Promising targets for anti-hepatitis C virus agents

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 18, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1239-1244

  Yoshida, T ^a   Kondoh, M ^a   Yagi, K ^a  

^a OSAKA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

CD81; Claudin 1; Cyclophilin; Hepatitis C virus; MiRNA122; NS3 helicase

Indexed keywords

1 (4 PENTYLOXY 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYL) 3 (PYRIDINE 3 CARBONYL)THIOUREA; ACH 806; ALISPORIVIR; AMANTADINE; AMILORIDE DERIVATIVE; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; APTAMER; ARBIDOL; BOCEPREVIR; CLAUDIN 1; CLAUDIN 1 ANTIBODY; CLEMIZOLE; CYCLOSPORIN A; GLYCOPROTEIN E1; GLYCOPROTEIN E2; HAMMERHEAD RIBOZYME; LAMIRIDOSIN; NARLAPREVIR; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 4B; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN 5A; OCCLUDIN; PROTEIN P7 INHIBITOR; RIMANTADINE; SALICYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; SHORT HAIRPIN RNA; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; TELAPREVIR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIRUS RECEPTOR; VX 813;

ARTICLE; DRUG TARGETING; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; INTERNAL RIBOSOME ENTRY SITE; VIRUS ENTRY; VIRUS PARTICLE; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HUMANS;

EID: 79952804270     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986711795029672     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Pileri, P.; Uematsu, Y.; Campagnoli, S.; Galli, G.; Falugi, F.; Petracca, R.; Weiner, A.J.; Houghton, M.; Rosa, D.; Grandi, G.; Abrignani, S. Binding of hepatitis C virus to CD81. Science, 1998, 282, 938-941. (Pubitemid 28507525)
2. Scarselli, E.; Ansuini, H.; Cerino, R.; Roccasecca, R.M.; Acali, S.; Filocamo, G.; Traboni, C.; Nicosia, A.; Cortese, R.; Vitelli, A. The human scavenger receptor class B type I is a novel candidate receptor for the hepatitis C virus. EMBO J., 2002, 21, 5017-5025.
3. Agnello, V.; Abel, G.; Elfahal, M.; Knight, G.B.; Zhang, Q.X. Hepatitis C virus and other flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 1999, 96, 12766-12771. (Pubitemid 29513577)
4. Evans, M.J.; von Hahn, T.; Tscherne, D.M.; Syder, A.J.; Panis, M.; Wolk, B.; Hatziioannou, T.; McKeating, J.A.; Bieniasz, P.D.; Rice, C.M. Claudin-1 is a hepatitis C virus co-receptor required for a late step in entry. Nature, 2007, 446, 801-805. (Pubitemid 46582027)
5. Ploss, A.; Evans, M.J.; Gaysinskaya, V.A.; Panis, M.; You, H.; de Jong, Y.P.; Rice, C.M. Human occludin is a hepatitis C virus entry factor required for infection of mouse cells. Nature, 2009, 457, 882-886.
6. Chen, F.; Hu, Y.; Li, D.; Chen, H.; Zhang, X.L. CS-SELEX generates highaffinity ssDNA aptamers as molecular probes for hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2. PLoS One, 2009, 4, e8142.
7. Holzer, M.; Ziegler, S.; Neugebauer, A.; Kronenberger, B.; Klein, C.D.; Hartmann, R.W. Structural modifications of salicylates: Inhibitors of human CD81-receptor HCV-E2 interaction. Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim), 2008, 341, 478-484.
8. Labonte, P.; Begley, S.; Guevin, C.; Asselin, M.C.; Nassoury, N.; Mayer, G.; Prat, A.; Seidah, N.G. PCSK9 impedes hepatitis C virus infection in vitro and modulates liver CD81 expression. Hepatology, 2009, 50, 17-24.
9. Krieger, S.E.; Zeisel, M.B.; Davis, C.; Thumann, C.; Harris, H.J.; Schnober, E.K.; Mee, C.; Soulier, E.; Royer, C.; Lambotin, M.; Grunert, F.; Dao Thi, V.L.; Dreux, M.; Cosset, F.L.; McKeating, J.A.; Schuster, C.; Baumert, T.F. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection by anti-claudin-1 antibodies is mediated by neutralization of E2-CD81-Claudin-1 associations. Hepatology, 2009, 51, 1144-1157.
10. Cheng, G.; Montero, A.; Gastaminza, P.; Whitten-Bauer, C.; Wieland, S.F.; Isogawa, M.; Fredericksen, B.; Selvarajah, S.; Gallay, P.A.; Ghadiri, M.R.; Chisari, F.V. A virocidal amphipathic {alpha}-helical peptide that inhibits hepatitis C virus infection in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2008, 105, 3088-3093. (Pubitemid 351723672)
11. Bobardt, M.D.; Cheng, G.; de Witte, L.; Selvarajah, S.; Chatterji, U.; Sanders- Beer, B.E.; Geijtenbeek, T.B.; Chisari, F.V.; Gallay, P.A. Hepatitis C virus NS5A anchor peptide disrupts human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2008, 105, 5525-5530. (Pubitemid 351753896)
12. Brooks, M.J.; Sasadeusz, J.J.; Tannock, G.A. Antiviral chemotherapeutic agents against respiratory viruses: Where are we now and what's in the pipeline? Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med., 2004, 10, 197-203. (Pubitemid 38520763)
13. Chai, H.; Zhao, Y.; Zhao, C.; Gong, P. Synthesis and in vitro anti-hepatitis B virus activities of some ethyl 6-bromo-5-hydroxy-1H-indole-3- carboxylates. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2006, 14, 911-917. (Pubitemid 43059782)
14. Pecheur, E.I.; Lavillette, D.; Alcaras, F.; Molle, J.; Boriskin, Y.S.; Roberts, M.; Cosset, F.L.; Polyak, S.J. Biochemical mechanism of hepatitis C virus inhibition by the broad-spectrum antiviral arbidol. Biochemistry, 2007, 46, 6050-6059. (Pubitemid 46799166)
15. Liu, R.; Tewari, M.; Kong, R.; Zhang, R.; Ingravallo, P.; Ralston, R. A peptide derived from hepatitis C virus E2 envelope protein inhibits a postbinding step in HCV entry. Antiviral. Res., 2010, 86, 172-179.
16. Zhang, H.; Rothwangl, K.; Mesecar, A.D.; Sabahi, A.; Rong, L.; Fong, H.H. Lamiridosins, hepatitis C virus entry inhibitors from Lamium album. J. Nat. Prod., 2009, 72, 2158-2162.
17. Gonzalez, M.E.; Carrasco, L. Viroporins. FEBS Lett., 2003, 552, 28-34. (Pubitemid 37103005)
18. Carrere-Kremer, S.; Montpellier-Pala, C.; Cocquerel, L.; Wychowski, C.; Penin, F.; Dubuisson, J. Subcellular localization and topology of the p7 polypeptide of hepatitis C virus. J. Virol., 2002, 76, 3720-3730. (Pubitemid 34250536)
19. Patargias, G.; Zitzmann, N.; Dwek, R.; Fischer, W.B. Protein-protein interactions: Modeling the hepatitis C virus ion channel p7. J. Med. Chem., 2006, 49, 648-655. (Pubitemid 43157494)
20. Jones, C.T.; Murray, C.L.; Eastman, D.K.; Tassello, J.; Rice, C.M. Hepatitis C virus p7 and NS2 proteins are essential for production of infectious virus. J. Virol., 2007, 81, 8374-8383. (Pubitemid 47242811)
21. Steinmann, E.; Penin, F.; Kallis, S.; Patel, A.H.; Bartenschlager, R.; Pietschmann, T. Hepatitis C virus p7 protein is crucial for assembly and release of infectious virions. PLoS Pathog., 2007, 3, e103.
22. Sakai, A.; Claire, M.S.; Faulk, K.; Govindarajan, S.; Emerson, S.U.; Purcell, R.H.; Bukh, J. The p7 polypeptide of hepatitis C virus is critical for infectivity and contains functionally important genotype-specific sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2003, 100, 11646-11651. (Pubitemid 37205990)
23. Lohmann, V.; Korner, F.; Koch, J.; Herian, U.; Theilmann, L.; Bartenschlager, R. Replication of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNAs in a hepatoma cell line. Science, 1999, 285, 110-113. (Pubitemid 29307577)
24. Blight, K.J.; McKeating, J.A.; Rice, C.M. Highly permissive cell lines for subgenomic and genomic hepatitis C virus RNA replication. J. Virol., 2002, 76, 13001-13014. (Pubitemid 35386984)
25. Griffin, S.D.; Beales, L.P.; Clarke, D.S.; Worsfold, O.; Evans, S.D.; Jaeger, J.; Harris, M.P.; Rowlands, D.J. The p7 protein of hepatitis C virus forms an ion channel that is blocked by the antiviral drug, Amantadine. FEBS Lett., 2003, 535, 34-38. (Pubitemid 36126351)
26. Griffin, S.D.; Harvey, R.; Clarke, D.S.; Barclay, W.S.; Harris, M.; Rowlands, D.J. A conserved basic loop in hepatitis C virus p7 protein is required for amantadine-sensitive ion channel activity in mammalian cells but is dispensable for localization to mitochondria. J. Gen. Virol., 2004, 85, 451-461. (Pubitemid 38262580)
27. Smith, J.P. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with amantadine. Dig. Dis. Sci., 1997, 42, 1681-1687. (Pubitemid 27394591)
28. Zeuzem, S.; Teuber, G.; Naumann, U.; Berg, T.; Raedle, J.; Hartmann, S.; Hopf, U. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of interferon alfa2a with and without amantadine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 2000, 32, 835-841.
29. Mangia, A.; Minerva, N.; Annese, M.; Leandro, G.; Villani, M.R.; Santoro, R.; Carretta, V.; Bacca, D.; Giangaspero, A.; Bisceglia, M.; Ventrella, F.; Dell'Erba, G.; Andriulli, A. A randomized trial of amantadine and interferon versus interferon alone as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 2001, 33, 989-993. (Pubitemid 32246650)
30. Berg, T.; Kronenberger, B.; Hinrichsen, H.; Gerlach, T.; Buggisch, P.; Herrmann, E.; Spengler, U.; Goeser, T.; Nasser, S.; Wursthorn, K.; Pape, G.R.; Hopf, U.; Zeuzem, S. Triple therapy with amantadine in treatmentnaive patients with chronic hepatitis C: A placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology, 2003, 37, 1359-1367. (Pubitemid 36667316)
31. Teuber, G.; Pascu, M.; Berg, T.; Lafrenz, M.; Pausch, J.; Kullmann, F.; Ramadori, G.; Arnold, R.; Weidenbach, H.; Musch, E.; Junge, U.; Wiedmann, K.H.; Herrmann, E.; Zankel, M.; Zeuzem, S. Randomized, controlled trial with IFN-alpha combined with ribavirin with and without amantadine sulphate in non-responders with chronic hepatitis C. J. Hepatol., 2003, 39, 606-613. (Pubitemid 37204662)
32. von Wagner, M.; Hofmann, W.P.; Teuber, G.; Berg, T.; Goeser, T.; Spengler, U.; Hinrichsen, H.; Weidenbach, H.; Gerken, G.; Manns, M.; Buggisch, P.; Herrmann, E.; Zeuzem, S. Placebo-controlled trial of 400 mg amantadine combined with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for 48 weeks in chronic hepatitis C virus-1 infection. Hepatology, 2008, 48, 1404-1411.
33. Pavlovic, D.; Neville, D.C.; Argaud, O.; Blumberg, B.; Dwek, R.A.; Fischer, W.B.; Zitzmann, N. The hepatitis C virus p7 protein forms an ion channel that is inhibited by long-alkyl-chain iminosugar derivatives. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2003, 100, 6104-6108. (Pubitemid 36576938)
34. Steinmann, E.; Whitfield, T.; Kallis, S.; Dwek, R.A.; Zitzmann, N.; Pietschmann, T.; Bartenschlager, R. Antiviral effects of amantadine and iminosugar derivatives against hepatitis C virus. Hepatology, 2007, 46, 330-338. (Pubitemid 47344767)
35. Premkumar, A.; Wilson, L.; Ewart, G.D.; Gage, P.W. Cation-selective ion channels formed by p7 of hepatitis C virus are blocked by hexamethylene amiloride. FEBS Lett., 2004, 557, 99-103. (Pubitemid 38115876)
36. Griffin, S.; Stgelais, C.; Owsianka, A.M.; Patel, A.H.; Rowlands, D.; Harris, M. Genotype-dependent sensitivity of hepatitis C virus to inhibitors of the p7 ion channel. Hepatology, 2008, 48, 1779-1790.
37. StGelais, C.; Tuthill, T.J.; Clarke, D.S.; Rowlands, D.J.; Harris, M.; Griffin, S. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus p7 membrane channels in a liposome-based assay system. Antiviral. Res., 2007, 76, 48-58. (Pubitemid 47176693)
38. Luik, P.; Chew, C.; Aittoniemi, J.; Chang, J.; Wentworth, P., Jr.; Dwek, R.A.; Biggin, P.C.; Venien-Bryan, C.; Zitzmann, N. The 3-dimensional structure of a hepatitis C virus p7 ion channel by electron microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 2009, 106, 12712-12716.
39. StGelais, C.; Foster, T.L.; Verow, M.; Atkins, E.; Fishwick, C.W.; Rowlands, D.; Harris, M.; Griffin, S. Determinants of hepatitis C virus p7 ion channel function and drug sensitivity identified in vitro. J. Virol., 2009, 83, 7970-7981.
40. Jackson, R.J.; Kaminski, A. Internal initiation of translation in eukaryotes: The picornavirus paradigm and beyond. RNA, 1995, 1, 985-1000.
41. Gamble, C.; Trotard, M.; Le Seyec, J.; Abreu-Guerniou, V.; Gernigon, N.; Berree, F.; Carboni, B.; Felden, B.; Gillet, R. Antiviral effect of ribonuclease conjugated oligodeoxynucleotides targeting the IRES RNA of the hepatitis C virus. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2009, 19, 3581-3585.
42. Lukavsky, P.J.; Otto, G.A.; Lancaster, A.M.; Sarnow, P.; Puglisi, J.D. Structures of two RNA domains essential for hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site function. Nat. Struct. Biol., 2000, 7, 1105-1110.
43. Klinck, R.; Westhof, E.; Walker, S.; Afshar, M.; Collier, A.; Aboul-Ela, F. A potential RNA drug target in the hepatitis C virus internal ribosomal entry site. RNA, 2000, 6, 1423-1431.
44. Spahn, C.M.; Kieft, J.S.; Grassucci, R.A.; Penczek, P.A.; Zhou, K.; Doudna, J.A.; Frank, J. Hepatitis C virus IRES RNA-induced changes in the conformation of the 40s ribosomal subunit. Science, 2001, 291, 1959-1962. (Pubitemid 32216995)
45. Lukavsky, P.J. Structure and function of HCV IRES domains. Virus Res., 2009, 139, 166-171.
46. Parsons, J.; Castaldi, M.P.; Dutta, S.; Dibrov, S.M.; Wyles, D.L.; Hermann, T. Conformational inhibition of the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site RNA. Nat. Chem. Biol., 2009, 5, 823-825.
47. Collier, A.J.; Gallego, J.; Klinck, R.; Cole, P.T.; Harris, S.J.; Harrison, G.P.; Aboul-Ela, F.; Varani, G.; Walker, S. A conserved RNA structure within the HCV IRES eIF3-binding site. Nat. Struct. Biol., 2002, 9, 375-380. (Pubitemid 34462557)
48. Pudi, R.; Abhiman, S.; Srinivasan, N.; Das, S. Hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation is stimulated by specific interaction of independent regions of human La autoantigen. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278, 12231-12240. (Pubitemid 36800204)
49. Pudi, R.; Srinivasan, P.; Das, S. La protein binding at the GCAC site near the initiator AUG facilitates the ribosomal assembly on the hepatitis C virus RNA to influence internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279, 29879-29888. (Pubitemid 38937906)
50. Subramanian, N.; Mani, P.; Roy, S.; Gnanasundram, S.V.; Sarkar, D.P.; Das, S. Targeted delivery of hepatitis C virus-specific short hairpin RNA in mouse liver using Sendai virosomes. J. Gen. Virol., 2009, 90, 1812-1819.
51. Meng, S.; Wei, B.; Xu, R.; Zhang, K.; Wang, L.; Zhang, R.; Li, J. TAT peptides mediated small interfering RNA delivery to Huh-7 cells and efficiently inhibited hepatitis C virus RNA replication. Intervirology, 2009, 52, 135-140.
52. Romero-Lopez, C.; Diaz-Gonzalez, R.; Barroso-delJesus, A.; Berzal- Herranz, A. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication and internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation by an RNA molecule. J. Gen. Virol., 2009, 90, 1659-1669.
53. Lam, A.M.; Frick, D.N. Hepatitis C virus subgenomic replicon requires an active NS3 RNA helicase. J. Virol., 2006, 80, 404-411.
54. Gallinari, P.; Brennan, D.; Nardi, C.; Brunetti, M.; Tomei, L.; Steinkuhler, C.; De Francesco, R. Multiple enzymatic activities associated with recombinant NS3 protein of hepatitis C virus. J. Virol., 1998, 72, 6758-6769. (Pubitemid 28323995)
55. Chen, C.S.; Chiou, C.T.; Chen, G.S.; Chen, S.C.; Hu, C.Y.; Chi, W.K.; Chu, Y.D.; Hwang, L.H.; Chen, P.J.; Chen, D.S.; Liaw, S.H.; Chern, J.W. Structure- based discovery of triphenylmethane derivatives as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus helicase. J. Med. Chem., 2009, 52, 2716-2723.
56. Kwong, A.D.; McNair, L.; Jacobson, I.; George, S. Recent progress in the development of selected hepatitis C virus NS3.4A protease and NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 2008, 8, 522-531.
57. Kim, D.W.; Gwack, Y.; Han, J.H.; Choe, J. C-terminal domain of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protein contains an RNA helicase activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1995, 215, 160-166.
58. Tai, C.L.; Chi, W.K.; Chen, D.S.; Hwang, L.H. The helicase activity associated with hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3 (NS3). J. Virol., 1996, 70, 8477-8484.
59. Gwack, Y.; Kim, D.W.; Han, J.H.; Choe, J. Characterization of RNA binding activity and RNA helicase activity of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1996, 225, 654-659. (Pubitemid 26355653)
60. Gwack, Y.; Kim, D.W.; Han, J.H.; Choe, J. DNA helicase activity of the hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 3. Eur. J. Biochem., 1997, 250, 47-54. (Pubitemid 27504581)
61. Sarno, S.; Reddy, H.; Meggio, F.; Ruzzene, M.; Davies, S.P.; Donella-Deana, A.; Shugar, D.; Pinna, L.A. Selectivity of 4,5,6,7- tetrabromobenzotriazole, an ATP site-directed inhibitor of protein kinase CK2 ('casein kinase-2'). FEBS Lett., 2001, 496, 44-48. (Pubitemid 32436419)
62. Borowski, P.; Deinert, J.; Schalinski, S.; Bretner, M.; Ginalski, K.; Kulikowski, T.; Shugar, D. Halogenated benzimidazoles and benzotriazoles as inhibitors of the NTPase/helicase activities of hepatitis C and related viruses. Eur. J. Biochem., 2003, 270, 1645-1653. (Pubitemid 36532523)
63. Stankiewicz-Drogon, A.; Palchykovska, L.G.; Kostina, V.G.; Alexeeva, I.V.; Shved, A.D.; Boguszewska-Chachulska, A.M. New acridone-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as potential inhibitors of hepatitis C virus infection. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2008, 16, 8846-8852.
64. Maga, G.; Gemma, S.; Fattorusso, C.; Locatelli, G.A.; Butini, S.; Persico, M.; Kukreja, G.; Romano, M.P.; Chiasserini, L.; Savini, L.; Novellino, E.; Nacci, V.; Spadari, S.; Campiani, G. Specific targeting of hepatitis C virus NS3 RNA helicase. Discovery of the potent and selective competitive nucleotide- mimicking inhibitor QU663. Biochemistry, 2005, 44, 9637-9644. (Pubitemid 40994358)
65. Gozdek, A.; Zhukov, I.; Polkowska, A.; Poznanski, J.; Stankiewicz-Drogon, A.; Pawlowicz, J.M.; Zagorski-Ostoja, W.; Borowski, P.; Boguszewska-Chachulska, A.M. NS3 Peptide, a novel potent hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase inhibitor: Its mechanism of action and antiviral activity in the replicon system. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2008, 52, 393-401. (Pubitemid 351170805)
66. Huang, M.; Sun, Y.; Yang, W.; Hou, X.; Fabrycki, J.; Nie, X.; Sanchez, A.; Zhao, Y.; Phadke, A.; Deshpande, M. ACH-806: A potent inhibitor of HCV replication with a novel mechanism of action. J. Hepatol., 2007, 46, S221.
67. Wyles, D.L.; Kaihara, K.A.; Schooley, R.T. Synergy of a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS4A antagonist in combination with HCV protease and polymerase inhibitors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2008, 52, 1862-1864. (Pubitemid 351614689)
68. Yang, W.; Zhao, Y.; Fabrycki, J.; Hou, X.; Nie, X.; Sanchez, A.; Phadke, A.; Deshpande, M.; Agarwal, A.; Huang, M. Selection of replicon variants resistant to ACH-806, a novel hepatitis C virus inhibitor with no cross-resistance to NS3 protease and NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2008, 52, 2043-2052. (Pubitemid 351758541)
69. Pottage, J.; Lawitz, E.; Mazur, D.; Wyles, D.; Vargas, H.; Ghalib, R.; Gugliotti, R.; Donohue, M.; Robison, H. Short-term antiviral activity and safety of ACH-806 (GS-9132), an NS4A antagonist, in HCV genotype 1 infected individuals. J. Hepatol., 2007, 46, S294.
70. Egger, D.; Wolk, B.; Gosert, R.; Bianchi, L.; Blum, H.E.; Moradpour, D.; Bienz, K. Expression of hepatitis C virus proteins induces distinct membrane alterations including a candidate viral replication complex. J. Virol., 2002, 76, 5974-5984. (Pubitemid 34556292)
71. Elazar, M.; Liu, P.; Rice, C.M.; Glenn, J.S. An N-terminal amphipathic helix in hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS4B mediates membrane association, correct localization of replication complex proteins, and HCV RNA replication. J. Virol., 2004, 78, 11393-11400. (Pubitemid 39299681)
72. Einav, S.; Gerber, D.; Bryson, P.D.; Sklan, E.H.; Elazar, M.; Maerkl, S.J.; Glenn, J.S.; Quake, S.R. Discovery of a hepatitis C target and its pharmacol ogical inhibitors by microfluidic affinity analysis. Nat. Biotechnol., 2008, 26, 1019-1027.
73. Kaneko, T.; Tanji, Y.; Satoh, S.; Hijikata, M.; Asabe, S.; Kimura, K.; Shimotohno, K. Production of two phosphoproteins from the NS5A region of the hepatitis C viral genome. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1994, 205, 320-326. (Pubitemid 24381628)
74. Neddermann, P.; Quintavalle, M.; Di Pietro, C.; Clementi, A.; Cerretani, M.; Altamura, S.; Bartholomew, L.; De Francesco, R. Reduction of hepatitis C virus NS5A hyperphosphorylation by selective inhibition of cellular kinases activates viral RNA replication in cell culture. J. Virol., 2004, 78, 13306-13314. (Pubitemid 39507835)
75. Lemm, J.A.; O'Boyle, D., 2nd; Liu, M.; Nower, P.T.; Colonno, R.; Deshpande, M.S.; Snyder, L.B.; Martin, S.W.; St Laurent, D.R.; Serrano-Wu, M.H.; Romine, J.L.; Meanwell, N.A.; Gao, M. Identification of hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitors. J. Virol., 2010, 84, 482-491.
76. Conte, I.; Giuliano, C.; Ercolani, C.; Narjes, F.; Koch, U.; Rowley, M.; Altamura, S.; De Francesco, R.; Neddermann, P.; Migliaccio, G.; Stansfield, I. Synthesis and SAR of piperazinyl-N-phenylbenzamides as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus RNA replication in cell culture. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2009, 19, 1779-1783.
77. Watashi, K.; Hijikata, M.; Hosaka, M.; Yamaji, M.; Shimotohno, K. Cyclosporin A suppresses replication of hepatitis C virus genome in cultured hepatocytes. Hepatology, 2003, 38, 1282-1288. (Pubitemid 37314838)
78. Nakagawa, M.; Sakamoto, N.; Enomoto, N.; Tanabe, Y.; Kanazawa, N.; Koyama, T.; Kurosaki, M.; Maekawa, S.; Yamashiro, T.; Chen, C.H.; Itsui, Y.; Kakinuma, S.; Watanabe, M. Specific inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by cyclosporin A. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004, 313, 42-47. (Pubitemid 37524022)
79. Chatterji, U.; Bobardt, M.; Selvarajah, S.; Yang, F.; Tang, H.; Sakamoto, N.; Vuagniaux, G.; Parkinson, T.; Gallay, P. The isomerase active site of cyclophilin A is critical for hepatitis C virus replication. J. Biol. Chem., 2009, 284, 16998-17005.
80. Yang, F.; Robotham, J.M.; Nelson, H.B.; Irsigler, A.; Kenworthy, R.; Tang, H. Cyclophilin A is an essential cofactor for hepatitis C virus infection and the principal mediator of cyclosporine resistance in vitro. J. Virol., 2008, 82, 5269-5278. (Pubitemid 351705235)
81. Watashi, K.; Ishii, N.; Hijikata, M.; Inoue, D.; Murata, T.; Miyanari, Y.; Shimotohno, K. Cyclophilin B is a functional regulator of hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase. Mol. Cell, 2005, 19, 111-122. (Pubitemid 40884662)
82. Goto, K.; Watashi, K.; Inoue, D.; Hijikata, M.; Shimotohno, K. Identification of cellular and viral factors related to anti-hepatitis C virus activity of cyclophilin inhibitor. Cancer Sci., 2009, 100, 1943-1950.
83. Goto, K.; Watashi, K.; Murata, T.; Hishiki, T.; Hijikata, M.; Shimotohno, K. Evaluation of the anti-hepatitis C virus effects of cyclophilin inhibitors, cyclosporin A, and NIM811. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2006, 343, 879-884.
84. Paeshuyse, J.; Kaul, A.; De Clercq, E.; Rosenwirth, B.; Dumont, J.M.; Scalfaro, P.; Bartenschlager, R.; Neyts, J. The non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin DEBIO-025 is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication in vitro. Hepatology, 2006, 43, 761-770.
85. Hopkins, S.; Scorneaux, B.; Huang, Z.; Murray, M.G.; Wring, S.; Smitley, C.; Harris, R.; Erdmann, F.; Fischer, G.; Ribeill, Y. SCY-635, a novel nonimmunosuppressive analog of cyclosporine that exhibits potent inhibition of hepatitis C virus RNA replication in vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2010, 54, 660-672.
86. Ali, N.; Siddiqui, A. Interaction of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein with the 5' noncoding region of the hepatitis C virus RNA genome and its functional requirement in internal initiation of translation. J. Virol., 1995, 69, 6367-6375.
87. Ali, N.; Siddiqui, A. The La antigen binds 5' noncoding region of the hepatitis C virus RNA in the context of the initiator AUG codon and stimulates internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1997, 94, 2249-2254.
88. Ali, N.; Pruijn, G.J.; Kenan, D.J.; Keene, J.D.; Siddiqui, A. Human La antigen is required for the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275, 27531-27540.
89. Blyn, L.B.; Towner, J.S.; Semler, B.L.; Ehrenfeld, E. Requirement of poly(rC) binding protein 2 for translation of poliovirus RNA. J. Virol., 1997, 71, 6243-6246. (Pubitemid 27304973)
90. Meerovitch, K.; Svitkin, Y.V.; Lee, H.S.; Lejbkowicz, F.; Kenan, D.J.; Chan, E.K.; Agol, V.I.; Keene, J.D.; Sonenberg, N. La autoantigen enhances and corrects aberrant translation of poliovirus RNA in reticulocyte lysate. J. Virol., 1993, 67, 3798-3807. (Pubitemid 23180701)
91. Boussadia, O.; Niepmann, M.; Creancier, L.; Prats, A.C.; Dautry, F.; Jacquemin- Sablon, H. Unr is required in vivo for efficient initiation of translation from the internal ribosome entry sites of both rhinovirus and poliovirus. J. Virol., 2003, 77, 3353-3359. (Pubitemid 36297254)
92. Hellen, C.U.; Witherell, G.W.; Schmid, M.; Shin, S.H.; Pestova, T.V.; Gil, A.; Wimmer, E. A cytoplasmic 57-kDa protein that is required for translation of picornavirus RNA by internal ribosomal entry is identical to the nuclear pyrimidine tract-binding protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1993, 90, 7642-7646. (Pubitemid 23250006)
93. Hunt, S.L.; Hsuan, J.J.; Totty, N.; Jackson, R.J. unr, a cellular cytoplasmic RNA-binding protein with five cold-shock domains, is required for internal initiation of translation of human rhinovirus RNA. Genes Dev., 1999, 13, 437-448. (Pubitemid 29108759)
94. Izumi, R.E.; Valdez, B.; Banerjee, R.; Srivastava, M.; Dasgupta, A. Nucleolin stimulates viral internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation. Virus Res., 2001, 76, 17-29. (Pubitemid 32480132)
95. Romero, V.; Fellows, E.; Jenne, D.E.; Andrade, F. Cleavage of La protein by granzyme H induces cytoplasmic translocation and interferes with Lamediated HCV-IRES translational activity. Cell Death Differ., 2009, 16, 340-348.
96. Izumi, R.E.; Das, S.; Barat, B.; Raychaudhuri, S.; Dasgupta, A. A peptide from autoantigen La blocks poliovirus and hepatitis C virus cap-independent translation and reveals a single tyrosine critical for La RNA binding and translation stimulation. J. Virol., 2004, 78, 3763-3776. (Pubitemid 38568314)
97. Fontanes, V.; Raychaudhuri, S.; Dasgupta, A. A cell-permeable peptide inhibits hepatitis C virus replication by sequestering IRES transacting factors. Virology, 2009, 394, 82-90.
98. Jopling, C.L.; Yi, M.; Lancaster, A.M.; Lemon, S.M.; Sarnow, P. Modulation of hepatitis C virus RNA abundance by a liver-specific MicroRNA. Science, 2005, 309, 1577-1581. (Pubitemid 41266486)
99. Pedersen, I.M.; Cheng, G.; Wieland, S.; Volinia, S.; Croce, C.M.; Chisari, F.V.; David, M. Interferon modulation of cellular microRNAs as an antiviral mechanism. Nature, 2007, 449, 919-922. (Pubitemid 47598616)
100. Lanford, R.E.; Hildebrandt-Eriksen, E.S.; Petri, A.; Persson, R.; Lindow, M.; Munk, M.E.; Kauppinen, S.; Orum, H. Therapeutic silencing of microRNA- 122 in primates with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Science, 2010, 327, 198-201.
101. Murakami, Y.; Aly, H.H.; Tajima, A.; Inoue, I.; Shimotohno, K. Regulation of the hepatitis C virus genome replication by miR-199a. J. Hepatol., 2009, 50, 453-460.
102. Wakita, T.; Pietschmann, T.; Kato, T.; Date, T.; Miyamoto, M.; Zhao, Z.; Murthy, K.; Habermann, A.; Kräusslich, H.G.; Mizokami, M.; Bartenschlager, R.; Liang, T.J. Production of infectious hepatitis C virus in tissue culture from a cloned viral genome. Nat. Med., 2005, 11, 791-796. (Pubitemid 41021213)
103. Fofana, I.; Krieger, S.E.; Grunert, F.; Glauben, S.; Xiao, F.; Fafi-Kremer, S.; Soulier, E.; Royer, C.; Thumann, C.; Mee, C.J.; McKeating, J.A.; Dragic, T.; Pessaux, P.; Stoll-Keller, F.; Schuster, C.; Thompson, J.; Baumert, T.F. Monoclonal anti-claudin-1 antibodies prevent hepatitis C virus infection of primary human hepatocytes. Gastroenterology, 2010, 139, 953-964.