50. Kozek-Langenecker SA, Jungheinrich C, Sauermann W, Van der Linden P. The effects of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (6%) on blood loss and use of blood products in major surgery: a pooled analysis of randomized clinical trials. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 382-90.
51. Searle E, Pavord A, Alfirevic Z. Recombinant factor VIIa and other pro-haemostatic therapies in primary postpartum haemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 22: 1075-88.
52. Decreto del Ministro della Salute 3 marzo 2005. Caratteristiche e modalità per la donazione del sangue e di emocomponenti. Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana, n. 85, 13 April 2005.
53. st ed. Milan: Edizioni SIMTI; 2007. Edizioni SIMTI.
54. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the use of platelet transfusions. Br J Haematol 2003; 122: 10-23.
55. Patel IP, Ambinder E, Holland JF, Aldedort LM. In vitro and in vivo comparison of single-donor platelets and multiple-donor pooled platelet transfusions in leukemic patients. Transfusion 1978; 18: 116-9.
56. Turner VS, Awker RJ, Mitchell SG, Seymour Mead AM. Paired in vitro and in vivo comparison of apheresis and recovered platelet concentrates stored for five days. J Clin Apher 1994; 9: 189-94.
57. Heaton WA, Rebulla P, Pappalettera M, Dzik WH. A comparative analysis of different methods for routine blood component preparation. Transfus Med Rev 1997; 11: 116-29. (Pubitemid 27202246)
58. Schiffer AC, Anderson KC, Bennet CL, et al. Platelet transfusion for patients with cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1519-38. (Pubitemid 32202560)
59. O'Shaughnessy DF, Atterbury C, Bolton Maggs P, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Blood Transfusion Task Force. Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant. Br J Haematol 2004; 126: 11-28.
60. Ferrari M, Zia S, Valbonesi M, et al. A new technique for hemodilution, preparation of autologous platelet-rich plasma and intraoperative blood salvage in cardiac surgery. Int J Artif Organs 1987; 10: 47-50. (Pubitemid 17028923)
61. Tobe CE, Vocelka C, Sepulvada R, et al. Infusion of autologous platelet rich plasma does not reduce blood loss and product use after coronary artery bypass. A prospective, randomized, blinded study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 105: 1007-14. (Pubitemid 23178831)
62. Ereth MH, Oliver WC Jr, Beynen FM, et al. Autologous platelet-rich plasma does not reduce transfusion of homologous blood products in patients undergoing repeat valvular surgery. Anesthesiology 1993; 79: 540-7.
63. Wong CA, Franklin ML, Wade LD. Coagulation tests, blood loss, and transfusion requirements in platelet-rich plasmapheresed versus nonpheresed cardiac surgery patients. Anesth Analg 1994; 78: 29-36. (Pubitemid 24012598)
64. Shore-Lesserson L, Reich DL, DePerio M, Silvay G. Autologous platelet-rich plasmapheresis: risk versus benefit in repeat cardiac operations. Anesth Analg 1995; 81: 229-35.
65. Triulzi DJ, Gilmor GD, Ness PM, et al. Efficacy of autologous fresh whole blood or platelet-rich plasma in adult cardiac surgery. Transfusion 1995; 35: 627-34.
66. Napier JA, Bruce M, Chapman J, et al. Guidelines for autologous transfusion. II. Perioperative haemodilution and cell salvage. British Committee for Standards in Haematology Blood Transfusion Task Force. Autologous Transfusion Working Party. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78: 768-71.
67. Rubens FD, Fergusson D, Wells PS, et al. Platelet-rich plasmapheresis in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of the effect on transfusion requirements. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 116: 641-7. (Pubitemid 28460632)
68. Wajon P, Gibson J, Calcroft R, et al. Intraoperative plateletpheresis and autologous platelet gel do not reduce chest tube drainage or allogeneic blood transfusion after reoperative coronary artery bypass graft. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 536-42. (Pubitemid 32785288)
69. Potter PS. Perioperative apheresis. Transfusion 2004; 44 (2 Suppl): 54S-7S.
70. Society of Thoracic Surgeons Blood Conservation Guideline Task Force, Ferraris VA, Ferraris SP, Saha SP, et al. Perioperative blood transfusion and blood conservation in cardiac surgery: the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists clinical practice guideline. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 83 (5 Suppl): S27-86.
71. Wardrop CA, Holland BM, Jones JG. Consensus on red cell transfusion. BMJ 1995; 311: 962-3.
72. rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996.
73. Crosby E, Ferguson D, Hume HA, et al; Expert Working Group. Guidelines for red blood cell and plasma transfusion for adults and children. Can Med Assoc J 1997; 156 (Suppl 11): S1-24.
74. Calder L, Hebert PC, Carter AO, Graham ID. Review of published recommendations and guidelines for the transfusions of allogeneic red blood cells and plasma. Can Med Assoc J 1997; 156 (Suppl 11): S1-8.
75. Hebert PC, Schweitzer I, Calder L, et al. Review of the clinical practice literature on allogeneic red blood cell transfusion. Can Med Assoc J 1997; 156 (Suppl 11): S9-26.
76. Simon TL, Alverson DC, AuBuchon J, et al. Practice parameter for the use of red blood cell transfusions: developed by the red blood cell administration practice guidelines development task force of the College of American Pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998; 122: 130-8. (Pubitemid 28084185)
77. Hebert PC, Wells G, Martin, et al. Variation in red cell transfusion practice in the intensive care unit: a multicentre cohort study. Crit Care 1999; 3: 57-63. (Pubitemid 29272089)
78. Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 409-17. (Pubitemid 29084771)
79. Bracey AW, Radovancevic R, Riggs SA, et al. Lowering the hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in coronary artery bypass procedures: effect on patient outcome. Transfusion 1999; 39: 1070-7. (Pubitemid 29485322)
80. Murphy MF, Wallington TB, Kelsey P, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Blood Transfusion Task Force. Guidelines for the clinical use of red cell transfusions. Br J Haematol 2001; 113: 24-31.
81. Clinical practice guidelines on the use of blood components (red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate). Endorsed September 2001. National Health and Medical Research Council, Australasian Society of Blood Transfusion Inc. Available at: http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/ synopses/-files/cp78.pdf. Last accessed on 03/25/2010.
82. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Perioperative blood transfusion for elective surgery. A national clinical guideline; October 2001. Available at: http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign54.pdf. Last accessed on 03/25/2010.
83. Hebert PC, Yetisir E, Martin C, et al. Is a low transfusion threshold safe in critically ill patients with cardiovascular disease? Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 227-34.
84. Wu WC, Rathore SS, Wang Y, et al. Blood transfusion in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1230-6. (Pubitemid 34951486)
85. nd ed. American National Red Cross; 2007. Available at: http://www.redcross.org/ www-files/Documents/WorkingWiththeRedCross/practiceguidelinesforbloodtrans.pdf. Last accessed on 03/25/2010.
86. Hebert PC, Fergusson DA. Red blood cell transfusion in critically ill patients. JAMA 2002; 288: 1525-6.
87. Hill SR, Carless PA, Henry DA, et al. Transfusion thresholds and other strategies for guiding allogeneic red blood cell transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 2: CD002042.
88. Carson JL, Hill S, Carless P, et al. Transfusion triggers: a systematic review of the literature. Transfus Med Rev 2002; 16: 187-99. (Pubitemid 34686541)
89. Vincent JL, Baron JF, Reinhart K, et al. Anemia and blood transfusion in critically ill patients. JAMA 2002; 288: 1499-507.
90. Rao SV, Jollis JG, Harrington RA, et al. Relationship of blood transfusion and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2004; 292: 1555-62. (Pubitemid 39314961)
91. Stainsby D, MacLennan S, Thomas D, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines on the management of massive blood loss. Br J Haematol 2006; 135: 634-41.
92. McClelland DBL. Clinical transfusion: surgery and critical illness. In: McClelland DBL, editor. Handbook of Transfusion Medicine. London, UK: TSO; 2007. p. 23-34.
93. Baele PL, Muylle L, Noens L, et al. Guidelines for the transfusion of red cells. Acta Clin Belg 2008; 63: 301-12.
94. Marik PE, Corwin HL. Efficacy of red blood cell transfusion in the critically ill: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 2667-74.
95. Briggs C, Guthrie D, Hyde K, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology General Haematology Task Force. Guidelines for point-of-care testing: haematology. Br J Haematol 2008; 142: 904-15.
96. Practice Guidelines for blood component therapy: A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Blood Component Therapy. Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 732-47.
97. Valeri CR, Dennis RC, Ragno G, et al. Limitations of the hematocrit level to assess the need for red blood cell transfusion in hypovolemic anemic patients. Transfusion 2006; 46: 365-71. (Pubitemid 43334088)
98. Messmer K, Lewis DH, Sunder-Plassmann L, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution. Changes of central hemodynamics and microcirculatory flow in skeletal muscle. Eur Surg Res 1972; 4: 55-70.
99. Laks H, O'Connor NE, Pilon RN, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution: effects on hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and lung water in anesthetized man. Surg Forum 1973; 24: 201-2.
100. st clinical experiences. Langenbecks Arch Chir 1974; Suppl: 185-9.
101. Kreimeier U, Messmer K. Perioperative hemodilution. Transfus Apher Sci 2002; 27: 59-72. (Pubitemid 34663870)
102. Shander A, Rijhwani TS. Acute normovolemic hemodilution. Transfusion 2004: 44 (2 Suppl): 26S-34S.
103. Monk TG. Acute normovolemic hemodilution. Anesthesiology Clin N Am 2005; 23: 271-81. (Pubitemid 40744879)
104. Catling S. Blood conservation techniques in obstetrics: a UK perspective. Int J Obstet Anesth 2007; 16: 241-9. (Pubitemid 46880313)
105. Shander A, Goodnough LT. Objectives and limitations of bloodless medical care. Curr Opin Hematol 2006; 13: 462-70. (Pubitemid 44607449)
106. Decreto del Ministro della Sanità 1 settembre 1995. Disciplina dei rapporti tra le strutture pubbliche provviste di servizi trasfusionali e quelle pubbliche e private, accreditate e non accreditate, dotate di frigoemoteche. Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana, n. 240, 13 October 1995.
107. Goodnough LT, Monk TG, Brecher ME. Acute normovolemic hemodilution should replace the preoperative donation of autologous blood as a method of autologous-blood procurement. Transfusion 1998; 38: 473-6. (Pubitemid 28287505)
108. Weiskopf RB. Efficacy of acute normovolemic hemodilution assessed as a function of fraction of blood volume lost. Anesthesiology 2001; 94: 439-46. (Pubitemid 32198451)
109. Billote DB, Abdoue AG, Wixson RL. Comparison of acute normovolemic hemodilution and preoperative autologous blood donation in clinical practice. J Clin Anesth 2000; 12: 31-5. (Pubitemid 30204613)
110. Cardone D, Klein AA. Perioperative blood conservation. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 722-9.
111. Kochamba GS, Pfeffer TA, Sintek CF, et al. Intraoperative autotransfusion reduces blood loss after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 61: 900-3. (Pubitemid 26084551)
112. Helm RE, Klemperer JD, Rosengart TK, et al. Intraoperative autologous blood donation preserves red cell mass but does not decrease postoperative bleeding. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62: 1431-41. (Pubitemid 26383546)
113. Olsfanger D, Fredman B, Goldstein B, et al. Acute normovolaemic haemodilution decreases postoperative allogeneic blood transfusion after total knee replacement. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79: 317-21. (Pubitemid 27404044)
114. Terada N, Arai Y, Matsuta Y, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution for radical prostatectomy: can it replace preoperative autologous blood transfusion? Int J Urol 2001; 8: 149-52.
115. Matot I, Scheinin O, Jurim O, et al. Effectiveness of acute normovolaemic haemodilution to minimize allogeneic blood transfusion in major liver resections. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 794-800.
116. Wong JC, Torella F, Haynes SL, et al. Autologous versus allogeneic transfusion in aortic surgery: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 145-51. (Pubitemid 34062411)
117. Habler O, Schwenzer K, Zimmer K, et al. Effects of standardized acute normovolemic hemodilution on intraoperative allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing major maxillofacial surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 33: 467-75. (Pubitemid 38950215)
118. Bennet J, Haynes S, Torella F, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution in moderate blood loss surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Transfusion 2006; 46: 1097-103. (Pubitemid 44139482)
119. Takayanagi A, Masumori N, Kobayashi K, et al. Acute normovolemic hemodilution for radical retropubic prostatectomy and radical cystectomy. Urology 2008; 72: 401-5.
120. Imai R, Matsumura H, Uchida R, Watanabe K. Perioperative hemodilutional autologous blood transfusion in burn surgery. Int J Care Injured 2008, 39: 57-60.
121. Parkin IR, Chiu GA, Schwarz PA, Hodder SC. Acute perioperative normovolaemic haemodilution in major maxillofacial surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 46: 387-90. (Pubitemid 351787377)
122. Jarnagin WR, Gonen M, Maithel SK, et al. A prospective randomized trial of acute normovolemic hemodilution compared to standard intraoperative management in patients undergoing major hepatic resection. Ann Surg 2008; 248: 360-9.
123. Kahraman S, Altunkaya H, Celebioglu B, et al. The effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution on homologous blood requirements and total estimated red blood cell volume lost. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41: 614-7. (Pubitemid 27244560)
124. Hohn L, Schweizer A, Licker M, Morel DR. Absence of beneficial effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution combined with aprotinin on allogeneic blood transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 276-92.
125. Svenmarker S, Engstrom KG. The inflammatory response to recycled pericardial suction blood and the influence of cell-saving. Scand Cardiovasc J 2003; 37: 158-64. (Pubitemid 36889380)
126. Bryson GL, Laupacis A, Wells GA. Does acute normovolemic hemodilution reduce perioperative allogeneic transfusion? A meta-analysis. The International Study of Perioperative Transfusion. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 9-15. (Pubitemid 28040082)
127. Gillon J, Desmond M, Thomas MJ. Acute normovolemic haemodilution. Transfus Med 1999; 9: 259-64.
128. Segal JB, Blasco-Colmenares E, Norris EJ, Guallar E. Preoperative acute normovolemic hemodilution: a meta-analysis. Transfusion 2004; 44: 632-44. (Pubitemid 38608238)
129. Carless P, Moxey A, O'Connell DO, Henry D. Autologous transfusion techniques: a systematic review of their efficacy. Transfus Med 2004; 14: 123-44. (Pubitemid 38623075)
130. Zohar E, Fredman B, Ellis M, et al. A comparative study of the postoperative allogeneic blood sparing effect of tranexamic acid versus acute normovolemic hemodilution after total knee replacement. Anesth Analg 1999; 89: 1382-7.
131. Moyes DG, Mistry BD, Conlan AA. Normovolaemic haemodilution using dextran 70 in thoracic surgery. S Afr Med 1985; 67: 762-4. (Pubitemid 15021457)
132. Catoire P, Saada M, Liu N, et al. Effect of preoperative normovolemic hemodilution on left ventricular segmental wall motion during abdominal aortic surgery. Anesth Analg 1992; 75: 654-9.
133. Welch M, Knight DG, Carr HM, et al. The preservation of renal function by isovolemic hemodilution during aortic operations. J Vasc Surg 1993; 18: 858-66. (Pubitemid 23346911)
134. Davies L, Brown TJ, Haynes S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of cell salvage and alternative methods of minimizing perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion: a systematic review and economic model. Health Technol Assess 2006; 10: 1-210.
135. Waters JH. Red blood cell recovery and reinfusion. Anesthesiology Clin N Am 2005; 23: 283-94. (Pubitemid 40744880)
136. Topics in Transfusion Medicine. Guidelines for Autologous Blood Collection. Australasian Society of Blood Transfusion. April 2002. Available at: http://www.anzsbt.org.au/publications/documents/2002-Vol9-2.pdf. Last accessed on 03/25/2010.
137. Gross JB. Estimating allowable blood loss: corrected for dilution. Anesthesiology 1983; 58: 277-80.
138. Messmer K. Hemodilution. Surg Clin North Am 1975; 55: 659-78.
139. Messmer K. Preoperative hemodilution. In: Rossi EC, Simon TL, Moss GS, editors. Principles of Transfusion Medicine. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1991. p. 405-9.
140. st ed, Bethesda, Maryland: AABB; 2006. p. 45-76.
141. th ed. Bethesda, Maryland: AABB; 2005. p. 117-38.
142. Clague CT, Blackshear Jr PL. A low-hemolysis blood aspirator conserves blood during surgery. Biomed Instrum Technol 1995; 29: 419-24.
143. Gregoretti S. Suction-induced hemolysis at various vacuum pressures: implications for intraoperative blood salvage. Transfusion 1996; 36: 57-60. (Pubitemid 26057264)
144. Sutera SP. Flow-induced trauma to blood cells. Circ Res 1977; 41: 2-8.
145. Reeder GD. Autotransfusion theory of operation: a review of the physics and hematology. Transfusion 2004; 44 (12 Suppl): 35S-9S.
146. Waters JH, Williams B, Yazer MH, Kameneva MV. Modification of suction-induced hemolysis during cell salvage. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 684-7.
147. Hansen E, Pawlik M. Reasons against the retransfusion of unwashed wound blood. Transfusion 2004; 44 (12 Suppl): 45S-53S.
148. Faught C, Wells P, Ferguson D, et al. Adverse effects of methods for minimizing perioperative allogeneic transfusion: a critical review of the literature. Transfus Med Rev 1998; 12: 206-25. (Pubitemid 28377119)
149. Huet C, Salmi LR, Fergusson D, et al. A meta analysis of the effectiveness of cell salvage to minimize perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in cardiac and orthopedic surgery. Anesth Analg 1999; 89: 861-78.
150. Carless PA, Henry DA, Moxey AJ, et al. Cell salvage for minimizing perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 4: CD001888.
151. Reijngoud LW, Pattyn C, De Haan R, et al. Does intraoperative cell salvage remove cobalt and chromium from reinfused blood? J Arthroplasty 2009; 24: 1125-9.
152. Dai B, Wang L, Djaiani G, Mazer CD. Continuous and discontinuous cell-washing autotransfusion systems. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2004; 18: 210-7. (Pubitemid 38506873)
153. Waters JH, Lukanskiene E, Anderson M. Intraoperative blood salvage during cesarean section in a patient with beta thalassemia. Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 1808-9. (Pubitemid 37475143)
154. Waters JH. Indications and contraindications of cell salvage. Transfusion 2004; 44 (12 Suppl): 40S-4S.
155. Gohel MS, Bulbulia RA, Slim FJ, et al. How to approach major surgery where patients refuse blood transfusion (including Jehovah's Witnesses). Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2005; 87: 3-14. (Pubitemid 40104225)
156. Wang G, Bainbridge D, Martin J, Cheng D. The efficacy of an intraoperative cell saver during cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 320-30.
157. Vermeijden WJ, Hagenaars A, van Oeveren W, de Vries J. Do repeated runs of a cell saver device increase the pro-inflammatory properties of washed blood? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 34: 350-3.
158. Lau K, Shah H, Kelleher A, Moat N. Coronary artery surgery: cardiotomy suction or cell salvage? J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 2: 46.
159. de Haan J, Boonstra PW, Monnik SH, et al. Retransfusion of suctioned blood during cardiopulmonary bypass impairs hemostasis. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 59: 901-7.
160. Reents W, Babin-Ebell J, Misoph MR, et al. Influence of different autotransfusion devices on the quality of salvaged blood. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 68: 58-62. (Pubitemid 29338963)
161. Svenmarker S, Engstrom KG. The inflammatory response to recycled pericardial suction blood and the influence of cell-saving. Scand Cardiovasc J 2003; 37: 158-64. (Pubitemid 36889380)
162. Rother RP, Bell L, Hilmen P, Gladwin MT. The clinical sequelae of intravascular hemolysis and extracellular plasma hemoglobin: a novel mechanism of human disease. JAMA 2005; 293: 1653-62. (Pubitemid 40471796)
163. Boonstra PW, van Imhoff GW, Eysman L, et al. Reduced platelet activation and improved hemostasis after controlled cardiotomy suction during clinical membrane oxygenator perfusions. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985; 89: 900-6. (Pubitemid 15012860)
164. Booke M, Fobker M, Fingerhut D, et al. Fat elimination during intraoperative autotransfusion: an in vitro investigation. Anesth Analg 1997; 85: 959-62. (Pubitemid 27471506)
165. Booke M, Van Aken H, Storm M, et al. Fat elimination from autologous blood. Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 341-3. (Pubitemid 32127614)
166. Brooker RF, Brown WR, Moody DM, et al. Cardiotomy suction: a major source of brain lipid emboli during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 1651-5.
167. Djaiani G, Fedorko L, Borger MA, et al. Continuous-flow cell saver reduces cognitive decline in elderly patients after coronary bypass surgery. Circulation 2007; 116: 1888-95. (Pubitemid 350287084)
168. Rubens FD, Boodhwani M, Mesana T, et al, Cardiotomy investigators. The cardiotomy trial: a randomized, double-blind study to assess the effect of processing of shed blood during cardiopulmonary bypass on transfusion and neurocognitive function. Circulation 2007; 116 (Suppl 11): 189-97.
169. Rosengart TK, DeBois W, O'Hara M, et al. Retrograde autologous priming for cardiopulmonary bypass: a safe and effective means of decreasing
170. Shapira OM, Aldea GS, Treanor PR, et al. Reduction of allogeneic blood transfusions after open-heart operations by lowering cardiopulmonary bypass prime volume. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 724-30. (Pubitemid 28162469)
171. Rousou JA, Engleman RM, Flack JE, et al. The 'Primeless pump': a novel technique for intraoperative blood conservation. Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 7: 228-35.
172. Balachandran S, Cross MH, Karthikeyan S, et al. Retrograde autologous priming of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit reduces blood transfusion after coronary artery surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 73: 1912-8. (Pubitemid 34596741)
173. Eising GP, Pfauder M, Niemeyer M, et al. Retrograde autologous priming: is it useful in elective on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery? Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75: 23-7.
174. Sobieski MA, Slaughter MS, Hart DE, et al. Prospective study on cardiopulmonary bypass prime reduction and its effects on intraoperative blood product and hemoconcentrator use. Perfusion 2005; 20: 31-7. (Pubitemid 40298233)
175. Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Nitsun M, et al. The failure of retrograde autologous priming of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit to reduce blood use after cardiac surgical procedures. Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 1201-7. (Pubitemid 38525567)
176. Saczkowski R, Bernier PL, Tchervenkov CI, Arellano R. Retrograde autologous priming and allogeneic blood transfusions: a meta-analysis. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2009; 8: 373-6.
177. Sundt TM. Technology insight: randomized trials of off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2005; 2: 261-8. (Pubitemid 40846498)
178. Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Djaiani G, et al. Off-pump coronary artery surgery for reducing mortality and morbidity: meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 872-82. (Pubitemid 41224813)
179. Khan NE, De Souza A, Mister R, et al. A randomized comparison of off-pump and on-pump multivessel coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 21-8. (Pubitemid 38032180)
180. van Dijk D, Nierich AP, Jansen EW, et al. Early outcome after off-pump versus on-pump coronary bypass surgery: results from a randomized study. Circulation 2001; 104: 1761-6. (Pubitemid 32963339)
181. Angelini GD, Taylor FC, Reeves BC, Ascione R. Early and midterm outcome after off-pump and on-pump surgery in Beating Heart Against Cardioplegic Arrest Studies (BHACAS 1 and 2): a pooled analysis of two randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2002; 359: 1194-9. (Pubitemid 34304259)
182. Puskas JD, Williams WH, Duke PG, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting provides complete revascularization with reduced myocardial injury, transfusion requirements, and length of stay: a prospective randomized comparison of two hundred unselected patients undergoing off-pump versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125: 797-808. (Pubitemid 36457500)
183. Cheng DC, Bainbridge D, Martin JE, Novick RJ. Does off-pump coronary artery bypass reduce mortality, morbidity, and resource utilization when compared with conventional coronary artery bypass? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesthesiology 2005; 102: 188-203. (Pubitemid 40082856)
184. Jones RH. Intraoperative crossover: the well-kept surgical secret to apparent surgical success. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1529-31. (Pubitemid 40615629)
185. Henry DA, Carless PA, Moxey AJ, et al. Pre-operative autologous donation for minimizing perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 2: CD003602.
186. Forgie MA, Wells PS, Laupacis A, Fergusson D. Preoperative autologous donation decreases allogeneic transfusion but increases exposure to all red blood cell transfusion: results of a metaanalysis. International Study of Perioperative Transfusion (ISPOT) Investigators. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 610-6. (Pubitemid 28144818)
187. Coleman D, Stevens AJ, Dodge H, Finch C. Rate of blood regeneration after blood loss. AMA Arch Intern Med 1953; 92: 341-9.
188. Hodges VM, Rainey S, Lappin TR, Maxwell AP. Pathophysiology of anemia and erythrocytosis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 64: 139-58. (Pubitemid 47488895)
189. Erslev AJ, Caro J, Miller O, Silver R. Plasma erythropoietin in health and disease. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1980; 10: 250-7. (Pubitemid 10109572)
190. Erslev AJ, Wilson J, Caro J. Erythropoietin titers in anemic, nonuremic patients. J Lab Clin Med 1987; 109: 429-33. (Pubitemid 17064445)
191. Weisbach V, Corbiere C, Strasser E, et al. The variability of compensatory erythropoiesis in repeated autologous blood donation. Transfusion 2001; 41: 179-83. (Pubitemid 32220506)
192. Singbartl G. Preoperative autologous blood donation-part I. Only two clinical parameters determine efficacy of the autologous predeposit. Minerva Anestesiol 2007; 73: 143-51.
193. Singbartl G, Malgorzata S, Quoss A. Preoperative autologous blood donation - part II. Adapting the predeposit concept to the physiological basics of erythropoiesis improves its efficacy. Minerva Anestesiol 2007; 73: 153-60.
194. Singbartl G, Schreiber J, Singbartl K. Preoperative autologous blood donation versus intraoperative blood salvage: intraindividual analyses and modeling of efficacy in 1103 patients. Transfusion 2009; 49: 2374-83.
195. Bridgens JP, Evans CR, Dobson PM, Hamer AJ. Intraoperative red blood-cell salvage in revision hip surgery. A case-matched study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89: 270-5. (Pubitemid 46214343)
196. Tenholder M, Cushner FD. Intraoperative blood management in joint replacement surgery. Orthopedics 2004; 27 (6 Suppl); s663-8.
197. Tobias JD. Strategies for minimizing blood loss in orthopedic surgery. Semin Hematol 2004; 41 (Suppl 1): 145-56. (Pubitemid 38182731)
198. Bess RS, Lenke LG. Blood loss minimization and blood salvage techniques for complex spinal surgery. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2006; 17: 227-34. (Pubitemid 44109974)
199. Alvarez GG, Ferguson DA, Neilipovitz DT, Hébert PC. Cell salvage does not minimize perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in abdominal vascular surgery: a systematic review. Can J Anesth 2004; 51: 425-31. (Pubitemid 38594363)
200. Goodnough LT, Monk TG, Sicard G, et al. Intraoperative salvage in patients undergoing elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: an analysis of cost and benefit. J Vasc Surg 1996; 24: 213-8. (Pubitemid 26327766)
201. Healy CF, Doyle M, Egan B, et al. Transfusion requirement and outcomes in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery using intra-operative cell salvage. Ir J Med Sci 2007; 176: 33-6. (Pubitemid 47097131)
202. Marković M, Davidović L, Savić N, et al. Intraoperative cell salvage versus allogeneic transfusion during abdominal aortic surgery: clinical and financial outcomes. Vascular 2009; 17: 83-92.
203. Freischlag JA. Intraoperative blood salvage in vascular surgery - worth the effort? Crit Care 2004; 8 (Suppl 2): S53-6.
204. Takagi H, Sekino S, Kato T, et al. Intraoperative autotransfusion in abdominal aortic surgery: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Surg 2007; 142: 1098-101. (Pubitemid 350157055)
205. Spark JI, Chetter IC, Kester RC, Scott DJ. Allogeneic versus autologous blood during abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1997; 14: 482-486. (Pubitemid 28051205)
206. Clagett GP, Valentine RJ, Jackson MR, et al. A randomized trial of intraoperative autotransfusion during aortic surgery. J Vasc Surg 1999; 29: 22-31. (Pubitemid 29035928)
207. Patra P, Chaillou P, Bizouarn P. Intraoperative autotransfusion for repair of unruptured aneurysms of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2000; 41: 407-13. (Pubitemid 30450012)
208. Hughes LG, Thomas DW, Wareham K, et al. Intraoperative blood salvage in abdominal trauma: a review of 5 years' experience. Anaesthesia 2001; 56: 217-20. (Pubitemid 32197314)
209. Bowley DM, Barker P, Boffard KD. Intraoperative blood salvage in penetrating abdominal trauma: a randomised, controlled trial. World J Surg 2006; 30: 1074-80. (Pubitemid 43824421)
210. Kamiyoshihara M, Ibe T, Takeyoshi I. The utility of an autologous blood salvage system in emergency thoracotomy for a hemothorax after chest trauma. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 56: 222-5. (Pubitemid 351677864)
211. Yamada T, Kasamatsu H. Laparoscopic surgery with intraoperative autologous blood transfusion in patients with heavy hemoperitoneum due to ectopic pregnancy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2000; 7: 255-6. (Pubitemid 30407963)
212. Selo-Ojeme DO. Intraoperative blood salvage and autotransfusion in the management of ruptured ectopic pregnancy: a review. East Afr Med J 2001; 78: 465-7.
213. Selo-Ojeme DO, Onwude JL, Onwudiegwu U. Autotransfusion for ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003; 80: 103-10. (Pubitemid 36143948)
214. Yamada T, Okamoto Y, Kasamatsu H, Mori H. Intraoperative autologous blood transfusion for hemoperitoneum resulting from ectopic pregnancy or ovarian bleeding during laparoscopic surgery. JSLS 2003; 7: 97-100.
215. Takeda A, Manabe S, Mitsui T, Nakamura H. Management of patients with ectopic pregnancy with massive hemoperitoneum by laparoscopic surgery with intraoperative autologous blood transfusion. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2006; 13: 43-8. (Pubitemid 43129732)
216. Takeda A, Sakai K, Mitsui T, Nakamura H. Management of ruptured corpus luteum cyst of pregnancy occurring in a 15-year-old girl by laparoscopic surgery with intraoperative autologous blood transfusion. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2007; 20: 97-100. (Pubitemid 46518179)
217. Selo-Ojeme DO, Feyi-Waboso PA. Salvage autotransfusion versus homologous blood transfusion for ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2007; 96: 108-11. (Pubitemid 46399611)
218. Cataldi S, Bruder N, Dufour H, et al. Intraoperative autologous blood transfusion in intracranial surgery. Neurosurgery 1997; 40: 765-71.
219. Chanda A, Smith DR, Nanda A. Autotransfusion by cell saver technique in surgery of lumbar and thoracic spinal fusion with instrumentation. J Neurosurg 2002; 96 (3 Suppl): 298-303. (Pubitemid 34245651)
220. Gause PR, Siska PA, Westrick ER, et al. Efficacy of intraoperative cell saver in decreasing postoperative blood transfusions in instrumented posterior lumbar fusion patients. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2008; 33: 571-5.
221. Rainaldi MP, Tazzari PL, Scagliarini G, et al. Blood salvage during caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1998; 80: 195-8. (Pubitemid 28069769)
222. Rebarber A, Lonser R, Jackson S, et al. The safety of intraoperative autologous blood collection and autotransfusion during cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 715-20. (Pubitemid 28447252)
223. Allam J, Cox M, Yentis SM. Cell salvage in obstetrics. Int J Obstet Anesth 2008; 17: 37-45. (Pubitemid 350298890)
224. Clark SL, Hankins GD, Dudley DA, et al. Amniotic fluid embolism: analysis of the national registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172: 1158-67.
225. Fineschi V, Gambassi R, Gherardi M, Turillazzi E. The diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism: an immunohistochemical study for the quantification of pulmonary mast cell tryptase. Int J Legal Med 1998; 111: 238-43. (Pubitemid 28381422)
226. Farrar SC, Gherman RB. Serum tryptase analysis in a woman with amniotic fluid embolism: a case report. J Reprod Med 2001; 46: 926-8. (Pubitemid 33032056)
227. Gist RS, Stafford IP, Leibovitz AB, Beilin Y. Amniotic fluid embolism. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 1599-602.
228. Stern K, Goodman HS, Berger M. Experimental isoimmunization to hemo-antigens in man. J Immunol 1961; 97: 1245-57.
229. Fung Kee Fung K, Eason E, Crane J, et al. Prevention of Rh alloimmunization. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2003; 25: 765-73.
230. MacKenzie IZ, Roseman F, Findlay J, et al. The kinetics of routine antenatal prophylactic intramuscular injections of polyclonal anti-D immunoglobulin. BJOG 2006; 113: 97-101.
231. Catling SJ, Gioels L. Cell salvage in obstetrics: the time has come. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2005; 112: 131-2.
232. Catling SJ, Williams S, Fielding AM. Cell salvage in obstetrics: an evaluation of the ability of cell salvage combined with leukocyte depletion filtration to remove amniotic fluid from operative blood loss at caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth 1999; 8: 79-84. (Pubitemid 29204157)
233. Waters JH, Biscotti C, Potter PS, Phillipson E. Amniotic fluid removal during cell salvage in the cesarean section patient. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 1531-6. (Pubitemid 30412469)
234. Geoghegan J, Daniels JP, Moore PAS, et al. Cell salvage at caesarean section: the need for an evidence-based approach. BJOG 2009; 116: 743-7.
235. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Practice guidelines for obstetric anesthesia: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2007; 106: 843-63.
236. Klimberg I, Sirois R, Wajsman Z, et al. Intraoperative autotransfusion in urologic oncology. Arch Surg 1986; 121: 1326-9. (Pubitemid 17180522)
237. rd, Klimberg IW, Wajsman Z, et al. Intraoperative autotransfusion in radical cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1989; 168: 302-6.
238. Gray Cl, Amling CL, Polston GR, et al. Intraoperative cell salvage in radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology 2001; 58: 740-5.
239. Davis M, Sofer M, Gomez-Marin O, et al. The use of cell salvage during radical retropubic prostatectomy: does it influence cancer recurrence? Br J Urol 2003; 91: 474-6.
240. Stoffel JT, Topjian L, Libertino JA. Analysis of peripheral blood for prostate cells after autologous transfusion given during radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2005; 96: 313-5. (Pubitemid 41097672)
241. Nieder AM, Carmack AJK, Sved PD, et al. Intraoperative cell salvage during radical prostatectomy is not associated with greater biochemical recurrence rate. Urology 2005; 65: 730-4. (Pubitemid 40523008)
242. Nieder AM, Manoharan M, Yang Y, Soloway MS. Intraoperative cell salvage during radical cystectomy does not affect long-term survival. Urology 2007; 69: 881-4. (Pubitemid 46670237)
243. MacIvor D, Nelson J, Triulzi D. Impact of intraoperative red blood cell salvage on transfusion requirements and outcomes in radical prostatectomy. Transfusion 2009; 49: 1431-4.
244. Nagarsheth NP, Sharma T, Shander A, Awan A. Blood salvage use in gynecologic oncology. Transfusion 2009; 49: 2048-53.
245. Zulim RA, Rocco M, Goodnight JE, et al. Intraoperative autotransfusion in hepatic resection for malignancy. Arch Surg 1993; 128: 206-11. (Pubitemid 23057646)
246. Liang TB, Li DL, Liang L, et al. Intraoperative blood salvage during liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: efficiency of leukocyte depletion filters in the removal of tumor cells. Transplantation 2008; 85: 863-9. (Pubitemid 351440752)
247. Perseghin P, Vigano M, Rocco G, et al. Effectiveness of leukocyte filters in reducing tumor cell contaminations after intraoperative blood salvage in lung cancer patients. Vox Sang 1997; 72: 221-4. (Pubitemid 27277714)
248. Akchurin RS, Davidov MI, Partigulov SA, et al. Cardiopulmonary bypass and cell-saver technique in combined oncologic and cardiovascular surgery. Artif Organs 1997; 21: 763-5. (Pubitemid 27314423)
249. Klimberg IW. Autotransfusion and blood conservation in urologic oncology. Semin Surg Oncol 1989; 5: 286-92. (Pubitemid 19216791)
250. Weiss L. Metastatic inefficiency: causes and consequences. Cancer Rev 1986; 3: 1-24. (Pubitemid 17200890)
251. Poli MCC, Villa LL, Colella R, Deheinzelin D. Molecular evidence of tumour cell removal from salvaged blood after irradiation and leukocyte depletion. Transfus Med 2004; 14: 151-5. (Pubitemid 38623077)
252. Catling S, Williams S, Freites O, et al. Use of a leucocyte filter to remove tumour cells from intraoperative cell salvage blood. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 1332-8.
253. Poli M, Camargo A, Villa L, et al. Intraoperative autologous blood recovery in prostate cancer surgery: in vivo validation using a tumour marker. Vox Sang 2008; 95: 308-12.
254. Hansen E, Hofstädter F, Taeger K. Autologous blood transfusion in tumor operations. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1994; 21: 337-48.
255. Hansen E, Knuechel R, Altmeppen J, Taeger K. Blood irradiation for intraoperative autotransfusion in cancer surgery: demonstration of efficient elimination of contaminating tumor cells. Transfusion 1999; 39: 608-15. (Pubitemid 29275331)
256. Hansen E, Bechmann V, Altmeppen J. Intraoperative blood salvage with irradiation of blood in cancer surgery: answers to current queries. Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2002; 37: 740-4. (Pubitemid 36054991)
257. Hansen E, Bechmann V, Altmeppen J. Intraoperative blood salvage in cancer surgery: safe and effective? Transfus Apher Sci 2002; 27: 153-7.
258. Sankarankutty AK, Teixera AC, Souza FF, et al. Impact of blood salvage during liver transplantation on reduction in transfusion requirements. Acta Cir Bras 2006; 21 (Suppl 1): 44-7. (Pubitemid 44544072)
259. Phillips SD, Maguire D, Deshpande R, et al. A prospective study investigating the cost effectiveness of intraoperative blood salvage during liver transplantation. Transplantation 2006; 81: 536-40.
260. Massicotte L, Thibeault L, Beaulieu D, et al. Evaluation of cell salvage autotransfusion utility during liver transplantation. HPB (Oxford) 2007; 9: 52-7. (Pubitemid 46992942)
261. Feltracco P, Michieletto E, Barbieri S, et al. Microbiologic contamination of intraoperative blood salvaged during liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2007; 39: 1889-91. (Pubitemid 47198774)
262. Sugai Y, Sugai K, Fuse A. Current status of bacterial contamination of autologous blood for transfusion. Transfus Apher Sci 2001; 24: 255-9. (Pubitemid 33070567)
263. Waters JH, Tuohy MJ, Hobson DF, Procop D. Bacterial reduction by cell salvage washing and leukocyte depletion filtration. Anesthesiology 2003; 99: 652-5. (Pubitemid 37051981)
264. Fong J, Gurewitsch ED, Kump L, Klein R. Clearance of fetal products and subsequent immunoreactivity of blood salvaged at cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 93: 968-72.
265. Potter PS, Waters JH, Burger GA, Mraovic B. Application of cell-salvage during cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 619-21. (Pubitemid 29071532)
266. Williamson KR, Taswell HF. Intraoperative blood salvage: a review. Transfusion 1991; 31: 662-75.
267. Bosly A, Muylle L, Noens L, et al. Guidelines for the transfusion of platelets. Acta Clin Belg 2007; 62: 36-47. (Pubitemid 46512949)
268. Rebulla P. Revisitation of the clinical indications for the transfusion of platelet concentrates. Rev Clin Exp Hematol 2001; 5: 288-310. (Pubitemid 34947707)
269. Tosetto A, Balduini CL, Cattaneo M, et al. Management of bleeding and of invasive procedures in patients with platelet disorders and/or thrombocytopenia: Guidelines of the Italian Society for Haemostasis and Thrombosis (SISET). Thromb Res 2009; 124: e13-8.
270. Pisciotto PT, Benson K, Hume H, et al. Prophylactic versus therapeutic platelet transfusion practices in hematology and/or oncology patients. Transfusion 1995; 35: 498-502.
271. Levi M. Current understanding of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Br J Haematol 2004; 124: 567-76. (Pubitemid 38297089)
272. Hellem AJ, Borchgrevink CF, Ames SB. The role of red cells in haemostasis: the relation between haematocrit, bleeding time and platelet adhesiveness. Br J Haematol 1961; 7: 42-50.
273. Livio M, Gotti E, Marchesi D, et al. Uraemic bleeding: role of anemia and beneficial effect of red cell transfusions. Lancet 1982; 2: 1013-5. (Pubitemid 12035188)
274. Small M, Lowe GD, Cameron E, Forbes CD. Contribution of the haematocrit to the bleeding time. Haemostasis 1983; 13: 379-84.
275. Fernandez F, Goudable C, Sie P, et al. Low haematocrit and prolonged bleeding time in uraemic patients: effect of red cell transfusions. Br J Haematol 1985; 59: 139-48. (Pubitemid 15188829)
276. Escolar G, Garrido M, Mazzara R, et al. Experimental basis for the use of red cell transfusion in the management of anemic-thrombocytopenic patients. Transfusion 1988; 28: 406-11. (Pubitemid 18260642)
277. Burns ER, Lawrence C. Bleeding time. A guide to its diagnostic and clinical utility. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989; 113: 1219-24.
278. Ho CH. The hemostatic effect of adequate red cell transfusion in patients with anemia and thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 1996; 36: 290.
279. Crowley JP, Metzger JB, Valeri CR. The volume of blood shed during the bleeding time correlates with the peripheral venous hematocrit. Am J Clin Pathol 1997; 108: 579-84. (Pubitemid 27459242)
280. Valeri CR, Cassidy G, Pivacek LE, et al. Anemia-induced increase in the bleeding time: implications for treatment of nonsurgical blood loss. Transfusion 2001; 41: 977-83. (Pubitemid 33642786)
281. Eugster M, Reinhart WH. The influence of the hematocrit on primary haemostasis in vitro. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94: 1213-8. (Pubitemid 41819618)
282. Webert KE, Cook RJ, Sigouin CS, et al. The risk of bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Haematologica 2006; 41: 1530-7. (Pubitemid 44736120)
283. Webert KE, Cook RJ, Couban S, et al. A multicenter pilot-randomized controlled trial of the feasibility of an augmented red blood cell transfusion strategy for patients treated with induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia or stem cell transplantation. Transfusion 2008; 48: 81-91.
284. Standards for Blood Banks and Transfusion Services. 24th ed. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks; 2006.
285. Slichter SJ, Davis K, Enright H, et al. Factors affecting posttransfusion platelet increments, platelet refractoriness, and platelet transfusion intervals in thrombocytopenic patients. Blood 2005; 105: 4106-14. (Pubitemid 40656162)
286. Lozano M, Cid J. The clinical implication of platelet transfusions associated with ABO or Rh(D) incompatibility. Transfus Med Rev 2003; 17: 57-68.
287. Herman JH, King KE. Apheresis platelet transfusion: does ABO matter? [editorial]. Transfusion 2004; 44: 802-4.
288. Josephson CD, Mullis NC, Van Demark C, Hillyer CD. Significant numbers of apheresis-derived group O platelet units have "high titer" anti-A/A, B: implications for transfusion policy. Transfusion 2004; 44: 805-8.
289. Tinmouth AT, Semple E, Shehata N, Branch DR. Platelet immunopathology and therapy: a Canadian Blood Services research and development symposium. Transfus Med Rev 2006; 20: 294-314. (Pubitemid 44467851)
290. Daly PA, Schiffer CA, Aisner J, Wiernik PA. Platelet transfusion therapy. One hour posttransfusion increments are valuable in predicting the need for HLA-matched preparations. JAMA 1980; 243: 435-8.
291. O'Connell B, Lee EJ, Schiffer CA. The value of 10-minute post-transfusion platelet counts. Transfusion 1988; 28: 66-7.
292. Bishop JF, Matthews JP, McGarth K, et al. Factors influencing 20-hour increments after platelet transfusion. Transfusion 1991; 31: 392-6.
293. Contreras M. Diagnosis and treatment of patients refractory to platelet transfusions. Blood Rev 1998; 12: 215-21. (Pubitemid 29027570)
294. Novotny VM. Prevention and management of platelet transfusion refractoriness. Vox Sang 1999; 76: 1-13. (Pubitemid 29065240)
295. Roback JD, Caldwell S, Carson J, et al. Evidence-based practice guidelines for plasma transfusion. Transfusion 2010; 50: 1227-39.
296. World Health Organisation. The Clinical Use of Blood Handbook. Geneva: WHO; 2005.
297. NIH - Consensus Conference. Fresh-frozen plasma. Indications and risks. JAMA 1985; 253: 551-3.
298. De Backer D, Vandekerckhove B, Stanworth S, et al. Guidelines for the use of fresh frozen plasma. Acta Clin Belg 2008; 63: 381-90.
299. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guidelines for the use of fresh frozen plasma. Transfus Med 1992; 2: 57-63.
300. Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma. Medical Directors Advisory Committee, National Blood Transfusion Council. S Afr Med J 1998; 88: 1344-7.
301. Marconi M. Italian guidelines for the appropriate use of plasma. Tumori 2001; 87: S14-6.
302. Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé. Transfusion de plasma frais congelé: produits, indications, méthode général et recommandations. Transf Clin Biol 2002; 9: 322-32.
303. Hellstern P, Muntean W, Schramm W, et al. Practical guidelines for the clinical use of plasma. Thromb Res 2002; 95: 53-7.
304. Ortiz P, Mingo A, Lozano M, et al. Guide for transfusion of blood components. Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 125: 389-96. (Pubitemid 41633268)
305. Gouezec H, Jego P, Betremieux P, et al. Indications for use of labile blood products and the physiology of blood transfusion in medicine. The French Agency for the Health Safety of Health Products. Transfus Clin Biol 2005; 12: 69-76.
306. Stanworth SJ, Brunskill SJ, Hyde CJ, et al. Appraisal of the evidence for the clinical use of FFP and plasma fractions. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2006; 19: 67-82. (Pubitemid 43118864)
307. Chee YL, Crawford JC, Watson HG, Greaves M. Guidelines on the assessment of bleeding risk prior to surgery or invasive procedures. Br J Haematol 2008; 140: 496-504.
308. Segal J, Dzik WH. Transfusion Medicine/Hemostasis Clinical Trials Network. Paucity of studies to support that abnormal coagulation test results predict bleeding in the setting of invasive procedures: an evidenced-based review. Transfusion 2005; 45: 1413-25.
309. Dzik WH. The NHLBI Clinical Trials Network in transfusion medicine and hemostasis: an overview. J Clin Apher 2006; 21: 57-9.
310. Stanworth SJ, Brunskill SJ, Hyde CJ, et al. Is fresh frozen plasma clinically effective? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Br J Haematol 2004; 126: 139-52. (Pubitemid 38859495)
311. Gajic O, Dzik WH, Toy P. Fresh frozen plasma and platelet transfusion for non bleeding patients in the intensive care unit: benefit or harm? Crit Care Med 2006; 34 (Suppl 5): S170-3.
312. Abdel-Wahab OI, Healy B, Dzik WH. Effect of fresh-frozen plasma transfusion on prothrombin time and bleeding in patients with mild coagulation abnormalities. Transfusion 2006; 46: 1279-85. (Pubitemid 44117952)
313. Chowdhury P, Saayman AG, Paulus U, et al. Efficacy of standard dose and 30 ml/kg fresh frozen plasma in correcting laboratory parameters of haemostasis in critically ill patients. Br J Haematol 2004; 125: 69-73. (Pubitemid 38453280)
314. Santagostino E, Mancuso EM, Morfini M, et al. Solvent/detergent plasma for prevention of bleeding in recessively inherited coagulation disorders: dosing, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy. Haematologica 2006; 91: 634-9. (Pubitemid 43799459)
315. Holland LL, Brooks JP. Toward rational fresh frozen plasma transfusion. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 126: 133-9.
316. Callum JL, Karkouti K, Lin Y. Cryoprecipitate: the current state of knowledge. Transfus Med Rev 2009; 23: 177-88.
317. Ciavarella D, Reed RL, Counts RB, et al. Clotting factor levels and the risk of diffuse microvascular bleeding in the massively transfused patient. Br J Haematol 1987; 67: 365-8. (Pubitemid 18022356)
318. Lundberg GD. Practice parameter for the use of fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelets: Fresh-Frozen Plasma, Cryoprecipitate, and Platelets Administration Practice Guidelines Development Task Force of the College of American Pathologists. JAMA 1994; 271: 777-81.
319. Ketchum L, Hess JR, Hiippala S. Indications for early fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelet transfusion in trauma. J Trauma 2006; 60 (6 Suppl): S51-8.
320. Droubatchevskaia N, Wong MP, Chipperfield KM, et al. Guidelines for cryoprecipitate transfusion. BC Med J 2007; 49: 441-5.
321. Hedges SJ, Dehoney SB, Hooper JS, et al. Evidence based treatment recommendations for uremic bleeding. Nat Clin Pract 2007; 3: 138-52.
322. Mannucci PM, Federici AB, Sirchia G. Hemostasis testing during massive blood replacement: a study of 172 cases. Vox Sang 1982; 42: 113-23. (Pubitemid 12138182)
323. Hewson JR, Neame PB, Kumar N, et al. Coagulopathy related to dilution and hypotension during massive transfusion. Crit Care Med 1985; 13: 387-91. (Pubitemid 15099305)
324. Phillips TF, Soulier G, Wilson RF. Outcome of massive transfusion exceeding two blood volumes in trauma and emergency surgery. J Trauma 1987; 27: 903-10. (Pubitemid 17163520)
325. Faringer PD, Mullins RJ, Johnson RL, et al. Blood component supplementation during massive transfusion of AS-1 red cells in trauma patients. J Trauma 1993; 34: 481-5.
326. Cinat ME, Wallace WC, Nastanski F, et al. Improved survival following massive transfusion in patients who have undergone trauma. Arch Surg 1999; 134: 964-8.
327. Singbartl K, Innerhofer P, Radvan J, et al. Hemostasis and hemodilution: a quantitative mathematical guide for clinical practice. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 929-35. (Pubitemid 36359018)
328. Hirshberg A, Dugas M, Banez EI, et al. Minimizing dilutional coagulopathy in exsanguinating hemorrhage: a computer simulation. J Trauma 2003; 54: 454-63. (Pubitemid 36383741)
329. French CJ, Bellomo R, Angus P. Cryoprecipitate for the correction of coagulopathy associated with liver disease. Anaesth Intensive Care 2003; 31: 357-61. (Pubitemid 37038505)
330. Ho AM, Karmakar MK, Dion PW. Are we giving enough coagulation factors during major trauma resuscitation? Am J Surg 2005; 190: 479-84.
331. Stinger HK, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, et al. The ratio of fibrinogen to red cells transfused affects survival in casualties receiving massive transfusions at an army combat support hospital. J Trauma 2008; 64 (2 Suppl): S79-85.
332. Fenger-Eriksen C, Lindberg-Larsen M, Christensen AQ, et al. Fibrinogen concentrate substitution therapy in patients with massive haemorrhage and low plasma fibrinogen concentrations. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: 769-73.
333. Fenger-Eriksen C, Anke-Muller E, Hestop J, et al. Thromboelastographic whole blood clot formation after ex vivo addition of plasma substitutes: improvements of the induced coagulopathy with fibrinogen concentrate. Br J Anaesth 2005; 94: 324-9. (Pubitemid 40352852)
334. Fries D, Krismer A, Klinger A, et al. Effect of fibrinogen on reversal of dilutional coagulopathy: a porcine model. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95: 171-7.
335. Heindl B, Delorenzo C, Spannagl M. High dose fibrinogen administration for acute therapy of coagulopathy during massive perioperative transfusion. Anaesthesist 2005; 55: 787-90. (Pubitemid 41223786)
336. Fries D, Haas T, Klingler A, et al. Efficacy of fibrinogen and prothrombin complex concentrate used to reverse dilutional coagulopathy - a porcine model. Br J Anaesth 2006; 97: 460-7. (Pubitemid 44419957)
337. Spahn DR, Cerny V, Coats TJ, et al; Task Force for Advanced Bleeding Care in Trauma: management of bleeding following major trauma: a European guideline. Crit Care 2007; 11: R17.
338. Danés AF, Cuenca LG, Bueno SR, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of human fibrinogen concentrate administration to patients with acquired fibrinogen deficiency and active or in high-risk severe bleeding. Vox Sang 2008; 94: 221-6. (Pubitemid 351379659)
339. Weinkove R, Rangarajan S. Fibrinogen concentrate for acquired hypofibrinogenaemic states. Transfus Med 2008; 18: 151-7. (Pubitemid 351847329)
340. Huissoud C, Carrabin N, Audibert F, et al. Bedside assessment of fibrinogen level in postpartum haemorrhage by thromboelastometry. BJOG 2009; 116: 1097-102.
341. Rahe-Meyer N, Pichlmaier M, Haverich A, et al. Bleeding management with fibrinogen concentrate targeting a high-normal plasma fibrinogen level: a pilot study. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 785-92.
342. Lak M, Keihani M, Elahi F, et al. Bleeding and thrombosis in 55 patients with inherited afibrinogenaemia. Br J Haematol 1999; 107: 204-206. (Pubitemid 29500827)
343. Kreuz W, Meili E, Peter-Salonen K, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a pasteurised human fibrinogen concentrate in patients with congenital fibrinogen deficiency. Transfus Apher Sci 2005; 32: 247-53. (Pubitemid 40804615)
344. Liumbruno GM, Bennardello F, Lattanzio A, et al. Recommendations for the use of antithrombin concentrates and prothrombin complex concentrates. Blood Transfus 2009; 7: 325-34.
345. Hathaway WE, Goodnight SH Jr. Malattie dell'Emostasi e Trombosi. Milano: McGraw-Hill Companies Italia; 1994.
346. Afshari A, Wetterslev J, Brok J, Møller AM. Antithrombin III for critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 3: CD005370.
347. Afshari A, Wetterslev J, Brok J, Møller A. Antithrombin III in critically ill patients: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. BMJ 2007; 335: 1248-51.
348. Martinowitz U, Saltz R. Fibrin sealant. Curr Opin Hematol 1996; 3: 395-402. (Pubitemid 26404698)
349. Valbonesi M. Fibrin glues of human origin. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2006; 19: 191-203. (Pubitemid 43118871)
350. Radosevich M, Goubran HI, Burnouf T. Fibrin sealant: scientific rationale, production methods, properties, and current clinical use. Vox Sang 1997; 72: 133-43. (Pubitemid 27187368)
351. Sierra DH. Fibrin sealant adhesive systems: a review of their chemistry, material properties and clinical application. J Biomater Appl 1993; 7: 309-52.
352. Mankad PS, Codispoti M. The role of fibrin sealants in hemostasis. Am J Surg 2001; 182 (2 Suppl): 21S-8S.
353. Carless PA, Anthony DM, Henry DA. Systematic review of the use of fibrin sealant to minimize perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 695-703. (Pubitemid 34595693)
354. Carless PA, Henry DA, Anthony DM. Fibrin sealant for minimizing perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 2: CD004171.
355. Figueras J, Llado L, Miro M, et al. Application of fibrin glue sealant after hepatectomy does not seem justified. Results of a randomized study in 300 patients. Ann Surg 2007; 245: 536-42.
356. Berrevoet F, de Hemptinne B. Use of hemostatic agents during liver resection. Dig Surg 2007; 24: 288-93. (Pubitemid 47174045)
357. Birmingham B. TEE diagnosis of mechanical AVR dysfunction associated with biological glue. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 1627-8. (Pubitemid 33111710)
358. Bingley JA, Gardner MA, Stafford EG, et al. Late complications of tissue glues in aortic surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69: 1764-8. (Pubitemid 30445520)
359. Kazui T, Washiyama N, Bashar AH, et al. Role of biologic glue repair of proximal aortic dissection in the development of early and midterm redissection of the aortic root. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72: 509-14. (Pubitemid 32727158)
360. Gringeri A. Linee guida per la diagnosi ed il trattamento di pazienti con inibitori dei fattori plasmatici della coagulazione. Associazione Italiana dei Centri Emofilia, 2004. Available at: http://www.aiceonline.it/documenti/ LineeGuida/AICE-guida-inib-2004-finale.pdf. Last accessed on 25/03/2010.
361. Hay CR, Brown S, Collins PW, et al. The diagnosis and management of factor VIII and IX inhibitors: a guideline from the United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors' Organisation. Br J Haematol 2006; 133: 591-605. (Pubitemid 43742773)
362. Santagostino E. Linee guida per la terapia sostitutiva dell'emofilia e dei difetti ereditari della coagulazione. Associazione Italiana dei Centri Emofilia, 2003. Available at: http://www.aiceonline.it/documenti/LineeGuida/ ITALIA-Coagulopatie.pdf. Last accessed on 03/25/2010.
363. Bolton-Maggs PH, Perry DJ, Chalmers EA, et al. The rare coagulation disorders: review with guidelines for management from the United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors' Organisation. Haemophilia 2004; 10: 593-628. (Pubitemid 39317772)
364. Peyvandi F, Palla R, Menegatti M, Mannucci PM. Introduction. Rare bleeding disorders: general aspects of clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009; 35: 349-55.
365. Ranucci M, Isgrò G, Soro G, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII in major surgical procedures. Arch Surg 2008; 143: 296-304.
366. Vincent JL, Rossaint R, Riou B, et al. Recommendations on the use of recombinant activated factor VII as an adjunctive treatment for massive bleeding: a European perspective. Crit Care 2006; 10: R120.
367. Shander A, Goodnough LT, Ratko T, et al. Consensus recommendations for the off-label use of recombinant human factor VIIa (NovoSeven) therapy. Pharma Ther 2005; 30: 644-58. (Pubitemid 41808790)
368. Welsh A, McLintock C, Gatt S, et al. Guidelines for the use of recombinant activated factor VII in massive obstetric haemorrhage. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 48: 12-6. (Pubitemid 351239149)
369. Stanworth SJ, Birchall J, Doree CJ, Hyde C. Recombinant factor VIIa for the prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients without haemophilia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 2: CD005011.
370. European Medicines Agency. NovoSeven. European Public Assessment Report. Procedural steps taken and scientific information after the authorization. Changes made after 01/02/2004. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en- GB/document-library/EPAR---Procedural-steps-taken-and-scientific-information- after-authorisation/human/000074/WC500030872.pdf. Last accessed on 11/01/2010.
371. European Medicines Agency. NovoSeven. Allegato I. Riassunto delle caratteristiche del prodotto. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/it-IT/ document-library/EPAR---Product-Information/human/000074/WC500030873.pdf. Last accessed on 11/01/2010.
372. Fergusson DA, Hébert PC, Mazer CD, et al; BART Investigators. A comparison of aprotinin and lysine analogues in high-risk cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2319-31. (Pubitemid 351749156)
373. Henry D, Carless P, Fergusson D, Laupacis A. The safety of aprotinin and lysine-derived antifibrinolytic drugs in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 2009; 180: 183-93.
374. Takagi H, Manabe H, Kawai N, et al. Aprotinin increases mortality as compared with tranexamic acid in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized head-to-head trials. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2009; 9: 98-101.
375. Henry DA, Carless PA, Moxey AJ, et al. Antifibrinolytic use for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4: CD001886.
376. Hiippala S, Strid L, Wennerstrand M, et al. Tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron) reduces perioperative blood loss associated with total knee arthroplasty. Br J Anaesth 1995; 74: 534-7.
377. Hiippala ST, Strid LJ, Wennerstrand MI, et al. Tranexamic acid radically decreases blood loss and transfusions associated with total knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: 839-44. (Pubitemid 27147712)
378. Benoni G, Fredin H. Fibrinolytic inhibition with tranexamic acid reduces blood loss and blood transfusion after knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomised, double blind study of 86 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1996; 78: 434-40. (Pubitemid 26158834)
379. Zufferey P, Merquiol F, Laporte S, et al. Do antifibrinolytics reduce allogeneic blood transfusion in orthopedic surgery? Anesthesiology 2006; 105: 1034-46.
380. Levy JH. Pharmacologic methods to reduce perioperative bleeding. Transfusion 2008; 48 (1 Suppl): 31S-8S.
381. Kagoma YK, Crowther MA, Douketis J, et al. Use of antifibrinolytic therapy to reduce transfusion in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery: a systematic review of randomized trials. Thromb Res 2009; 123: 687-96.
382. Kang Y, Lewis JH, Navalgund A, et al. Epsilon-aminocaproic acid for treatment of fibrinolysis during liver transplantation. Anesthesiology 1987; 66: 766-73. (Pubitemid 17088976)
383. Boylan JF, Klinck JR, Sandler AN, et al. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss, transfusion requirements, and coagulation factor use in primary orthotopic liver transplantation. Anesthesiology 1996; 85: 1043-8. (Pubitemid 26378289)
384. Dalmau A, Sabaté A, Acosta F, et al. Tranexamic acid reduces red cell transfusion better than epsilon-aminocaproic acid or placebo in liver transplantation. Anesth Analg 2000; 91: 29-34. (Pubitemid 30437053)
385. Molenaar IQ, Warnaar N, Groen H, et al. Efficacy and safety of antifibrinolytic drugs in liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 185-94. (Pubitemid 44952872)
386. Helm RE, Rosengart TK, Gomez M, et al. Comprehensive multimodality blood conservation: 100 consecutive CABG operations without transfusion. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 125-36. (Pubitemid 28105881)
387. Reger TB, Roditski D. Bloodless medicine and surgery for patients having cardiac surgery. Crit Care Nurse 2001; 21: 35-44.
388. Martyn V, Farmer SL, Wren MN, et al. The theory and practice of bloodless surgery. Transfus Apher Sci 2002; 27: 29-43. (Pubitemid 34663867)
389. Keating EM, Meding JB. Perioperative blood management practices in elective orthopaedic surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2002; 10: 393-400.
390. Shander A. Surgery without blood. Crit Care Med 2003; 31 (Suppl): S708-14.
391. Majeski J. Advances in general and vascular surgical care of Jehovah's Witnesses. Int Surg 2000; 85: 257-65.
392. Heaton N. Advances and methods in liver surgery: haemostasis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17 (Suppl 1): S3-S12.
393. Degoute CS. Controlled hypotension: a guide to drug choice. Drugs 2007; 67: 1053-76.
394. Smyrniotis V, Kostopanagiotou G, Theodoraki K, et al. The role of central venous pressure and type of vascular control in blood loss during major liver resections. Am J Surg 2004; 187: 398-402. (Pubitemid 38299507)
395. Iserson KV, Huestis DW. Blood warming: current applications and techniques. Transfusion 1991; 31: 558-71.
396. Schmied H, Kurz A, Sessler DI, et al. Mild intraoperative hypothermia increases blood loss and allogeneic transfusion requirements during total hip arthroplasty. Lancet 1996; 347: 289-292. (Pubitemid 26041040)
397. Schmied H, Schiferer A, Sessler DI, Meznik C. The effects of red-cell scavenging, hemodilution, and active warming on allogeneic blood requirement in patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 387-391. (Pubitemid 28079497)
398. Winkler M, Akça O, Birkenberg B et al. Aggressive warming reduces blood loss during hip arthroplasty. Anesth Analg 2000; 91: 978-84.
399. Kurz A. Thermal care in the perioperative period. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2008; 22: 39-62. (Pubitemid 351405122)
400. Reynolds L, Beckmann J, Kurz A. Perioperative complications of hypothermia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2008; 22: 645-57.
401. Ohtsuka N, Yamakage M, Chen X, et al. Evaluation of four techniques of warming intravenous fluids. J Anesth 2002; 16: 145-9. (Pubitemid 34732744)
402. Satoh J, Yamakage M, Wasaki SI, Namiki A. Performance of three systems for warming intravenous fluids at different flow rates. Anaesth Intensive Care 2006; 34: 46-50. (Pubitemid 43280149)