Obstructive uropathy

Contributions to Nephrology

Volumn 169, Issue , 2011, Pages 311-326

  Truong, Luan D ^a,b,c   Gaber, Lillian ^a,b   Eknoyan, Garabed ^c  

^a HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^c BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SCLEROPROTEIN;

ANIMAL; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; ATROPHY; DISEASE MODEL; HUMAN; INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS; KIDNEY TUBULE; MOUSE; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RAT; URETER OBSTRUCTION;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; ATROPHY; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; HUMANS; KIDNEY TUBULES; MICE; NEPHRITIS, INTERSTITIAL; RATS; URETERAL OBSTRUCTION;

EID: 79551496307     PISSN: 03025144     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1159/000314578     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Schainuck LI, Striker GE, Cutler RE, et al: Structural- functional correlations in renal disease. Part II: the correlations. Hum Pathol 1970;1:631-641.
2. Chevalier RL, Forbes MS, Thornhill BA: Ureteral obstruction as a model of renal interstitial fibrosis and obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 2009;75:1145-52.
3. Chevalier RL, Thornhill BA, Forbes MS, Kiley SC: Mechanisms of renal injury and progression of renal disease in congenital obstructive nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2010;25:687-697.
4. Chevalier RL: Pathogenesis of renal injury in obstructive uropathy. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006;18:153-160.
5. Nagle RB, Bulger RE, Cutler RE, et al: Unilateral obstructive nephropathy in the rabbit: early morphologic, physiologic, and histochemical changes. Lab Invest 1973;28:456-467.
6. Ito K, Chen J, El Chaar M, Stern JM, Seshan SV, Khodadadian JJ, Richardson I, Hyman MJ, Vaughan ED Jr, Poppas DP, Felsen D: Renal damage progresses despite improvement of renal function after relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction in adult rats. Am J Physiol 2004;287:F1283-F1293.
7. Thornhill BA, Forbes MS, Marcinko ES, Chevalier RL: Glomerulotubular disconnection in neonatal mice after relief of partial ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 2007;72:1103-1112.
8. Chevalier RL, Kim A, Thornhill BA, Wolstenholme JT: Recovery following relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction in the neonatal rat. Kidney Int 1999;55:793-807.
9. Chevalier RL, Thornhill BA, Chang AY, Cachat F, Lackey A: Recovery from release of ureteral obstruction in the rat: relationship to nephrogenesis. Kidney Int 2002;61:2033-2043.
10. Truong LD, Petrusevska G, Yang G, Gurpinar T, Shappel S, Lechago J, Rouse D, Suki WN. Cell apoptosis and proliferation in experimental chronic obstructive uropathy. Kidney Int 1996;50:200-207.
11. Gobe GC, Axelsen RA: Genesis of renal tubular atrophy in experimental hydronephrosis in the rat: role of apoptosis. Lab Invest 1987;56:273-281.
12. Iwano M, Plieth D, Danoff TM, et al: Evidence that fibroblasts derive from epithelium during tissue fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2002;110:341-350.
13. Bascands JL, Schanstra JP: Bradykinin and renal fibrosis: Have we ACEd it? J Am Soc Nephrol2004;15:2504-2506.
14. Docherty NG, OSullivan OE, Healy DA, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW: Evidence that inhibition of tubular cell apoptosis protects against renal damage and development of fibrosis following ureteric obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006;290:F4-F13.
15. Sunami R, Sugiyama H, Wang DH, Kobayashi M, Maeshima Y, Yamasaki Y, Masuoka N, Ogawa N, Kira S, Makino H: Acatalasemia sensitizes renal tubular epithelial cells to apoptosis and exacerbates renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 286:F1030-F1038.
16. Pat B, Yang T, Kong C, Watters D, Johnson DW, Gobe G: Activation of ERK in renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction: modulation by antioxidants. Kidney Int 2005;67:931-943.
17. Jones EA, Shahed J, Shoskes DA: Modulation of apoptotic and inflammatory genes by bioflavonoids and angiotensin II inhibition in ureteral obstruction. Urology 2000;56:346-351.
18. Ma FY, Flanc RS, Tesch GH, Han Y, Atkins RC, Bennett BL, Friedman GC, Fan JH, Nikolic- Paterson DJ: A pathogenic role for c- Jun amino- terminal kinase signaling in renal fibrosis and tubular cell apoptosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18:472-484.
19. Shin GT, Kim DR, Lim JE, Yim H, Kim H: Upregulation and function of GADD45gamma in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 2008;73:1251-1265.
20. Guo G, Morrissey R, McCracken R, Tolley T, Klahr S: Role of TNFR1 and TNFR2 receptors in tubulointerstitial fibrosis of obstructive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 1999;277:F766-F772.
21. Choi YJ, Mendoza L, Rha SJ, Sheikh- Hamad D, Baranowska- Daca E, Nguyen V, Smith CW, Nassar G, Suki WN, Truong LD: Role of p53- dependent activation of caspases in chronic obstructive uropathy: evidence from p53 null mutant mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:983-992.
22. Chevalier RL, Goyal S, Kim A, Chang AY, Landau D, LeRoith D: Renal tubulointerstitial injury from ureteral obstruction in the neonatal rat is attenuated by IGF- 1. Kidney Int 2000;57:882-890.
23. Misseri R, Meldrum DR, Dinarello CA, et al: TNH- alpha mediates obstruction- induced renal tubular cell apoptosis and proapoptotic signaling. Am J Physiol 2004;288:F406-F411.
24. Truong LD, Choi YJ, Tsao CC, Ayala G, Sheikh- Hamad D, Nassar G, Suki WN: Renal cell apoptosis in chronic obstructive uropathy: the roles of caspases. Kidney Int 2001;60:924-934.
25. Choi Y- J, Baranowska- Daca E, Nguyen V, Koji T, Ballantyne CM, Sheikh- Hamad D, Suki WN, Truong LD: Mechanism of chronic obstructive uropathy: increased expression of apoptosis- promoting molecules. Kidney Int 2000;58:1481-1491.
26. Lapis H, Yu H, Steinhardt GF: Cell proliferation, apoptosis, Bcl- 2 and Bax expression in obstructed opossum early metanephroi. J Urol 2000;164:511-517.
27. Zhang G, Oldroyd SD, Huang LH, Yang B, Li Y, Ye R, El Nahas AM: Role of apoptosis and Bcl- 2/Bax in the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis during experimental obstructive nephropathy. Exp Nephrol 2001;9:71-80.
28. Ricardo SD, Ding G, Eufemio M, Diamond JR: Antioxidant expression in experimental hydronephrosis: role of mechanical stretch and growth factors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 1997;272:F789-F798.
29. Power RE, Doyle BT, Higgins D, Brady HR, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW: Mechanical deformation induced apoptosis in human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells is caspase dependent. J Urol 2004;171:457-461.
30. Yukawa K, Kishino M, Goda M, et al: STAT6 deficiency inhibits tubulointerstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Int J Mol Med 2005;15:225-230.
31. Kennedy WA II, Buttyan R, Garcia- Montes E, DAgati V, Olsson CA, Sawczuk IS: Epi dermal growth factor suppresses renal tubular apoptosis following ureteral obstruction. Urology 1997;49:973-980.
32. Hochberg D, Johnson CW, Chen J, Cohen D, Stern J, Vaughan ED Jr., Poppas D, Felsen D: Interstitial fibrosis of unilateral ureteral obstruction is exacerbated in kidneys of mice lacking the gene for inducible nitric oxide synthase. Lab Invest 2000;80:1721-1728.
33. Mao H, Li Z, Zhou Y, Li Z, Zhuang S, An X, Zhang B, Chen W, Nie J, Wang Z, Borkan SC, Wang Y, Yu X: HSP72 attenuates renal tubular cell apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008;295:F202-F214.
34. Srisawat N, Manotham K, Eiam- Ong S, Katavetin P, Praditpornsilpa K, Eiam- Ong S: Erythropoietin and its non- erythropoietic derivative: do they ameliorate renal tubulointerstitial injury in ureteral obstruction? Int J Urol 2008;15:1011-1017.
35. Cohen T, Loutochin O, Amin M, Capolicchio JP, Goodyer P, Jednak R: PAX2 is reactivated in urinary tract obstruction and partially protects collecting duct cells from programmed cell death. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007;292:F1267-F1273.
36. Burt LE, Forbes MS, Thornhill BA, Kiley SC, Chevalier RL: Renal vascular endothelial growth factor in neonatal obstructive nephropathy. I. Endogenous VEGF. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007;292:F158-F1 67.
37. Burt LE, Forbes MS, Thornhill BA, Kiley SC, Chevalier RL: Renal vascular endothelial growth factor in neonatal obstructive nephropathy. II. Exogenous VEGF. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007;292:F168-F174.
38. Hughes J, Brown P, Shankland SJ: Cyclin kinase inhibitor p21CIP1/ WAF1 limits interstitial cell proliferation following ureteric obstruction. Am J Physiol 1999;277: F948-F956.
39. Ophascharoensuk V, Fero ML, Hughes J, et al: The cyclin- dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 safeguards against inflammatory injury. Nat Med 1998;4:575-580.
40. Gao X, Mae H, Ayabe N, Takai T, Oshima K, Hattori M, Ueki T, Fujimoto J, Tanizawa T: Hepatocyte growth factor gene therapy retards the progression of chronic obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 2002;62:1238-1248.
41. Yang J, Liu Y: Delayed administration of hepatocyte growth factor reduces renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003;284:F349-F357.
42. Klahr S, Morrissey J: Obstructive nephropathy and renal fibrosis: the role of bone morphogenic protein- 7 and hepatocyte growth factor. Kidney Int Suppl 2003;87:S105-S112.
43. Sakairi T, Hiromura K, Yamashita S, Takeuchi S, Tomioka M, Ideura H, Maeshima A, Kaneko Y, Kuroiwa T, Nangaku M, Takeuchi T, Nojima Y: Nestin expression in the kidney with an obstructed ureter. Kidney Int 2007;72:307-318.
44. Higgins DF, Kimura K, Bernhardt WM, Shrimanker N, Akai Y, Hohenstein B, Saito Y, Johnson RS, Kretzler M, Cohen CD, Eckardt KU, Iwano M, Haase VH: J Clin Invest 2007;117:3810-3820.
45. Kimura K, Iwano M, Higgins DF, Yamaguchi Y, Nakatani K, Harada K, Kubo A, Akai Y, Rankin EB, Neilson EG, Haase VH, Saito Y: Stable expression of HIF- 1alpha in tubular epithelial cells promotes interstitial fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008;295: F1023-F1029.
46. Miyajima A, et al: Novel nuclear factor ?B activation inhibitor prevents inflammatory injury in unilateral ureteral obstruction. J Urol 2003;169:1559-1563.
47. Miyajima A, Chen J, Lawrence C, Ledbetter S, Soslow RA, Stern J, Jha S, Pigato J, Lemer ML, Poppas DP, Vaughan ED, Felsen D: Antibody to transforming growth factor- β ameliorates tubular apoptosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 2000;58:2301-2313.
48. Eitner F, Bucher E, van Roeyen C, Kunter U, Rong S, Seikrit C, Villa L, Boor P, Fredriksson L, Backstrom G, Eriksson U, Ostman A, Floege J, Ostendorf T: PDGF- C is a proinflammatory cytokine that mediates renal interstitial fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:281-9.
49. Yokoi H, Mukoyama M, Nagae T, et al: Reduction in connective tissue growth factor by antisense treatment ameliorates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:1430-1440.
50. Giachelli CM, Lombardi D, Johnson RJ, et al: Evidence for a role of osteopontin in macrophage infiltration in response to pathological stimuli in vivo. Am J Pathol 1998;152:353-358.
51. Wada T, Furuichi K, Sakai N, et al: Gene therapy via blockade of monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1 for renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:940-948.
52. 52 Lange- Sperandio B, Cachat F, Thornhill BA, Chevalier RL: Selectins mediate machrophage infiltration in obstructive nephropathy in newborn mice. Kidney Int 2002;61:516-524.
53. Shappell SB, Mendoza LH, Gurpinar T, et al: Expression of adhesion molecules in kidney with experimental chronic obstructive uropathy: The pathogenic role of ICAM- 1 and VCAM- 1. Nephron 2000;85:156-166.
54. Yoo KH, Thornhill BA, Forbes MS, Coleman CM, Marcinko ES, Liaw L, Chevalier RL: Osteopontin regulates renal apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in neonatal chronic unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 2006;70:1735-1741.
55. Rouschop KM, Sewnath ME, Claessen N, et al: CD44 deficiency increases tubular damage but reduces renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:674-686.
56. Fan YY, Nishiyama A, Fujisawa Y, Kobori H, Nakano D, Matsuura J, Hase N, Hitomi H, Kiyomoto H, Urata H, Kohno M: Contribution of chymase- dependent angiotensin II formation to the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in obstructed kidneys in hamsters. J Pharmacol Sci 2009;111:82-90.
57. Satoh M, Kashihara N, Yamasaki Y, et al: Renal interstitial fibrosis is reduced in angiotensin II type 1a receptor- deficient mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:317-325.
58. Esteban V, Lorenzo O, Ruperez M, et al: Angiotensin II, via AT1 and AT2 receptors and NF- kappaβ pathway regulates the inflammatory response in unilateral ureteral obstruction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:1514-1529.
59. Grgic I, Kiss E, Kaistha BP, Busch C, Kloss M, Sautter J, Muller A, Kaistha A, Schmidt C, Raman G, Wulff H, Strutz F, Grone HJ, Kohler R, Hoyer: Renal fibrosis is attenuated by targeted disruption of KCa3.1 potassium channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:14518-14523.
60. Schreiner GF, Harris KPG, Purkerson ML, Klahr S: Immunological aspects of acute ureteral obstruction: immune cell infiltrate in the kidney. Kidney Int 1988;34:487-493.
61. Truong LD, Farhood A, Tasby J, Gillum D: Experimental chronic renal ischemia: morphologic and immunologic studies. Kidney Int 1992;41:1676-1689.
62. Stachura I, Si L, Madan E, Whiteside T: Mononuclear cell subsets in human renal disease. Enumeration in tissue sections with monoclonal antibodies. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1984;30:362-373.
63. Eis V, Luckow B, Vielhauer V, et al: Chemokine receptor CCR1 but not CCR5 mediates leukocyte recruitment and subsequent renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:337-347.
64. Jones LK, OSullivan KM, Semple T, Kuligowski MP, Fukami K, Ma FY, Nikolic- Paterson DJ, Holdsworth SR, Kitching AR: IL- 1RI deficiency ameliorates early experimental renal interstitial fibrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:3024-3032.
65. Ma FY, Liu J, Kitching AR, Manthey CL, Nikolic- Paterson DJ: Targeting renal macrophage accumulation viacfms kinase reduces tubular apoptosis but fails to modify progressive fibrosis in the obstructed rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009;296: F177-F185.
66. Lenda DM, Kikawada E, Stanley ER, Kelley VR: Reduced macrophage recruitment, proliferation and activation in colony- stimulating factor- 1- deficient mice results in decreased tubular apoptosis during renal inflammation. J Immunol 2003;170:3254-3262.
67. Leemans JC, Butter LM, Pulskens WP, Teske GJ, Claessen N, van der Poll T, Florquin S: The role of Toll- like receptor 2 in inflammation and fibrosis during progressive renal injury. PLoS One 2009;4:e5704.
68. Goncalves RG, Gabrich L, Rosario A Jr, Takiya CM, Ferreira ML, Chiarini LB, Persechini PM, Coutinho- Silva R, Leite M Jr: The role of purinergic P2X7 receptors in the inflammation and fibrosis of unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice. Kidney Int 2006; 70:1599-1606.
69. Nishida M, Hamaoka K: Macrophage phenotype and renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2008;110:e31-e36.
70. Picard N, Baum O, Vogetseder A, Kaissling B, Le Hir M: Origin of renal myofibroblasts in the model of unilateral ureter obstruction in the rat. Histochem Cell Biol 2008;130:141-155.
71. Grande MT, Lopez- Novoa JM: Fibroblast activation and myofibroblast generation in obstructive nephropathy. Nat Rev Nephrol 2009;5:319-328.
72. Wada T, Sakai N, Matsushima K, Kaneko S: Fibrocytes: a new insight into kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int 2007;72:269-273.
73. Butt MJ, Tarantal AF, Jimenez DF, Matsell DG: Collecting duct epithelial- mesenchymal transition in fetal urinary tract obstruction. Kidney Int 2007;72:936-944.
74. Ma H, Saenko M, Opuko A, Togawa A, Soda K, Marlier A, Moeckel GW, Cantley LG, Ishibe S: Deletion of the Met receptor in the collecting duct decreases renal repair following ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 2009;76: 868-876.
75. Zeisberg EM, Potenta SE, Sugimoto H, et al: Fibroblasts in kidney fibrosis emerge via endothelial- tomesenchymal transition. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:2282-2287.
76. Lin SL, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Duffield JS: Pericytes and perivascular fibroblasts are the primary source of collagen- producing cells in obstructive fibrosis of the kidney. Am J Pathol 2008;173:1617-1627.
77. Sharma AK, Mauer SM, Kim Y, et al: Interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 1993;44:774-788.
78. Ohashi R, Shimizu A, Masuda Y, Kitamura H, Ishizaki M, Sugisaki Y, Yamanaka N: Peritubular capillary regression during the progression of experimental obstructive nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:1795-1805.
79. Klahr S, Morrisey J: Obstructive nephropathy and renal fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002;283:F861-F875.
80. Klahr S: Urinary tract obstruction. Semin Nephrol 2001;21:137-145.
81. Suki W, Eknoyan G, Rector FC Jr, Seldin DW: Patterns of nephron perfusion in acute and chronic hydropnephrosis. J Clin Invest 1966;45:122-131.
82. Pedersen TS, Hvistendahl JJ, Djurhuus JC, Frokiaer J: Renal water and sodium handling during graded unilateral ureter obstruction. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2002;36:163-172.
83. Eknoyan G, Suki WN, Martinez- Maldonado M, Anhalt M: Chronic hydronephrosis. Observations on the mechanism of the defect in urine concentration. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1970;134:634-639.
84. Li C, Wang W, Kwon T, Knepper MA, Nielsen S, Frokiaer J: Altered expression of major renal Na transporters in rats with bilateral ureteral obstruction and release of obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003;385:F889-F901. (Pubitemid 37288635)
85. Wang G, Ring T, Li C, Kim SW, Wen J, Djurhuus JC, Nielsen S, Frokiaer J: Unilateral ureteral obstruction alters expression of acid- base transporters in rat kidney. J Urol 2009;182:2964-2973.
86. Shi Y, Pedersen M, Li C, Wen JC, Thomsen K, Jorgensen H, Jorgensen TM, Knepper MA, Nielsen S, Djurhuus JC, Frokaier J: Early release of neonatal ureteral obstruction preserves renal function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004;286:F1087-F1099.
87. Huang W- Y, Peters CA, Zurakowski D, Borer JG, Diamond DA, Bauer SB, McLellan DL, Rosen S: Renal biopsy in congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction: Evidence for parenchymal maldevelopment. Kidney Int 2006;69:137-143.
88. Moon JA, Kim HT, Cho IS, et al: IN- 1130, a novel TGF- beta type 1 receptor kinase (ALKS) inhibitor, suppresses renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 2006;70: 1234-1243.
89. Ihazaki K, Kanamaru Y, Kojima Y, et al: Smad3 deficiency attenuates renal fibrosis, inflammation and apoptosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction. Kidney Int 2004;66:597-604.
90. Chung AC, Huang XR, Zhou L, Heuchel R, Lai KN, Lan HY: Disruption of the Smad7 gene promotes renal fibrosis and inflammation in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in mice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24:1443-1154.
91. Ma LJ, Yang H, Gaspert A, et al: Transforming growth factor- betadependent and - independent pathways of induction of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in beta 6(- /- ) mice. Am J Pathol 2003;163:1261-1273.
92. He W, Dai C, Li Y, Zeng G, Monga SP, Liu Y: Wnt/beta- catenin signaling promotes renal interstitial fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:765-776.
93. Pang M, Kothapally J, Mao H, Tolbert E, Ponnusamy M, Chin YE, Zhuang S: Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity attenuates renal fibroblast activation and interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009;297: F996-F1005.
94. Li Y, Tan X, Dai C, Stolz DB, Wang D, Liu Y: Inhibition of integrinlinked kinase atten uates renal interstitial fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:1907-1918.
95. Schaeffer L, Macakova K, Raslik I, et al: Absence of decorin adversely influences tubulointerstitial fibrosis of the obstructed kidney by enhanced apoptosis and increased inflammatory reaction. Am J Pathol 2002; 160:1181-1197.
96. Yukawa K, Shirasawa N, Ohshima A, Mune M, Kimura A, Bai T, Tsubota Y, Owada- Makabe K, Tanaka T, Kishino M, Tsuruo Y, Umesaki N, Maeda M: Death- associated protein kinase localization to human renal tubule cells and increased expression of chronic obstructive uropathy in rats. J Nep hrol 2004;17:26-33.
97. Suzuki S, Fukasawa H, Kitagawa K, Uchida C, Hattori T, Isobe T, Oda T, Misaki T, Ohashi N, Nakayama K, Nakavama KI, Hishida A, Yamamoto T, Kitagawa M: Renal damage in obstructive nephropathy is decreased in Skp2- deficient mice. Am J Pathol 2007;171:473-483.
98. Kie JH, Kapturczak MH, Traylor A, Agarwal A, Hill- Kapturczak N: Heme oxygenase- 1 deficiency promotes epithelial- mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nep hrol 2008;19:1681-1691.
99. Schanstra JP, Duchene J, Desmond L, et al: The protective effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in experimental renal fibrosis in mice is not mediated by bradykinin B2 receptor activation. Thromb Haemost 2003;89:735-740.
100. Kawai T, Masaki T, Doi S, Arakawa T, Yokovama Y, Doi T, Kohno N, Yorioka N: PPAR- gamma agonist attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis and inflammation through reduction of TGFbeta. Lab Invest 2009;89:47-58.
101. Edgtton KL, Gow RM, Kelly DJ, et al: Plasmin is not protective in experimental renal interstitial fibrosis. Kidney Int 2004;66:68-76.
102. Yang J, Shultz RW, Mars WM, et al: Disruption of tissue- type plasminogen activator gene in mice reduces renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. J Clin Invest 2002;110:1525-1538.
103. Kassiri Z, Oudit GY, Kandalam V, Awad A, Wang X, Ziou X, Maeda N, Herzenberg AM, Scholey JW: Loss of TIMP3 enhances interstitial nephritis and fibrosis. J Am Soc Nep hrol 2009;20:1223-1235.
104. Kuratsune M, Masaki T, Hirai T, Kiribayashi K, Yokoyama Y, Arakawa T, Yorioka N, Kohno N: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 involvement in the development of renal interstitial fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction. Nephrology 2007;12:565-571.