New insights into the role of RNase L in innate immunity

Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 49-57

  Chakrabarti, Arindam ^a   Jha, Babal Kant ^a   Silverman, Robert H ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA INTERFERON; CATHEPSIN E; HUR PROTEIN; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; MESSENGER RNA; RIBONUCLEASE L; SINGLE STRANDED RNA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; CANCER INHIBITION; DEMYELINATING DISEASE; HPC1 GENE; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTERFERON INDUCTION; MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS; MUTATOR GENE; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; RNA CLEAVAGE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; XENOTROPIC VIRUS;

2',5'-OLIGOADENYLATE SYNTHETASE; ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, SURFACE; DEMYELINATING DISEASES; ENDORIBONUCLEASES; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; INTERFERONS; NEOPLASMS; PROTEIN INTERACTION DOMAINS AND MOTIFS; RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED; RNA, MESSENGER; RNA, VIRAL; RNA-BINDING PROTEINS; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID; VIRUS DISEASES;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); MURINAE;

EID: 78651484480     PISSN: 10799907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jir.2010.0120     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Al-Ahmadi W, Al-Haj L, Al-Mohanna FA, Silverman RH, Khabar KS. 2009. RNase L downmodulation of the RNA-binding protein, HuR, and cellular growth. Oncogene 28(15):1782-1791.
2. Allen MD, Buchberger A, Bycroft M. 2006. The PUB domain functions as a p97 binding module in human peptide N-glycanase. J Biol Chem 281(35):25502-25508.
3. Andersen JB, Li XL, Judge CS, Zhou A, Jha BK, Shelby S, Zhou L, Silverman RH, Hassel BA. 2007. Role of 2-5A-dependent RNase-L in senescence and longevity. Oncogene 26(21):3081-3088.
4. Andersen JB, Mazan-Mamczarz K, Zhan M, Gorospe M, Hassel BA. 2009. Ribosomal protein mRNAs are primary targets of regulation in RNase-L-induced senescence. RNA Biol 6(3):305-315.
5. Arnold RS, Makarova N, Osunkoya AO, Suppiah S, Scott TA, Johnson NA, Bhosle SM, Liotta D, Hunter E, Marshall FF, Ly H, Molinaro RJ, Blackwell JL, Petros JA. 2010. XMRV infection in prostate cancer patients: novel serologic assay and correlation with PCR and FISH. Urology 75:755-761.
6. Barrick D, Ferreiro DU, Komives EA. 2008. Folding landscapes of ankyrin repeat proteins: experiments meet theory. Curr Opin Struct Biol 18(1):27-34.
7. Bartsch DK, Fendrich V, Slater EP, Sina-Frey M, Rieder H, Greenhalf W, Chaloupka B, Hahn SA, Neoptolemos JP, Kress R. 2005. RNASEL germline variants are associated with pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 117(5):718-722.
8. Bialik S, Bresnick AR, Kimchi A. 2004. DAP-kinase-mediated morphological changes are localization dependent and in- volve myosin-II phosphorylation. Cell Death Differ 11(6): 631-644.
9. Bisbal C, Martinand C, Silhol M, Lebleu B, Salehzada T. 1995. Cloning and characterization of a RNAse L inhibitor. A new component of the interferon-regulated 2-5A pathway. J Biol Chem 270(22):13308-13317.
10. Carpten J, Nupponen N, Isaacs S, Sood R, Robbins C, Xu J, Faruque M, Moses T, Ewing C, Gillanders E, Hu P, Bujnovszky P, Makalowska I, Baffoe-Bonnie A, Faith D, Smith J, Stephan D, Wiley K, Brownstein M, Gildea D, Kelly B, Jenkins R, Hostetter G, Matikainen M, Schleutker J, Klinger K, Connors T, Xiang Y, Wang Z, De Marzo A, Papadopoulos N, Kallioniemi OP, Burk R, Meyers D, Gronberg H, Meltzer P, Silverman R, Bailey-Wilson J, Walsh P, Isaacs W, Trent J. 2002. Germline mutations in the ribonuclease L gene in families showing linkage with HPC1. Nat Genet 30(2):181-184.
11. Carroll SS, Cole JL, Viscount T, Geib J, Gehman J, Kuo LC. 1997. Activation of RNase L by 2,5-oligoadenylates. Kinetic characterization. J Biol Chem 272(31):19193-19198.
12. Casey G, Neville PJ, Plummer SJ, Xiang Y, Krumroy LM, Klein EA, Catalona WJ, Nupponen N, Carpten JD, Trent JM, Silverman RH, Witte JS. 2002. RNASEL Arg462Gln variant is implicated in up to 13% of prostate cancer cases. Nat Genet 32(4):581-583.
13. Castelli JC, Hassel BA, Wood KA, Li XL, Amemiya K, Dalakas MC, Torrence PF, Youle RJ. 1997. A study of the interferon antiviral mechanism: apoptosis activation by the 2-5A system. J Exp Med 186(6):967-972.
14. Clemens MJ, Williams BR. 1978. Inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis by pppA2p5A2p5A: a novel oligonucleotide synthesized by interferon-treated L cell extracts. Cell 13(3):565-572.
15. Cockman ME, Webb JD, Kramer HB, Kessler BM, Ratcliffe PJ. 2009. Proteomics-based identification of novel factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) substrates indicates widespread asparaginyl hydroxylation of ankyrin repeat domaincontaining proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 8(3):535-546.
16. Demettre E, Bastide L, DHaese A, De Smet K, De Meirleir K, Tiev KP, Englebienne P, Lebleu B. 2002. Ribonuclease L proteolysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chronic fatigue syndrome patients. J Biol Chem 277(38):35746-35751.
17. Dong B, Kim S, Hong S, Das Gupta J, Malathi K, Klein EA, Ganem D, Derisi JL, Chow SA, Silverman RH. 2007. An nfectious retrovirus susceptible to an IFN antiviral pathway from human prostate tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(5):1655-1660.
18. Dong B, Niwa M, Walter P, Silverman RH. 2001. Basis for regulated RNA cleavage by functional analysis of RNase L and Ire1p. RNA 7(3):361-373.
19. Dong B, Silverman RH. 1995. 2-5A-dependent RNase molecules dimerize during activation by 2-5A. J Biol Chem 270(8):4133-4137.
20. Dong B, Silverman RH. 1997. A bipartite model of 2-5Adependent RNase L. J Biol Chem 272(35):22236-22242.
21. Dong B, Silverman RH. 1999. Alternative function of a protein kinase homology domain in 2, 5-oligoadenylate dependent RNase L. Nucleic Acids Res 27(2):439-445.
22. Dong B, Xu L, Zhou A, Hassel BA, Lee X, Torrence PF, Silverman RH. 1994. Intrinsic molecular activities of the interferon-induced 2-5A-dependent RNase. J Biol Chem 269(19):14153-14158.
23. Dugan JW, Albor A, David L, Fowlkes J, Blackledge MT, Martin TM, Planck SR, Rosenzweig HL, Rosenbaum JT, Davey MP. 2009. Nucleotide oligomerization domain-2 interacts with 2- 5-oligoadenylate synthetase type 2 and enhances RNase-L function in THP-1 cells. Mol Immunol 47(2-3):560-566.
24. Erlwein O, Kaye S, McClure MO, Weber J, Wills G, Collier D, Wessely S, Cleare A. 2010. Failure to detect the novel retrovirus XMRV in chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS ONE 5(1):e8519.
25. Floyd-Smith G, Slattery E, Lengyel P. 1981. Interferon action: RNA cleavage pattern of a (2-5)oligoadenylate-dependent endonuclease. Science 212(4498):1030-1032.
26. Gorina S, Pavletich NP. 1996. Structure of the p53 tumor suppressor bound to the ankyrin and SH3 domains of 53BP2. Science 274(5289):1001-1005.
27. Groom HC, Boucherit VC, Makinson K, Randal E, Baptista S, Hagan S, Gow JW, Mattes FM, Breuer J, Kerr JR, Stoye JP, Bishop KN. 2010. Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in UK patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Retrovirology 7:10.
28. Han JQ, Townsend HL, Jha BK, Paranjape JM, Silverman RH, Barton DJ. 2007. A phylogenetically conserved RNA structure in the poliovirus open reading frame inhibits the antiviral endoribonuclease RNase L. J Virol 81(11):5561-5572.
29. Hannigan GE, Leung-Hagesteijn C, Fitz-Gibbon L, Coppolino MG, Radeva G, Filmus J, Bell JC, Dedhar S. 1996. Regulation of cell adhesion and anchorage-dependent growth by a new beta 1-integrin-linked protein kinase. Nature 379(6560):91-96.
30. Hassel BA, Zhou A, Sotomayor C, Maran A, Silverman RH. 1993. A dominant negative mutant of 2-5A-dependent RNase suppresses antiproliferative and antiviral effects of interferon. EMBO J 12(8):3297-3304.
31. Hollien J, Lin JH, Li H, Stevens N, Walter P, Weissman JS. 2009. Regulated Ire1-dependent decay of messenger RNAs in mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 186(3):323-331.
32. Hovanessian AG, Brown RE, Kerr IM. 1977. Synthesis of low molecular weight inhibitor of protein synthesis with enzyme from interferon-treated cells. Nature 268(5620):537-540.
33. Ireland DD, Stohlman SA, Hinton DR, Kapil P, Silverman RH, Atkinson RA, Bergmann CC. 2009. RNase L mediated protection from virus induced demyelination. PLoS Pathog 5(10):e1000602.
34. Jacobsen H, Krause D, Friedman RM, Silverman RH. 1983. Induction of ppp(A2p)nA-dependent RNase in murine JLS-V9R cells during growth inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80(16):4954-4958.
35. Kakuta S, Shibata S, Iwakura Y. 2002. Genomic structure of the mouse 2,5-oligoadenylate synthetase gene family. J Interferon Cytokine Res 22(9):981-993.
36. Kerr IM, Brown RE. 1978. pppA2p5A2p5A: an inhibitor of protein synthesis synthesized with an enzyme fraction from interferon-treated cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 75(1):256-260.
37. Korennykh AV, Egea PF, Korostelev AA, Finer-Moore J, Zhang C, Shokat KM, Stroud RM, Walter P. 2009. The unfolded protein response signals through high-order assembly of Ire1. Nature 457(7230):687-693.
38. Kristiansen H, Henrik Gad H, Eskildsen-Larsen S, Despres P, Hartmann R. 2010. The Oligoadenylate Synthetase family: An ancient protein family with multiple antiviral activities. J Interferon Cytokine Res 31(1):41-47.
39. Kruger S, Silber AS, Engel C, Gorgens H, Mangold E, Pagenstecher C, Holinski-Feder E, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Moeslein G, Dietmaier W, Stemmler S, Friedl W, Ruschoff J, Schackert HK. 2005. Arg462Gln sequence variation in the prostate-cancer-susceptibility gene RNASEL and age of onset of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer: a case-control study. Lancet Oncol 6(8):566-572.
40. Kubota K, Nakahara K, Ohtsuka T, Yoshida S, Kawaguchi J, Fujita Y, Ozeki Y, Hara A, Yoshimura C, Furukawa H, Haruyama H, Ichikawa K, Yamashita M, Matsuoka T, Iijima Y. 2004. Identification of 2-phosphodiesterase, which plays a role in the 2-5A system regulated by interferon. J Biol Chem 279(36):37832-37841.
41. Kumar H, Kawai T, Akira S. 2009. Pathogen recognition in the innate immune response. Biochem J 420(1):1-16.
42. Lee KP, Dey M, Neculai D, Cao C, Dever TE, Sicheri F. 2008. Structure of the dual enzyme Ire1 reveals the basis for catalysis and regulation in nonconventional RNA splicing. Cell 132(1):89-100.
43. Lengyel P. 1993. Tumor-suppressor genes: news about the interferon connection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90(13):5893-5895.
44. Li XL, Andersen JB, Ezelle HJ, Wilson GM, Hassel BA. 2007. Post-transcriptional regulation of RNase-L expression is mediated by the 3-untranslated region of its mRNA. J Biol Chem 282(11):7950-7960.
45. Li XL, Ezelle HJ, Kang TJ, Zhang L, Shirey KA, Harro J, Hasday JD, Mohapatra SK, Crasta OR, Vogel SN, Cross AS, Hassel BA. 2008. An essential role for the antiviral endoribonuclease, RNase-L, in antibacterial immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(52):20816-20821.
46. Linding R, Russell RB, Neduva V, Gibson TJ. 2003. GlobPlot: exploring protein sequences for globularity and disorder. Nucleic Acids Res 31(13):3701-3708.
47. Lishko PV, Procko E, Jin X, Phelps CB, Gaudet R. 2007. The ankyrin repeats of TRPV1 bind multiple ligands and modulate channel sensitivity. Neuron 54(6):905-918.
48. Lombardi VC, Ruscetti FW, Das Gupta J, Pfost MA, Hagen KS, Peterson DL, Ruscetti SK, Bagni RK, Petrow-Sadowski C, Gold B, Dean M, Silverman RH, Mikovits JA. 2009. Detection of an infectious retrovirus, XMRV, in blood cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Science 326(5952): 585-589.
49. Madsen BE, Ramos EM, Boulard M, Duda K, Overgaard J, Nordsmark M, Wiuf C, Hansen LL. 2008. Germline mutation in RNASEL predicts increased risk of head and neck, uterine cervix and breast cancer. PLoS ONE 3(6):e2492.
50. Malathi K, Dong B, Gale M, Jr., Silverman RH. 2007. Small self- RNA generated by RNase L amplifies antiviral innate immunity. Nature 448(7155):816-819.
51. Malathi K, Paranjape JM, Ganapathi R, Silverman RH. 2004. HPC1/RNASEL mediates apoptosis of prostate cancer cells treated with 2,5-oligoadenylates, topoisomerase I inhibitors, and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Cancer Res 64(24):9144-9151.
52. Malathi K, Saito T, Crochet N, Barton DJ, Gale M, Jr., Silverman RH. 2010. RNase L releases a small RNA from HCV RNA that refolds into a potent PAMP. Rna. [Epub ahead of print].
53. Manning G, Whyte DB, Martinez R, Hunter T, Sudarsanam S. 2002. The protein kinase complement of the human genome. Science 298(5600):1912-1934.
54. Mashimo T, Lucas M, Simon-Chazottes D, Frenkiel MP, Montagutelli X, Ceccaldi PE, Deubel V, Guenet JL, Despres P. 2002. A nonsense mutation in the gene encoding 2-5-oligoadenylate synthetase/L1 isoform is associated with West Nile virus susceptibility in laboratory mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(17):11311-11316.
55. Meyer MS, Penney KL, Stark JR, Schumacher F, Sesso H, Loda M, Fiorentino M, Finn S, Flavin R, Kurth T, Price A, Giovannucci E, Fall K, Stampfer MJ, Ma J, Mucci LA. 2010. Genetic variation in RNASEL associated with prostate cancer risk and progression. Carcinogenesis 31(9):1597-1603.
56. Nakanishi M, Tanaka N, Mizutani Y, Mochizuki M, Ueno Y, Nakamura KT, Kitade Y. 2005. Functional characterization of 2,5-linked oligoadenylate binding determinant of human RNase L. J Biol Chem 280(50):41694-41699.
57. Perelygin AA, Scherbik SV, Zhulin IB, Stockman BM, Li Y, Brinton MA. 2002. Positional cloning of the murine flavivirus resistance gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(14):9322-9327.
58. Phelps CB, Wang RR, Choo SS, Gaudet R. 2010. Differential regulation of TRPV1, TRPV3, and TRPV4 sensitivity through a conserved binding site on the ankyrin repeat domain. J Biol Chem 285(1):731-740.
59. Rasmussen SB, Jensen SB, Nielsen C, Quartin E, Kato H, Chen ZJ, Silverman RH, Akira S, Paludan SR. 2009. Herpes simplex virus infection is sensed by both toll-like receptors and retinoic acid-inducible gene- like receptors, which synergize to induce type I interferon production. J Gen Virol 90(Pt 1): 74-78.
60. Ratner L, Wiegand RC, Farrell PJ, Sen GC, Cabrer B, Lengyel P. 1978. Interferon, double-stranded RNA and RNA degradation. Fractionation of the endonucleaseINT system into two macromolecular components; role of a small molecule in nuclease activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 81(3): 947-954.
61. Rayamajhi M, Humann J, Penheiter K, Andreasen K, Lenz LL. 2010. Induction of IFN-alphabeta enables Listeria monocytogenes to suppress macrophage activation by IFN-gamma. J Exp Med 207(2):327-337.
62. Rusch L, Zhou A, Silverman RH. 2000. Caspase-dependent apoptosis by 2,5-oligoadenylate activation of RNase L is enhanced by IFN-beta. J Interferon Cytokine Res 20(12):1091-1100.
63. Sabbah A, Chang TH, Harnack R, Frohlich V, Tominaga K, Dube PH, Xiang Y, Bose S. 2009. Activation of innate immune antiviral responses by Nod2. Nat Immunol 10(10):1073-1080.
64. Saito T, Owen DM, Jiang F, Marcotrigiano J, Gale M, Jr. 2008. Innate immunity induced by composition-dependent RIG-I recognition of hepatitis C virus RNA. Nature 454(7203):523-527.
65. Scherbik SV, Paranjape JM, Stockman BM, Silverman RH, Brinton MA. 2006. RNase L plays a role in the antiviral response to West Nile virus. J Virol 80(6):2987-2999.
66. Schlaberg R, Choe DJ, Brown KR, Thaker HM, Singh IR. 2009. XMRV is present in malignant prostatic epithelium and is associated with prostate cancer, especially high-grade tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(38):16351-16356.
67. Shahangian A, Chow EK, Tian X, Kang JR, Ghaffari A, Liu SY, Belperio JA, Cheng G, Deng JC. 2009. Type I IFNs mediate development of postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia in mice. J Clin Invest 119(7):1910-1920.
68. Sidrauski C, Walter P. 1997. The transmembrane kinase Ire1p is a site-specific endonuclease that initiates mRNA splicing in the unfolded protein response. Cell 90(6):1031-1039.
69. Silverman RH. 2003. Implications for RNase L in prostate cancer biology. Biochemistry 42(7):1805-1812.
70. Silverman RH. 2007. Viral encounters with OAS and RNase L during the IFN antiviral response. J Virol 81(23):12720-12729.
71. Silverman RH, Nguyen C, Weight CJ, Klein EA. 2010. The human retrovirus XMRV in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome. Nat Rev Urol 7(7):392-402.
72. Silverman RH, Skehel JJ, James TC, Wreschner DH, Kerr IM. 1983. rRNA cleavage as an index of ppp(A2p)nA activity in interferon-treated encephalomyocarditis virus-infected cells. J Virol 46(3):1051-1055.
73. Silverman RH, Williams BR. 1999. Translational control perks up. Nature 397(6716):208-209, 211.
74. Slattery E, Ghosh N, Samanta H, Lengyel P. 1979. Interferon, double-stranded RNA, and RNA degradation: activation of an endonuclease by (2-5)An. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76(10):4778-4782.
75. Squire J, Zhou A, Hassel BA, Nie H, Silverman RH. 1994. Localization of the interferon-induced, 2-5A-dependent RNase gene (RNS4) to human chromosome 1q25. Genomics 19(1):174-175.
76. Suhadolnik RJ, Peterson DL, OBrien K, Cheney PR, Herst CV, Reichenbach NL, Kon N, Horvath SE, Iacono KT, Adelson ME, De Meirleir K, De Becker P, Charubala R, Pfleiderer W. 1997. Biochemical evidence for a novel low molecular weight 2-5A-dependent RNase L in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Interferon Cytokine Res 17(7):377-385.
77. Suzuki T, Park H, Till EA, Lennarz WJ. 2001. The PUB domain: a putative protein-protein interaction domain implicated in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 287(5):1083-1087.
78. Tanaka N, Nakanishi M, Kusakabe Y, Goto Y, Kitade Y, Nakamura KT. 2004. Structural basis for recognition of 2,5-linked oligoadenylates by human ribonuclease L. EMBO J 23(20): 3929-3938.
79. Tardif KD, Mori K, Kaufman RJ, Siddiqui A. 2004. Hepatitis C virus suppresses the IRE1-XBP1 pathway of the unfolded protein response. J Biol Chem 279(17):17158-17164.
80. Ting JP, Duncan JA, Lei Y. 2001. How the noninflammasome NLRs function in the innate immune system. Science 327(5963): 286-290.
81. Townsend HL, Jha BK, Han JQ, Maluf NK, Silverman RH, Barton DJ. 2008a. A viral RNA competitively inhibits the antiviral endoribonuclease domain of RNase L. Rna 14(6):1026-1036.
82. Townsend HL, Jha BK, Silverman RH, Barton DJ. 2008b. A putative loop E motif and an H-H kissing loop interaction are onserved and functional features in a group C enterovirus RNA that inhibits ribonuclease L. RNA Biol 5(4):263-272.
83. Urisman A, Molinaro RJ, Fischer N, Plummer SJ, Casey G, Klein EA, Malathi K, Magi-Galluzzi C, Tubbs RR, Ganem D, Silverman RH, Derisi JL. 2006. Identification of a novel gammaretrovirus in prostate tumors of patients homozygous for R462Q RNASEL variant. PLoS Pathog 2(3):e25.
84. van Kuppeveld FJ, de Jong AS, Lanke KH, Verhaegh GW, Melchers WJ, Swanink CM, Bleijenberg G, Netea MG, Galama JM, van der Meer JW. 2010. Prevalence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in the Netherlands: retrospective analysis of samples from an established cohort. BMJ 340:c1018.
85. Wang D, Coscoy L, Zylberberg M, Avila PC, Boushey HA, Ganem D, DeRisi JL. 2002. Microarray-based detection and genotyping of viral pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(24):15687-15692.
86. Wreschner DH, James TC, Silverman RH, Kerr IM. 1981a. Ribosomal RNA cleavage, nuclease activation and 2-5A(ppp(A2p)nA) in interferon-treated cells. Nucleic Acids Res 9(7):1571-1581.
87. Wreschner DH, McCauley JW, Skehel JJ, Kerr IM. 1981b. Interferon action-sequence specificity of the ppp(A2p)nAdependent ribonuclease. Nature 289(5796):414-417
88. Wreschner DH, Silverman RH, James TC, Gilbert CS, Kerr IM. 1982. Affinity labelling and characterization of the ppp (A2p)nA-dependent endoribonuclease from different mammalian sources. Eur J Biochem 124(2): 261-268.
89. Xiang Y, Wang Z, Murakami J, Plummer S, Klein EA, Carpten JD, Trent JM, Isaacs WB, Casey G, Silverman RH. 2003. Effects of RNase L mutations associated with prostate cancer on apoptosis induced by 2,5-oligoadenylates. Cancer Res 63(20): 6795-6801.
90. Zhou A, Hassel BA, Silverman RH. 1993. Expression cloning of 2-5A-dependent RNAase: a uniquely regulated mediator of interferon action. Cell 72(5):753-765.
91. Zhou A, Molinaro RJ, Malathi K, Silverman RH. 2005. Mapping of the human RNASEL promoter and expression in cancer and normal cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 25(10):595-603.
92. Zhou A, Paranjape J, Brown TL, Nie H, Naik S, Dong B, Chang A, Trapp B, Fairchild R, Colmenares C, Silverman RH. 1997. Interferon action and apoptosis are defective in mice devoid of 2,5-oligoadenylate-dependent RNase L. EMBO J 16(21):6355-6363.