Polymers for neural implants

Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 18-33

  Hassler, Christina ^a   Boretius, Tim ^a   Stieglitz, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

biocompatibility; biomaterials; polyimides; silicones; thin films

Indexed keywords

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS; COMMON MATERIALS; ELECTRODE SITES; INSULATION MATERIALS; LASER STRUCTURING; MANUFACTURING PROCESS; MOTOR FUNCTION; NERVE CELLS; NERVE SIGNAL; NERVOUS TISSUES; NEURAL IMPLANTS; NEURAL INTERFACES; POLYMER MATERIALS; PRECISION MECHANICS; SPECIFIC DESIGN; TECHNICAL SYSTEMS; WORK FOCUS;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; NEURONS; POLYIMIDES; POLYMERS; SILICONES;

INSULATION;

EID: 78649585402     PISSN: 08876266     EISSN: 10990488     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/polb.22169     Document Type: Review

References (151)

1. Stieglitz, T.; Meyer, J.-U., In BIOMEMS;, Urban, G. A., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2006; Vol. 4, pp 71-137.
2. Stieglitz, T.; Meyer, J.-U., In BIOMEMS;, Urban, G. A., Ed.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2006; Vol. 3, pp 41-70.
3. Albert, G. C.; Cook, C. M.; Prato, F. S.; Thomas, A. W., Neurosci. Biobehav. R. 2009, 33, 1042-1060.
4. Groves, D. A.; Brown, V. J., Neurosci. Biobehav. R. 2005, 29, 493-500.
5. Rijkhoff, N. J. M., Child. Nerv. Syst. 2004, 20, 75-86.
6. Brindley, G. S., J Physiol. 1972, 222, 135-136.
7. Brindley, G. S.; Polkey, C. E.; Rushton, D. N.; Cardozo, L., J. Neurol. Neurochir. Psychiatr. 1986, 49, 10, 1104-1114.
8. Rupp, R.; Gerner, H. J., Biomed Tech. 2004, 49, 4, 93- 98.
9. Agarwal, S.; Triolo, R. J.; Kobetic, R.; Miller, M.; Bieri, C.; Kukke, S.; Rohde, L.; Davis, J. A., Jr., J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 2003, 40, 241-252.
10. Guiraud, D.; Stieglitz, T.; Koch, K. P.; Divoux, J. L.; Rabischong, P., J. Neural. Eng. 2006, 3, 268-275.
11. Glenn, W. W.; Holcomb, W. G.; Shaw, R. K.; Hogan, J. F.; Holschuh, K. R., Ann Surg. 1976, 183, 566-577.
12. Loizou, P. C., IEEE. Eng. Med. Biol. 1999, 18, 32-42.
13. Clark, G. M., J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 2008, 45, 651-693.
14. Dettman, S. J.; Pinder, D.; Briggs, R. J.; Dowell, R. C.; Leigh, J. R., Ear Hearing. 2007, 28, 11S-18S.
15. Colletti, V.; Shannon, R. V.; Carner, M.; Veronese, M.; Colletti, L., Prog. Brain. Res. 2009, 175, 333-345.
16. Lim, H. H.; Lenarz, T.; Joseph, G.; Battmer, R. D.; Samii, A.; Samii, M.; Patrick, J. F.; Lenarz, M., J Neurosci. 2007, 27, 13541-13551.
17. Stieglitz, T., J. Neural. Eng. 2009, 6, 1-11.
18. Stieglitz, T.; Rubehn, B.; Henle, C.; Kisban, S.; Herwik, S.; Ruther, P.; Schuettler, M., Prog. Brain. Res. 2009, 175, 297-315.
19. Ratner, B. D.; Bryant, S. J., Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2004, 6, 41-75.
20. Klinge, P. M.; Vafa, M. A.; Brinker, T.; Brandis, T.; Walter, G. F.; Stieglitz, T.; Samii, M.; Wewetzer, K., Biomaterials. 2001, 22, 2333-2343.
21. Williams, D. F., Biomaterials. 2008, 29, 2941-2953.
22. Polikov, V. S.; Tresco, P. A.; Reichert, W. M., J. Neurosci. Meth. 2005, 148, 1-18.
23. Williams, D. F., Biomaterials. 2008, 29, 2941-2953.
24. Rubehn, B.; Stieglitz, T., Biomaterials. 2010, 31, 3449-3458.
25. Merrill, D. R.; Bikson, M.; Jefferys, J. G. R., J. Neurosci. Meth. 2005, 141, 171-198.
26. Grill, W. M.; Mortimer, J. T., Ann. Biomed. Eng. 1994, 22, 23-33.
27. Boretius, T.; Schuettler, M.; Stieglitz, T., Artif Organs. 2010, 34, A43.
28. Wang, W.; Collinger, J. L.; Perez, M. A.; Tyler-Kabara, E. C.; Cohen, L. G.; Birbaumer, N.; Brose, S. W.; Schwartz, A. B.; Boninger, M. L.; Weber, D. J., Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am. 2010, 21, 157-178.
29. Traeger, R., IEEE. T. Parts. Hyb. Pac. 1977, 13, 147-152.
30. Frazier, A. B., IEEE. T. Ind. Electron. 1995, 42, 442-448.
31. UBE Europe GmbH Material Data Sheet UBE U-Varnish-S version 2005.
32. Parylene Coating Services Inc. Material Data Sheet Parylene version 2009.
33. Nusil Silicone Technology MED-1000 and MED-1011 Silicone Adhesives-Product Profile version 2005.
34. MicroChem Corp., Newton, MA, USA, Material Data Sheet SU-8 2000 version 2009.
35. MicroChem Corp., Newton, MA, USA, Material Data Sheet SU-8 3000 version 2009.
36. Ticona GmbH, Kelsterbach Germany Material Data Sheet Vectra MT1300 version 2008.
37. Kipke, D. R.; Pellinen, D. S.; Vetter, R. J., In IEEE Symposium on Circuits and Systems, May 26-29, 2002, Scottsdale, AZ.
38. Ghosh, M. K.; Mittal, K. L., In Polyimides: Fundamentals and Applications; Marcel Dekker Inc: New York, 1996; pp 1-912.
39. Richardson, R. R., Jr.; Miller, J. A.; Reichert, W. M., Biomaterials. 1993, 14, 627-635.
40. Lago, N.; Ceballos, D.; Rodriguez, F. J.; Stieglitz, T.; Navarro, X., Biomaterials. 2005, 26, 2021-2031.
41. Stieglitz, T., J. Neural. Eng. 2009, 6, 1-11.
42. Lago, N.; Ceballos, D.; Rodriguez, F. J.; Stieglitz, T.; Navarro, X., Biomaterials. 2005, 26, 2021-2031.
43. Navarro, X.; Krueger, T. B.; Lago, N.; Micera, S.; Stieglitz, T.; Dario, P., J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 2005, 10, 229-258.
44. Boretius, T.; Badia, J.; Pascual-Font, A.; Schuettler, M.; Navarro, X.; Yoshida, K.; Stieglitz, T., Biosens Bioelectron. 2010, 26, 62-69.
45. Rubehn, B.; Bosman, C.; Oostenveld, R.; Fries, P.; Stieglitz, T., J. Neural. Eng. 2009, 6, 3, 1-10.
46. Colas, A.; Curtis, J., In Biomaterials Science-An Introduction to Materials in Medicine;, Ratner, B. D.; Hoffman, A. S.; Schoen, F. J.; Lemans, J. E., Eds.; Elsevier: London, UK, 2004; Vol. 2.3 and 7.19, pp 80-86, 697-707.
47. Yoda, R., J. Biomat. Sci: Polym. E. 1998, 9, 561-626.
48. Brindley, G. S., Paraplegia. 1995, 33, 5-9.
49. Donaldson, P. E. K., Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1991, 29, 34-39.
50. Donaldson, P. E. K.; Aylett, B. J., Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1995, 33, 285-292.
51. Donaldson, P. E. K., Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1995, 33, 725-727.
52. Donaldson, P. E. K., Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1997, 35, 283-286.
53. Schuettler, M.; Henle, C.; Ordonez, J. S.; Suaning, G. J.; Lovell, N. H.; Stieglitz, T., In 3rd International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering; May 2-5, 2007; Kohala Coast, Hawaii, 2007.
54. Szmigiel, D.; Domanski, K.; Prokaryn, P.; Grabiec, P., Microelectron Eng. 2006, 83, 1178-1181.
55. Garra, J.; Long, T.; Schneider, T.; White, R.; Paranjape, M., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 2002, 20, 975-982.
56. Gorham, W. F., J. Polym. Sci. A1. 1966, 4, 3027-3039.
57. Broer, D. J.; Luijks, W., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1981, 26, 2415-2422.
58. Ramachandran, A.; Junk, M.; Koch, K. P.; Hoffmann, K. P., IEEE. T. Adv. Pack. 2007, 30, 712-724.
59. Gazicki-Lipman, M., J. Vac. Soc. Jpn. 2007, 50, 601-608.
60. Takeuchi, S.; Suzuki, T.; Mabuchi, K.; Fujita, H., J. Micromech. Microeng. 2004, 14, 104-107.
61. Takeuchi, S.; Ziegler, D.; Yoshida, Y.; Mabuchi, K.; Suzuki, T., Lab Chip. 2005, 5, 519-523.
62. Seymour, J. P.; Kipke, D. R., Biomaterials. 2007, 28, 3594-3607.
63. Rodger, D. C.; Tai, Y.-C., IEEE. Eng. Med. Biol. 2005, 24, 52-57.
64. Feili, D.; Schuettler, M.; Doerge, T.; Kammer, S.; Hoffmann, K. P.; Stieglitz, T., J. Micromech. Microeng. 2006, 16, 1555-1561.
65. Loeb, G. E.; Bak, M. J.; Salcman, M.; Schmidt, E. M., IEEE. T. Bio-Med. Eng. 1977, 24, 2, 121-128.
66. Xu, C.; Lemon, W.; Liu, C., Sens. Actuators. A. 2002, 96, 78-85.
67. Stieglitz, T.; Kammer, S.; Koch, K. P.; Wien, S. L.; Robitzki, A. A., In 7th Annual Conference of the IFESS, Ljubljana (Slowenien), June 25-29, 2002.
68. Stark, N., Med. Plastics. Biomater. 1996, 3, 30-35.
69. Rodger, D. C.; Fong, A. J.; Li, W.; Ameri, H.; Ahuja, A. K.; Gutierrez, C.; Lavrov, I.; Zhong, H.; Menon, P. R.; Meng, E.; Burdick, J. W.; Roy, R. R.; Edgerton, V. R.; Weiland, J. D.; Humayun, M. S.; Tai, Y.-C., Sens. Actuators. B. 2008, 132, 449-460.
70. Wang, K.; Liu, C.-C.; Durand, D. M., IEEE. T. Bio-Med. Eng. 2009, 56, 6-14.
71. Bêche, B.; Pelletier, N.; Gaviot, E.; Zyss, J., Opt Commun. 2004, 230, 91-94.
72. del Campo, A.; Greiner, C., J. Micromech. Microeng. 2007, 17, R81-R95.
73. Leeds, A. R.; Van Keuren, E. R.; Durst, M. E.; Schneider, T. W.; Currie, J. F.; Paranjape, M., Sens. Actuators. A. 2004, 115, 571-580.
74. Kotzar, G.; Freas, M.; Abel, P.; Fleischman, A. J.; Roy, S.; Zorman, C.; Moran, A. M.; Melzak, J., Biomaterials. 2002, 23, 2737-2750.
75. Cho, S.-H.; Lu, H. M.; Cauller, L.; Romero-Ortega, M. I.; Lee, J.-B.; Hughes, G. A., IEEE. Sens. J. 2008, 8, 1830-1837.
76. Tijero, M.; Gabriel, G.; Caro, J.; Altuna, A.; Hernandez, R.; Villa, R.; Berganzo, J.; Blanco, F. J.; Salido, R.; Fernandez, L. J., Biosens Bioelectron. 2009, 24, 2410-2416.
77. Gojo, R.; Kotake, N.; Suzuki, T.; Mabuchi, T.; Takeuchi, S., In Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems MEMS, January 25-29, Sorrento, Italy, 2009.
78. Cho, I.-J.; Baac, H.-W.; Yoon, E., In Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), January 24-28, Hongkong, 2010.
79. Metz, S.; Jiguet, S.; Bertsch, A.; Renaud, P., Lab Chip. 2004, 4, 2, 114- 120.
80. Stieglitz, T.; Rubehn, B.; Henle, C.; Kisban, S.; Herwik, S.; Ruther, P.; Schuettler, M., Prog. Brain. Res. 2009, 175, 297-315.
81. Grill, W. M.; Norman, S. E.; Bellamkonda, R. V., Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2009, 11, 1-24.
82. Naples, G. G.; Mortimer, J. T.; Yuen, T. G. H., In Neural Prostheses: Fundamental Studies;, Agnew, W. F.; McCreery, D. B., Eds.; Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall: NJ, 1990; Vol. 5, pp 107-145.
83. Navarro, X.; Krueger, T. B.; Lago, N.; Micera, S.; Stieglitz, T.; Dario, P., J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 2005, 10, 229-258.
84. Cogan, S. F., Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2008, 10, 275-309.
85. Schuettler, M., Dreidimensionale Formgebung von Planaren Mikroelektroden zur Optimierung der Signalableitung und Stimulation am Peripheren Nerven. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Saarland and Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany, 2002.
86. Naples, G. G.; Mortimer, J. T.; Scheiner, A.; Sweeney, J. D., IEEE. T. Bio-Med. Eng. 1988, 35, 905-916.
87. Stieglitz, T.; Schuettler, M.; Keller, R.; Meyer, J.-U., In European Conference on Biomedical Engineering, October 13-16, Atlanta, USA, 1999.
88. Kenney, L.; Bultstra, G.; Buschman, R.; Taylor, P.; Mann, G.; Holsheimer, J.; Nene, A.; Tenniglo, M.; van der Aa, H.; Hobby, J., Artif Organs. 2002, 26, 267-270.
89. Tyler, D. J.; Durand, D. M., IEEE. Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 1997, 5, 51-61.
90. Polasek, K. H.; Hoyen, H. A.; Keith, M. W.; Tyler, D. J., IEEE. Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 2007, 15, 76-82.
91. Tyler, D. J.; Durand, D. M., IEEE. T. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 2002, 10, 294-303.
92. Tyler, D. J.; Durand, D. M., Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2003, 31, 633-642.
93. Schiefer, M. A.; Polasek, K. H.; Triolo, R. J.; Pinault, G. C. J.; Tyler, D. J., J. Neural. Eng. 2010, 7, 1-9.
94. Lawrence, S. M.; Dhillon, G. S.; Horch, K. W., J. Neurosci. Meth. 2003, 131, 9-26.
95. Rossini, P. M.; Micera, S.; Benvenuto, A.; Carpaneto, J.; Cavallo, G.; Citi, L.; Cipriani, C.; Denaro, L.; Denaro, V.; Di Pino, G.; Ferreri, F.; Guglielmelli, E.; Hoffmann, K. P.; Raspopovic, S.; Rigosa, J.; Rossini, L.; Tombini, M.; Dario, P., Clin Neurophysiol. 2010, 121, 777-783.
96. Navarro, X.; Calvet, S.; Rodriguez, F. J.; Stieglitz, T.; Blau, C.; Buti, M.; Valderrama, E.; Meyer, J.-U., J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 1998, 3, 91-101.
97. Lacour, S. P.; Atta, R.; FitzGerald, J. J.; Blamire, M.; Tarte, E.; Fawcett, J. W., Sens. Actuators. A. 2008, 147, 456-463.
98. Lacour, S. P.; FitzGerald, J. J.; Lago, N.; Tarte, E.; McMahon, S.; Fawcett, J. W., IEEE. Trans. Neural. Syst Rehabil Eng. 2009, 17, 454-460.
99. Loeb, G. E.; Byers, C. L.; Rebscher, S. J.; Casey, D. E.; Fong, M. M.; Schindler, R. A.; Gray, R. F.; Merzenich, M. M., Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1983, 21, 241-254.
100. Deman, P. R.; Kaiser, T. M.; Dirckx, J. J.; Offeciers, F. E.; Peeters, S. A., J. Neurosci. Meth. 2003, 128, 143-150.
101. Hochmair-Desoyer, I. J.; Hochmair, E. S., IEEE. T. Bio-Med. Eng. 1980, BME-27, 1, 44-50.
102. Shamma-Donoghue, S. A.; May, G. A.; Cotter, N. E.; White, R. L.; Simmons, F. B., IEEE. Trans. Electron. Dev. 1982, ED-29, 1, 136-144.
103. van der Puije, P. D.; Pon, C. R.; Robillard, H., Ann. Oto. Rhinol. Laryn. 1989, 98, 466-471.
104. O'Leary, S. J.; Richardson, R. R.; McDermott, H. J., J. Neural. Eng. 2009, 6, 1-10.
105. Wise, K. D.; Bhatti, P. T.; Wang, J.; Friedrich, C. R., Hearing Res. 2008, 242, 1-2, 22-30.
106. Potts, A. M.; Inoue, J.; Buffum, D., Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci. 1968, 7, 269-278.
107. Gueven, D.; Weiland, J. D.; Maghribi, M.; Davidson, J. C.; Mahadevappa, M.; Roizenblatt, R.; Qiu, G.; Krulevitz, P.; Wang, X.; LaBree, L.; Humayun, M. S., Exp. Eye. Res. 2006, 82, 81-90.
108. Humayun, M. S.; de Juan Jr, E.; Weiland, J. D.; Dagnelie, G.; Katona, S.; Greenberg, R.; Suzuki, S., Vision Res. 1999, 39, 2569-2576.
109. Mahadevappa, M.; Weiland, J. D.; Yanai, D.; Fine, I.; Greenberg, R. J.; Humayun, M. S., IEEE. T. Neural. Syst Rehabil Eng. 2005, 13, 2, 201- 206.
110. Rodger, D. C.; Li, W.; Ameri, H.; Saati, S.; Menon, P.; Meng, E.; Weiland, J. D.; Humayun, M. S.; Tai, Y.-C., In Proceedings of the ARVO, May 6-10, Ft., Lauderdale, USA, 2007.
111. Yanai, D.; Weiland, J. D.; Mahadevappa, M.; Greenberg, R. J.; Fine, I.; Humayun, M. S., Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2007, 143, 820-827.
112. Wyatt, J.; Rizzo, J., Spectrum IEEE. 1996, 33, 47-53.
113. Gerding, H., J. Neural. Eng. 2007, 4, S30-S37.
114. Walter, P.; Kisvarday, Z. F.; Goertz, M.; Alteheld, N.; Rossler, G.; Stieglitz, T.; Eysel, U. T., Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci. 2005, 46, 1780-1785.
115. Chow, A. Y.; Peachey, N. S., Ophtalmic Res. 1998, 30, 195-196.
116. Pardue, M. T.; Ball, S. L.; Phillips, M. J.; Faulkner, A. E.; Walker, T. A.; Chow, A. Y.; Peachey, N. S., J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 2006, 43, 723-732.
117. Chow, A. Y.; Pardue, M. T.; Chow, V. Y.; Peyman, G. A.; Liang, C.; Perlman, J. I.; Peachey, N. S., IEEE. Trans. Neural. Syst Rehabil Eng. 2001, 9, 86-95.
118. Schubert, M. B.; Stelzle, M.; Graf, M.; Stert, A.; Nisch, W.; Graf, H. G.; Hammerle, H.; Gabel, V.-P.; Hofflinger, B.; Zrenner, E., In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, October 12-15, Tokyo, Japan, 1999.
119. Shire, D. B.; Kelly, S. K.; Chen, J.; Doyle, P.; Gingerich, M. D.; Cogan, S. F.; Drohan, W. A.; Mendoza, O.; Theogarajan, L.; Wyatt, J. L.; Rizzo, J. F., IEEE. T. Bio-Med. Eng. 2009, 56, 2502-2511.
120. Zrenner, E.; Wilke, R.; Sachs, H.; Bartz-Schmidt, K.; Gekeler, F.; Besch, D.; Greppmaier, U.; Harscher, A.; Peters, T.; Wrobel, G.; Wilhelm, B.; Bruckmann, A.; Stett, A., In Procedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the IFESS, September 21-25, Freiburg, Germany, 2008.
121. Delbeke, J.; Wanet-Defalque, M. C.; Gerard, B.; Troosters, M.; Michaux, G.; Veraart, C., Artif Organs. 2002, 26, 232-234.
122. Veraart, C.; Wanet-Defalque, M. C.; Gerard, B.; Vanlierde, A.; Delbeke, J., Artif Organs. 2004, 27, 996-1004.
123. Veraart, C.; Raftopoulos, C.; Mortimer, J. T.; Delbeke, J.; Pins, D.; Michaux, G.; Vanlierde, A.; Parrini, S.; Wanet-Defalque, M. C., Brain Res. 1998, 813, 181-186.
124. Brindley, G. S.; Polkey, C. E.; Rushton, D. N., Paraplegia. 1982, 20, 365-381.
125. Brindley, G. S., Paraplegia. 1994, 32, 795-805.
126. Brindley, G. S.; Lewin, W. S., J Physiol. 1968, 196, 479-493.
127. Wyler, A. R.; Ojemann, G. A.; Lettich, E.; Ward, A. A., Jr., J Neurosurg. 1984, 60, 1195-1200.
128. Schramm, J.; Clusmann, H., Neurosurgery. 2008, 62, 463-481.
129. Owens, A. L.; Denison, T. J.; Versnel, H.; Rebbert, M.; Peckerar, M.; Shamma, S. A., J. Neurosci. Meth. 1995, 58, 209-220.
130. Takahashi, H.; Ejiri, T.; Nakao, M.; Matsumoto, K.; Mase, F.; Hatamura, Y.; Herve, T.; Nakamura, N.; Kaga, K,. In Procedings of the 1st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS: Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, October 12-14, Lyon, France, 2000.
131. Schuettler, M.; Praetorius, M.; Kammer, S.; Schick, B.; Stieglitz, T., In the 2nd Joint EMBS/BMES Conference, October 23-26, Houston, TX, 2002.
132. Hollenberg, B. A.; Richards, C. D.; Richards, R.; Bahr, D. F.; Rector, D. M., J. Neurosci. Meth. 2006, 153, 147-153.
133. Molina-Luna, K.; Buitrago, M. M.; Hertler, B.; Schubring, M.; Haiss, F.; Nisch, W.; Schulz, J. B.; Luft, A. R., J. Neurosci. Meth. 2007, 161, 118-125.
134. Rubehn, B.; Bosman, C.; Oostenveld, R.; Fries, P.; Stieglitz, T., J. Neural. Eng. 2009, 6, 3, 1- 10.
135. Kim, D.-H.; Viventi, J.; Amsden, J. J.; Xiao, J.; Vigeland, L.; Kim, Y.-S.; Blanco, J. A.; Panilaitis, B.; Frechette, E. S.; Contreras, D.; Kaplan, D. L.; Omenetto, F. G.; Huang, Y.; Hwang, K.-C.; Zakin, M. R.; Litt, B.; Rogers, J. A., Nat Mater. 2010, 9, 6, 511- 517.
136. Loeb, G. E., J. Microsci. Meth. 1995, 63, 175-183.
137. Bak, M. J.; Girvin, J. P.; Hambrecht, F. T.; Kufta, C. V.; Loeb, G. E.; Schmidt, E. M., Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 1990, 28, 257-259.
138. Nordhausen, C. T.; Maynard, E. M.; Normann, R. A., Brain Res. 1996, 726, 129-140.
139. Rousche, P. J.; Pellinen, D. S.; Pivin Jr, D. P.; Williams, J. C.; Vetter, R. J.; Kipke, D. R., IEEE. Trans. Bio-Med. Eng. 2001, 48, 361-371.
140. Stieglitz, T.; Heiduschka, P.; Schuettler, M.; Gross, M., In the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS; October 25-28, Istanbul, Turkey, 2001.
141. Suzuki, T.; Mabuchi, K.; Takeuchi, S., In the 1st International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, March 20-22, Capri Island, Italy, 2003
142. Lee, K. K.; He, J.; Singh, A.; Massia, S. P.; Ehteshami, G.; Kim, B.; Raupp, G. B., J. Micromech. Microeng. 2004, 14, 32-37.
143. Lee, K. K.; Singh, A.; He, J.; Massia, S. P.; Kim, B.; Raupp, G. B., Sens. Actuators. B. 2004, 102, 67-72.
144. Singh, A.; Zhu, H.; He, J., In Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS; September 1-5, San Francisco, CA, 2004.
145. Cheung, K. C.; Renaud, P.; Tanila, H.; Djupsund, K., Biosens Bioelectron. 2007, 22, 1783-1790.
146. Mercanzini, A.; Cheung, K.; Buhl, D. L.; Boers, M.; Maillard, A.; Colin, P.; Bensadoun, J.-C.; Bertsch, A.; Renaud, P., Sens. Actuators. A. 2008, 143, 90-96.
147. Chen, Y.-Y.; Lai, H.-Y.; Lin, S.-H.; Cho, C.-W.; Chao, W.-H.; Liao, C.-H.; Tsang, S.; Chen, Y.-F.; Lin, S.-Y., J. Neurosci. Meth. 2009, 182, 6-16.
148. Haj Hosseini, N.; Hoffmann, R.; Kisban, S.; Stieglitz, T.; Paul, O.; Ruther, P., In Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS; August 23-26, Lyon, France, 2007.
149. Kozai, T. D. Y.; Kipke, D. R., J. Neurosci. Meth. 2009, 184, 199-205.
150. Stieglitz, T., Microsyst Technol. 2010, 16, 723-734.
151. Garud, R.; Rappa, M. A., Organ Sci. 1994, 5, 344-362.