HVDC circuit breakers: A review identifying future research needs

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 998-1007

  Franck, Christian M ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

HVDC circuit breakers (CBs); HVDC converters; HVDC interrupters; HVDC transmission; power transmission; switchgear

Indexed keywords

HVDC CIRCUIT BREAKERS; HVDC CONVERTERS; HVDC INTERRUPTERS; HVDC TRANSMISSION; SWITCH GEARS;

ARID REGIONS; CIRCUIT BREAKING ARCS; ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BREAKERS; SOLAR ENERGY; TECHNOLOGY; WIND POWER;

HVDC POWER TRANSMISSION;

EID: 79953204245     PISSN: 08858977     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2095889     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. N. Kirby, L. Xu, M. Luckett, and W. Siepmann, "HVDC transmission for large offshore wind farms," Power Eng. J., vol. 16, pp. 135-141, Jun. 2002. (Pubitemid 34745902)
2. W. Lu and B. Ooi, "Optimal acquisition and aggregation of offshore wind power by multiterminal voltage-source HVDC," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 201-206, Jan. 2003.
3. C. Meyer,M. Hoeing, A. Peterson, and R. W. De Doncker, "Control and design of DC grids for offshore wind farms," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1475-1482, Nov./Dec. 2007. (Pubitemid 350201132)
4. DLR, German Aerospace Center, Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Section Systems Analysis and Technology Assessment, "Trans-Mediterranean interconnection for concentrating solar power," Tech. Rep., 2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.dlr.de/tt/trans-csp, available:
5. V. Billon, J. Taisne, V. Arcidiacono, and F. Mazzoldi, "The Corsican tapping: From design to commissioning tests of the third terminal of the Sardinia-Corsica-Italy HVDC," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 794-799, Jan. 1989.
6. D. McCallum, G. Moreau, J. Primeau, M. Bahrman, B. Ekehov, and D. Soulier, "Multiterminal integration of the Nicolet converter station into the Quebec-NewEngland Phase II HVDCtransmission system," in Proc. CIGRE 35th Int. Conf. on Large High Voltage Electric Systems, Paris, France, Aug./Sep. 1994, vol. 1, pp. 14-103/1-14-103/9.
7. A. Greenwood, K. Kanngiessner, V. Lesclae, T. Margaard, and W. Schultz, "Circuit breakers for meshed multiterminal HVDC systems Part I: Introduction DC side substation switching under normal and fault conditions," Electra, no. 163, pp. 98-122, Dec. 1995.
8. A. Greenwood, K. Kanngiessner, V. Lesclae, T. Margaard, and W. Schultz, "Circuit breakers for meshed multiterminal HVDC systems. Part II: Switching of transmission lines in meshed MTDC systems," Electra, no. 164, pp. 62-82, Feb. 1996.
9. L. Bergstrom, L.-E. Juhlin, G. Liss, and S. Svensson, "Simulator study of multiterminalHVDCsystem performance," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-97, no. 6, pp. 2057-2066, Nov. 1978.
10. K. Kanngiesser, H. Ring, and T. Wess, "Simulator study on line fault clearing by DC circuit breakers in a meshed MTDC system," in Proc. Int. Conf. AC and DC Power Transmission, London, U.K., Sep. 1991, pp. 102-107.
11. J. Arrillaga, High Voltage Direct Current Transmission, 2nd ed. Exeter, U.K.: Short Run Press, 1998, Inst. Elect. Eng.
12. J. Arrillaga, Y. H. Liu, and N. R.Watson, Flexible Power Transmission: The HVDC Option. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007.
13. M. Bahrman and B. Johnson, "The ABCs of HVDC transmission technologies," IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 32-44, Mar../ Apr. 2007. (Pubitemid 46418325)
14. N. Flourentzou, V. Agelidis, and G. Demetriades, "VSC-based HVDC power transmission systems: An overview," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 592-602, Mar. 2009.
15. B. Andersen, L. Xu, P. Horton, and P. Cartwright, "Topologies for VSC transmission," Power Eng. J., vol. 16, p. 142, Jun. 2002.
16. Q. Yuan and L. Yun, "Xiangjiaba-Shanghai highest power of UHVDC ready for implementation," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Transmission and Distribution Conf. Expo., Apr. 2008, pp. 1-5.
17. H. Pang, G. Tang, and Z. He, "Evaluation of losses in VSC-HVDC transmission system," in Proc. IEEE Power and Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting-Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, Pittsburgh, PA, Jul. 2008, pp. 1-6.
18. L. Carlsson, ""Classical" HVDC: Still continuing to evolve," Modern Power Syst., vol. 22, pp. 19-21, Jun. 2002.
19. A. Gole and M. Meisingset, "Capacitor commutated converters for long-cable HVDC transmission," Power Eng. J., vol. 16, pp. 129-134, Jun. 2002. (Pubitemid 34745901)
20. S. Linder, Power Semiconductors. Lausanne, Switzerland: EPFL Press, 2006.
21. K. Sheng, B. Williams, and S. Finney, "A review of IGBT models," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1250-1266, Nov. 2000. (Pubitemid 33776365)
22. G. Daelemans, K. Srivastava, M. Reza, S. Cole, and R. Belmans, "Minimization of steady-state losses in meshed networks using VSC HVDC," in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting, Jul. 2009, pp. 1-5.
23. E. Koldby and M. Hyttinen, "Challenges on the road to an offshore HVDC grid," presented at the Nordic Wind Power Conf., Bornholm, Denmark, Sep. 10-11, 2009.
24. L. Tang and B.-T. Ooi, "Protection of VSC-multi-terminal HVDC against DC faults," in Proc. IEEE 33rd Annu. Power Electronics Specialists Conf., 2002, vol. 2, pp. 719-724. (Pubitemid 35411135)
25. S. Allebrod, R. Hamerski, and R. Marquardt, "New transformerless, scalable modular multilevel converters for HVDC-transmission," in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., Jun. 2008, pp. 174-179.
26. H. Huang, "Multilevel voltage-source converters for HVDC and FACTS application," in CIGRE SC B4 Bergen Colloq., 2009, p. paper 401.
27. B. Jacobson, P. Kalsson, G. Asplund, L. Harnefors, and T. Jonsson, "VSC-HVDC transmission with cascaded two-level converters," in CIGRE Session, 2010, pp. B4-B110.
28. D. Trainer, C. Davidson, C. Oates, N. MacLeod, D. Critchley, and R. Crookes, "A new hybrid voltage-source converter for HVDC power transmission," in CIGRE Session, 2010, pp. B4-B111.
29. A. Li, Z. Cai, Q. Sun, X. Li, D. Ren, and Z. Yang, "Study on the dynamic performance characteristics of HVDC control and protections for the HVDC line fault," in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting, July 2009, pp. 1-5.
30. S. Sekine, "DC line fault protection in multiterminal HVDC powersystems," Elect. Eng. Jpn., vol. 92, pp. 73-80, 1972.
31. M. Takasaki, N. Gibo, K. Takenaka, T. Hayashi, H. Konishi, S. Tanaka, and H. Ito, "Control and protection scheme of HVDC system with selfcommutated converter in system fault conditions," Elect. Eng. Jpn., vol. 132, pp. 6-18, Jul. 2000.
32. N. Gibo, K. Takenaka, S. Verma, S. Sugimoto, and S. Ogawa, "Protection scheme of voltage sourced converters based HVDC system under DC fault," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Asia Pacific Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exhibit., Oct. 2002, vol. 2, pp. 1320-1325.
33. V. Lescale, A. Kumar, L.-E. Juhlin, H. Bjorklund, and K. Nyberg, "Challenges with multi-terminal UHVDC transmissions," presented at the POWERCON and IEEE Power India Conf., New Delhi, India, Oct. 12-15, 2008.
34. W. Long, J. Reeve, J. McNichol, M. Holland, J. Taisne, and J. LeMay, "Application aspects of multiterminal DC power transmission," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 2084-2098, Oct. 1990.
35. L. Tang and B.-T. Ooi, "Locating and isolating DC faults in multiterminal DC systems," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1877-1884, Jul. 2007.
36. W. Long, J. Reeve, J. Mcnichol, R. Harrison, and D. Fletcher, "Consideration for implementing multiterminal dc systems," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-104, no. 9, pp. 2521-2530, Sep. 1985.
37. U. Lamm, E. Uhlmann, and P. Danfors, "Some aspects of tapping of H.V.D.C. transmission systems," Direct Current, vol. 8, pp. 124-129, May 1963.
38. J. Bowles, "Multiterminal HVDC transmission systems incorporating diode rectifier stations," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-100, no. 4, pp. 1674-1678, Apr. 1981. (Pubitemid 11498040)
39. T. Sakurai, K. Goto, S. Irokawa, K. Imai, and T. Sakai, "A new control method for multiterminal HVDC transmission without fast communications systems," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-102, no. 5, pp. 1140-1150, May 1983. (Pubitemid 13544531)
40. F. Nozari, C. Grund, and R. Hauth, "Current order coordination in multiterminal DC systems," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-100, no. 11, pp. 4628-4635, Nov. 1981.
41. J. Reeve and J. Carr, "Review of techniques for multi-terminal HVDC systems," in Proc. Int. Conf. High Voltage DC AC Power Transmission, 1973, pp. 269-73.
42. J. Reeve, "Multi-terminal HVDC power-systems," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 729-737, Mar./Apr. 1980.
43. D. Jovcic, "Interconnecting offshore wind farms using multiterminal VSC-based HVDC," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen. Meeting, 2006, p. 7.
44. H. Jiang and A. Ekstrom, "Multiterminal HVDCsystems in urban areas of large cities," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1278-1284, Oct. 1998. (Pubitemid 128739848)
45. R. Billinton, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, and S. Faried, "Reliability evaluation of hybrid multiterminal HVDC subtransmission systems," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen., Transm. Distrib., vol. 149, pp. 571-577, Sep. 2002. (Pubitemid 35313929)
46. H. Chen, C. Wang, F. Zhang, and W. Pan, "Control strategy research of VSC based multiterminal HVDC system," in Proc. Power Systems Conf. Expo., Atlanta, GA, Nov. 2006, pp. 1986-1990.
47. G. Li, M. Yin, M. Zhou, and C. Zhao, "Decoupling control for multiterminal VSC-HVDC based wind farm interconnection," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Gen. Meeting, Jun. 2007, pp. 1-6.
48. H. Liu, Z. Xu, and Y. Huang, "Study of protection strategy for VSC based HVDC system," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Transm. Distrib. Conf. Expo., Sep. 2003, pp. 49-54.
49. M. Ishikawa, S. Horiuchi, S. Irokawa, K. Imai, S. Hirose, and K. Sekiya, "Simulator study of multiterminal HVDC transmission system without fast communication," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. PWRD-1, no. 3, pp. 218-227, Jul. 1986. (Pubitemid 16629672)
50. D. Andersson and A. Henriksson, "Passive and active DC breakers in the three Gorges-Changzhou HVDC project," in Proc. Int. Conf. Power Systems, 2001, pp. 391-395.
51. A. Jain, S. Chakravorty, L. Rao, and M. Prasad, "Design requirements for the DC breaker/switches for Rihand-Delhi HVDC project," in Proc. 6th National Power Systems Conf., Jun. 1990, pp. 197-200.
52. S. Tokuyama, K. Arimatsu, Y. Yoshioka, and Y. Kato, "Development and interrupting tests on 250 KV 8 KA HVDC circuit breaker," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-104, no. 9, pp. 2452-2459, Sep. 1985.
53. B. Pauli, G. Mauthe, E. Ruoss, G. Ecklin, and J. Porter, "Development of a high current HVDC circuit breaker with fast fault clearing capability," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 2072-2080, Oct. 1988.
54. W. Pucher, "Fundamentals of HVDC interruption," Electra, no. 5, pp. 24-38, Jun. 1968.
55. W. Pucher, P. Joss, B. Koetzold, T. Lee, and V. Zajic, "HVDC switching devices and arrangements," Electra, no. 18, pp. 9-65, Jul. 1971.
56. J. Vithayathil, "HVDC breaker and its application," presented at the Int. Symp. HVDC Technology "Sharing the Brazilian Experience", 1983, paper 2-4.
57. K. Nakanishi, "High-voltage direct-current circuit breakers," in Switching Phenomena in High-Voltage Circuit Breakers. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1991, ch. 3.5, pp. 163-175.
58. H. Schulze, "Zur Verwirklichung der Last- und Leistungsschalter für hochgespannten Gleichstrom," ETZ-A, vol. 85, no. 21, p. 702, 1964.
59. E. Marx, "Erzeugung sehr hoher Lichtbogenspannungen fuer Gleichstrom- Hochspannungsschalter," ETZ-A, vol. 86, no. 21, pp. 701-702, 1965.
60. H. Haertel, D. Kind, E. Marx, K. Moellenhoff, and J. Salge, "Entwicklung und Erprobung eines Versuchsschalters für die Hochspannungs- Gleichstrom-Übertragung," ETZ-A, vol. 89, no. 18, pp. 421-423, 1968.
61. A. Lee, P. Slade, K. Yoon, and J. Porter, "The development of a HVDC SF6 breaker," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. 104, no. 10, pp. 2721-2729, Oct. 1985.
62. B. Bachmann, G. Mauthe, E. Ruoss, H. Lips, J. Porter, and J. Vithayathil, "Development of a 500 kV airblast HVDC circuit breaker," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. 104, no. 9, pp. 2460-2466, Sep. 1985. (Pubitemid 16479639)
63. A. Greenwood, W. Kracht, and P. Barkan, "HVDC vacuum circuit breakers," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 1575-1588, Jul. 1972.
64. J. Anderson and J. Carroll, "Applicability of a vacuum interrupter as the basic switch element in HVDC breakers," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-97, no. 5, pp. 1893-1900, Sep. 1978. (Pubitemid 9394015)
65. W. Premerlani, "Forced commutation performance of vaccum switches for HVDC breaker application," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-101, no. 8, pp. 2721-2727, Aug. 1982.
66. H. Nakao, Y. Nakagoshi, M. Hatano, T. Koshizuka, S. Nishiwaki, A. Kobayashi, T. Murao, and S. Yanabu, "DC current interruption in HVDC SF6 gas MRTB by means of self-excited oscillation superimposition," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 687-693, Oct. 2001. (Pubitemid 33047993)
67. M. Sakai, Y. Kato, S. Tokuyama, H. Sugawara, and K. Arimatsu, "Development and field application of metallic return protecting breaker for HVDC transmission," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-100, no. 12, pp. 4860-4868, Dec. 1981.
68. T. Senda, T. Tamagawa, K. Higuchi, and T. Horiuchi, "Development of HVDC circuit breaker based on hybrid interruption scheme," IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-103, no. 3, pp. 545-552, Mar. 1984. (Pubitemid 14528775)
69. S. Tokuyama, K. Hirasawa, and Y.Yoshioka, "Simulations on interruption of circuit breaker in HVDC system with two parallel transmission lines," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. PWRD-2, no. 3, pp. 772-778, Jul. 1987. (Pubitemid 17631904)
70. H. Ito, T. Moriyama, K. Kamei, S. Hamano, E. Nitta, N. Takeji, K. Yamaji, and M. Hatano, "Apparatus for gas circuit breaker with reactor and capacitor connected in series and method for setting its circuit parameter," Eur. Patent EP0740320, 1996.
71. U. Astrom, L. Liljestrand, V. Lescale, and M. Backman, "A dc current breaker," PCT Patent Appl. WO 2009/149749, 2009.
72. H. Ito, S. Hamano, K. Ibuki, K. Yoshinaga, T. Hasegawa, K. Yamaji, and H. Irokawa, "Instability of DC arc in SF6 circuit breaker," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1508-1513, Oct. 1997. (Pubitemid 127827635)
73. H. Odaka, M. Yamada, R. Sakuma, C. Ding, E. Kaneko, and S. Yanabu, "DC interruption characteristic of vacuum circuit breaker," Elect. Eng. Jpn., vol. 161, pp. 17-25, Oct. 2007. (Pubitemid 47148669)
74. G. Asplund, V. Lescale, and C. E. Soelver, "Direct-current breaker for high power," Patent Appl. EP0660352(B1), 1995.
75. H. Darwish, M. Izzularab, and N. Elkalashy, "Real-time testing of HVDC circuit breakers part 1: Bench test development," in Proc. Int. Conf. Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Sep. 2004, pp. 765-769. (Pubitemid 40456607)
76. H. Darwish, M. Izzularab, and N. Elkalashy, "Real-time testing of HVDC circuit breakers part II: Real-time cases," in Proc. Int. Conf. Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Sep. 2004, pp. 770-773. (Pubitemid 40456608)
77. "Applications of black box modelling to circuit breakers," Electra. no. 149, pp. 40-71, Aug. 1993, WG 13.01.
78. A. Iordanidis and C. Franck, "Self-consistent radiation-based simulation of electric arcs: II. Application to gas circuit breakers," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 41, pp. 135-206, Jul. 2008.
79. T. Delachaux, O. Fritz, D. Gentsch, E. Schade, and D. Shmelev, "Simulation of a high current vacuum arc in a transverse magnetic field," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.., vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 1386-1392, Aug. 2009.
80. T. Bonicelli, A. De Lorenzi, D. Hrabal, R. Piovan, E. Sachs, E. Salpietro, and S. Shaw, "The european development of a full scale switching unit for the ITER switching and discharging networks," Fusion Eng. Design, vol. 75-9, pp. 193-200, Nov. 2005. (Pubitemid 41635647)
81. F. Milani, "Upgrade of the RFX energy transfer system for a reliable 35 kV, 50 kA DC-current interruption," Fusion Eng. Design, vol. 84, pp. 1300-1304, Jun. 2009.
82. Y. Liu, J. Arrillaga, and N. Watson, "Addition of four-quadrant power controllability to multi-level VSC HVDC transmission," Inst. Eng. Technol. Gen., Transm. Distrib., vol. 1, pp. 872-878, Nov. 2007. (Pubitemid 47428799)
83. S. Schroder, C.Meyer, and R. De Doncker, "Solid-state circuit breakers and current-limiting devices for medium-voltage systems," in Proc. IEEE Int. Power Electronics Congr., 2002, pp. 91-95.
84. C. Meyer, S. Schroder, and K. De Doncker, "Solid-state circuit breakers and current limiters for medium-voltage systems having distributed power systems," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1333-1340, Sep. 2004.
85. G. De Langer, A. Chol, and N. Ijumba, "Application of high-power semiconductor technology in DC traction circuit-breakers," in Proc. IEEE Power Engi. Soc. Inaugural Conf. Expo. Africa, Jul. 2006, pp. 494-498. (Pubitemid 46380177)
86. A. Atmadji and J. Sloot, "Hybrid switching: A review of current literature," in Proc. Int. Conf. Energy and Management and Power Delivery, 1998, pp. 683-688. (Pubitemid 30501916)
87. C. Meyer and R. De Doncker, "Solid-state circuit breaker based on active thyristor topologies," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 450-458, Mar. 2006. (Pubitemid 43380094)
88. E. Carroll, "Power electronics for very high power applications," in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives, 1998, no. 456, pp. 218-223.
89. S. Linder, "High-power semiconductor devices. Review and comparative assessment," Russ. Elect. Eng., vol. 78, pp. 509-514, Oct. 2007.
90. M. Trivedi and K. Shenai, "Performance evaluation of high-power wide band-gap semiconductor rectifiers," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 85, pp. 6889-6897, May 1999. (Pubitemid 129305559)
91. A. Elasser and T. Chow, "Silicon carbide benefits and advantages for power electronics circuits and systems," Proc. IEEE, vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 969-986, Jun. 2002. (Pubitemid 43785870)
92. K. Fujihira, S. Tamura, T. Kimoto, and H. Matsunami, "Low-loss, highvoltage 6H-SiC epitaxial p-i-n diode," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 150-154, Jan. 2002. (Pubitemid 34514965)
93. C. Meyer, M. Kowal, and R. De Doncker, "Circuit breaker concepts for future high-power DC-applications," in Proc. 40th IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting Conf. , 2005, no. 2, pp. 860-866, 2005. (Pubitemid 44042550)
94. M. Backman, M. Dahlgren, S. Halen, O. Jepsson, and L. Liljestrand, "A diode based transient free capacitor switch," presented at the 19th Int. Conf. Electricity Distribution, 2007, paper 0665 (session 1).
95. J. Dupraz and G. Montillet, "New network concepts using electronic hybrid circuit breakers," in Proc. IEEE/Power Eng. Soc. Transmission Distribution Conf. Expo., Apr. 2008, pp. 1-8.
96. S. Hasan, M. Atout, and S. Al-Dhalan, "Protection of the modified HVDC converters using an ultra fast hybrid circuit breaker," in Proc. Eur. Conf. Power Electronics and Applications, 1999, pp. 1-9.
97. R. P. P. Smeets, V.Kertesz, D. Dufournet, D. Penache, and M. Schlaug, "Interaction of a vacuum arc with an SF6 arc in a hybrid circuit breaker during high-current interruption," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 933-938, Aug. 2007. (Pubitemid 47322951)
98. W. Holaus and K. Frohlich, "Ultra-fast switches-A new element for medium voltage fault current limiting switchgear," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Winter Meeting, 2002, vol. 1, pp. 299-304. (Pubitemid 34669109)
99. T. Genji, O. Nakamura, M. Isozaki, M. Yamada, T. Morita, and M. Kaneda, "400 V class high-speed current limiting circuit-breaker for electric power system," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1428-1435, Jul. 1994.
100. J.-M.Meyer and A. Rufer, "A DC hybrid circuit breaker with ultra-fast contact opening and integrated gate-commutated thyristors (IGCTs)," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 646-651, Apr. 2006.
101. M. Steurer and K. Fröhlich, "Current limiters-State of the art," presented at the 4thWorkshop Conf. EHV Technology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, 1998.
102. Working Group A3.10, "Fault current limiters in electrical medium and high voltage systems," 2003, CIGRE Brochure 239.
103. R. Smith, P. Slade, M. Sarkozi, E. Stacey, J. Bonk, and H. Mehta, "Solid-state distribution current limiter and circuit breaker: Application requirements and control strategies," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1155-1164, Jul. 1993.
104. M. Steurer, K. Fröhlich, and W. Holaus, "A novel hybrid current-limiting circuit breaker for medium voltage: Principle and test results," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 460-467, Apr. 2003.
105. A. Wright and P. Newbery, Electric Fuses, 3rd ed. London, U.K.: Inst. Elect. Eng., 2004.
106. M. Saqib and A. Stokes, "Arc behavior and confinement in a highvoltage, high breaking capacity fuse filler," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 212-220, Jan. 2010.
107. M. Noe and M. Steurer, "High-temperature superconductor fault current limiters: Concepts, applications, and development status," Supercond. Sci. Technol, vol. 20, pp. R15-R29, Mar. 2007. (Pubitemid 46389335)
108. C. Schacherer, J. Langston, M. Steurer, and M. Noe, "Power hardware- in-the-loop testing of a YBCO coated conductor fault current limiting module," IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1801-1805, Jun. 2009.
109. S. Orpe and N.-K. Nair, "State of art of fault current limiters and their impact on overcurrent protection," in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meeting, Jul. 2009.
110. Y. Morishita, T. Koyama, I. Yamaguchi, S. Okabe, G. Ueta, and S. Yanabu, "Development of dc-current-limiting circuit-breaker with superconducting fault current limiter," in Proc. XVII Int. Conf. Gas Discharges and Their Applications, 2008, pp. 97-100.
111. B. Sheng, "A synthetic test circuit for current switching tests of HVDC circuit breakers," in Proc. IEEE/Power Eng. Soc. Transmission and Distribution Conf. Expo., Apr. 2008, pp. 1-4.
112. H. Brumshagen, "Ueber die Pruefung von Schalteinrichtungen Fuer die Hochspannungs-Gleichstrom-Uebertragung," Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Mech. Elect. Eng., Tech. Univ. Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, 1975.
113. P. McLaren, R. Kuffel, R. Wierckx, J. Giesbrecht, and L. Arendt, "A real time digital simulator for testing relays," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 207-213, Jan. 1992.
114. P. Terwiesch, T. Keller, and E. Scheiben, "Rail vehicle control system integration testing using digital hardware-in-the-loop simulation,"IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 352-362, May 1999.
115. M. Steurer, C. S. Edrington, M. Sloderbeck, W. Ren, and J. Langston, "A megawatt-scale power hardware-in-the-loop simulation setup for motor drives," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 1254-1260, Apr. 2010.