The diversity education dilemma: Exposing status hierarchies without reinforcing them

Journal of Management Education

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 795-822

  Amoroso, Lisa M ^a   Loyd, Denise Lewin ^b   Hoobler, Jenny M ^c  

^a ROOSEVELT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

classroom dynamics; diversity; learning; management education; social identity theory; social status; status characteristics theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 78649342739     PISSN: 10525629     EISSN: 15526658     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1052562909348209     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Allard, M.J. (2004). I am. . . In C. Harvey & M. J. Allard (Eds.), Understanding and managing diversity (3rd ed., pp. 7-8). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
2. Aronson, E., & Bridgeman, D. (1979). Jigsaw groups and the desegregated classroom In pursuit of common goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 438-446.
3. Aronson, E., & Patnoe, S. (1997). The jigsaw classroom: Building cooperation in the classroom (2nd ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman.
4. Avery, D.R., & Steingard, D.S. (2008). Achieving political trans-correctness: Integrating sensitivity and authenticity in diversity management education. Journal of Management Education, 32, 269-293.
5. Avery, D.R., & Thomas, K.M. (2004). Blending content and contact: The roles of diversity curriculum and campus heterogeneity in fostering diversity management competency. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4, 380-396.
6. Bain, K. (2004). What the best college teachers do. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
7. Barkley, E., Cross, K.P., & Major, C.H. (2004). Collaborative learning techniques: A handbook for college faculty. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
8. Barnett, R., & Rivers, C. (2005). Same difference: How gender myths are hurting our relationships, our children, and our jobs. New York: Basic Books.
9. Bell, M. (2007). Diversity in organizations. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.
10. Berger, J.B., Cohen, B.P., & Zelditch, M. (1972). Status characteristics and social interaction. American Sociological Review, 37, 241-255.
11. Bielby, D.D., & Bielby, W.T. (1996). Women and men in film: Gender inequality among writers in a culture industry. Gender & Society, 10, 248-270.
12. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Berkeley: University of California Press.
13. Boushey, H. (2005). Are women opting out? Debunking the myth [Briefing Paper]. Center for Economic and Policy Research, Washington, DC.
14. Brewer, M.B. (1997). The social psychology of intergroup relations: Can research inform practice? Journal of Social Issues, 53, 197-211.
15. Brewer, M.B. (2000). Reducing prejudice through cross-categorization: Effects of multiple social identities. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination: The Claremont symposium on applied social psychology (pp. 165-183). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
16. Brewer, M.B., & Gaertner, S.L. (2001). Toward reduction of prejudice: Intergroup contact and social categorization. In R. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 451-472). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
17. Brewer, M.B., & Pierce, K.P. (2005). Social identity complexity and outgroup tolerance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 428-437.
18. Brezina, T., & Winder, K. (2003). Economic disadvantage, status generalization, and negative racial stereotyping by White Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66, 402-418.
19. Campbell, W. E., & Smith, K. A. (Eds.) (1997). New paradigms for college teaching. Edina, MN: Interaction Book Company.
20. Cancio, A.S., Evans, T., & Maume, D.J. (1996). Reconsidering the declining significance of race: Racial differences in early career wages, American Sociological Review, 61, 541-556.
21. Carnevale, A.P., & Rose, S.J. (2004). Socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and selective college admissions. In R. D. Kahlenberg (Ed.), America's untapped resource: Low-income students in higher education (pp. 101-156). New York: Century Foundation.
22. Castilla, E. (2008). Gender, race, and meritocracy in organizational careers. American Journal of Sociology, 113, 1479-1526.
23. Cheryan, S., & Bodenhausen, G.V. (2000). When positive stereotypes threaten intellectual performance: The psychological hazards of model minority status. Psychological Science, 11, 399-402.
24. Chickering, A.W., & Gamson, Z.F. (1987). Seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education. American Association of Higher Education Bulletin, 3-7.
25. Coghlan, C.L., & Huggins, D.W. (2004). That's not fair! A simulation exercise in social stratification and structural inequality. Teaching Sociology, 32, 177-187.
26. Cohen, E.G. (1982). Expectation states and interracial interaction in school settings. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 209-235.
27. Cohen, E.G. (1994). Restructuring the classroom: Conditions for productive small groups. Review of Educational Research, 64, 1-35.
28. Cohen, E.G., & Lotan, R.A. (1995). Producing equal-status interaction in the heterogeneous classroom, American Educational Research Journal, 32, 99-120.
29. Cohen, E. G., & Lotan, R. A. (Eds.). (1997). Working for equity in heterogeneous classrooms. New York: Teachers College Press of Columbia University.
30. Collins, P. H., & Andersen, M. (Eds). (2007). Race, class and gender: An anthology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
31. Cooper, J.L., Prescott, S., Cook, L., Smith, Mueck, R., & Cuseo, J. (1990). Cooperative learning and college instruction. Long Beach, CA: Institute of Teaching and Learning.
32. Correll, S.J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007). Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112, 1297-1338.
33. Cotter, D.A., Hermsen, J.M., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, 80, 655-681.
34. Davidson, M.N., & Proudford, K.P. (2007) Conflict and resistance to diversity in organizations, In K. Thomas (Ed.), Diversity resistance in organization (pp. 249-272). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
35. Davis, A.Y. (1981). Women, race, and class. New York: Random House.
36. Davis, M.H., Conklin, L., Smith, A., & Luce, C. (1996). Effect of perspective taking on the cognitive representation of persons: A merging of self and other. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 713-726.
37. Day, N.E., & Glick, B.J. (2000). Teaching diversity: A study of organizational needs and diversity curriculum in higher education. Journal of Management Education, 24, 338-352.
38. Dorn, D.S. (1989). Simulation games: One more tool on the pedagogical shelf. Teaching Sociology, 17, 1-18.
39. Edelman, L.B., Fuller, S.R., & Mara-Drita, I. (2001). Diversity rhetoric and the managerialization of the law. American Journal of Sociology, 106, 1589-1641.
40. Edwards, R., & Hamilton, M.A. (2004). You need to understand my gender role: An empirical test of Tannen's model of gender and communication. Sex Roles, 50, 491-504.
41. Entman, R. (1994). Representation and reality in the portrayal of Blacks on network television news. Journalism Quarterly, 71, 509-520.
42. Entman, R.M., & Rojecki, A. (2001). The Black image in the White mind: Media and race in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
43. Ford Foundation. (1998, October). Survey of attitudes on diversity in higher education for the campus diversity initiative. Press Release.
44. Gaertner, S.L., Dovidio, J.F., Anastasio, P.A., Bachman, B.A., & Rust, M.C. (1993). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 1-26.
45. Galinsky, A.D., & Moskowitz, G.B. (2000). Perspective-taking: Decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 708-724.
46. Garcia, J.E. (1994). Reflections on teaching diversity. Journal of Management Education, 18, 428-431.
47. Granovetter, M.S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360-1380.
48. Gomez-Mejia, L.R., Balkin, D.B., & Cardy, R.L. (2007). Managing human resources (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
49. Goodman, D. (2001). Promoting diversity and social justice: Educating people from privileged groups. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
50. Gorman, E. (2006). Work uncertainty and the promotion of professional women: The case of law firm partnership. Social Forces, 85, 865-890.
51. Hewstone, M., & Brown, R. (1986). Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective. In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (Eds.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 1-44). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
52. Hornsey, M.J., & Hogg, M.A. (2000). Assimilation and diversity: An integrative model of subgroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 143-156.
53. Hull, K.E., & Nelson, R.L. (2000). Assimilation, choice or constraint? Testing theories of gender differences in the careers of lawyers. Social Forces, 79, 229-264.
54. Huo, Y.J., Smith, H.J., Tyler, T.R., & Lind, E.A. (1996). Superordinate identification, subgroup identification, and justice concerns: Is separatism the problem? Is assimilation the answer? Psychological Science, 7, 40-45.
55. Hyde, J.S. (2005). The gender similarity hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60, 581-592.
56. Johnson, C. (1994). Gender, legitimate authority, and leader-subordinate conversations. American Sociological Review, 59, 122-135.
57. Johnson, D., & Johnson, R. (1990). Cooperation and competition: Theory and research, Edina, MN: Interaction Book Company.
58. Kalkoff, W., & Barnum, C. (2000). The effects of status-organizing and social identity: Processes on patterns of social influence. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, 95-115.
59. Karabel, J. (2005). The chosen: The hidden history of admission and exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
60. Kluegel, J.R., & Smith, E.R. (1982). Whites' beliefs about Blacks' opportunity. American Sociological Review, 47, 518-532.
61. Krefting, L.A., Kirby, S.L., & Krzystofiak, F.J. (1997). Managing diversity as a proxy for requisite variety: Risks in identity-conscious inclusion and pressures to conform. Journal of Management Inquiry, 6, 376-389.
62. Lach, J. (1999). Minority women hit a concrete ceiling. American Demographics, 21, 18-19.
63. Ladd, E.C., & Bowman, K.H. (1998). What's wrong: A survey of American satisfaction and complaint. Washington DC: AEI Press.
64. Lau, D.C., & Murnighan, J.K. (2005). Interactions within groups and subgroups: The effects of demographic faultlines. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 645-659.
65. Lester, P. M. (Ed.). (1996). Images that injure: Pictorial stereotypes in the media. Westport, CT: Praeger.
66. Linnehan, F., & Konrad, A.M. (1999). Diluting diversity: Implications for intergroup inequality in organizations. Journal of Management Inquiry, 8, 399-414.
67. Lloyd, P., & Cohen, E.G. (1999). Peer status in the middle school: A natural treatment for unequal participation. Social Psychology of Education, 3, 193-214.
68. Lovaglia, M.J., Lucas, J.W., Houser, J.A., Thye, S.R., & Markovsky, B. (1998). Status processes and mental ability test scores. American Journal of Sociology, 104, 195-228.
69. Massey, D.S., Charles, C.Z., Lundy, G., & Fischer, M.J. (2006). The source of the river: The social origins of freshmen at America's selective colleges and universities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
70. McFalls, E.L., & Cobb-Roberts, D. (2001). Reducing resistance to diversity through cognitive dissonance instruction. Journal of Teacher Education, 52, 164-172.
71. McIntosh, P. (1988). White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in Women's Studies. In R. Delgado & J. Stefancic (Eds.), Critical White studies: Looking behind the mirror (pp. 291-299). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
72. McKeachie, W., & Svinicki, M. (2005). McKeachie's teaching tips: Strategies, research, and theory for college and university teachers. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
73. McKown, C., & Weinstein, R.S. (2003). The development and consequences of stereotype consciousness in middle childhood. Child Development, 74, 498-515.
74. Mead, G.H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
75. Merrill-Sands, D., Kickul, J., & Ingols, C. (2005). Women pursuing leadership and power: Challenging the myth of the opt out revolution (CGO Insights, Briefing Note No. 20). Boston: Center for Gender in Organizations, Simmons School of Management.
76. Michaels, W.B. (2006). The trouble with diversity: How we learned to love identity and ignore inequality. New York: Metropolitan Books.
77. Miller, E.K. (1994). Diversity and its management. Training managers for cultural competence within the organization. Management Quarterly, 35, 17-23.
78. Miller, N. (2002). Personalization and the promise of contact theory. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 387-410.
79. Miller, N., Brewer, M., & Edwards, K. (1985). Cooperative interaction in desegregated settings: A laboratory analogue. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 63-79.
80. Nelson, R.L., & Bridges, W.P. (1999). Legalizing gender inequality: Courts, markets, and unequal pay for women in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
81. Norden, M.F. (1994). The cinema of isolation: A history of physical disability in the movies. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
82. Orfield, G., Bachmeier, M. D., James, D. R., & Eitle, T. (Eds.). (1997). Deepening segregation in American public schools: A special report from the Harvard Project on School Desegregation. Equity & Excellence in Education, 30, 5-24.
83. Pager, D. (2003). The mark of a criminal record. American Journal of Sociology, 108, 937-975.
84. Peters, W. (Producer). (1970). Eye of the storm [Documentary]. ABC NEWS.
85. Peters, W. (Producer). (1985). A class divided. [Documentary]. Frontline, PBS.
86. Phillips, K.W., Rothbard, N.P., & Dumas, T.L. (in press). To disclose or not to disclose? Status distance and self-disclosure in diverse environments. Academy of Management Review.
87. Portes, A., & Shafer, S. (2006). Revisiting the enclave hypothesis: Miami twenty-five years later. No. 22, Working Papers from Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Center for Migration and Development, New Jersey.
88. Pugh, M.D., & Wahrman, R. (1983). Neutralizing sexism in mixed-sex groups: Do women have to be better than men? American Journal of Sociology, 88, 746-762.
89. Rasmussen Reports. (2007, December 9), Survey of 800 likely voters, December 3-4.
90. Rhode, D.L. (1997). Speaking of sex: The denial of gender inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
91. Ridgeway, C.L. (1982). Status in groups: The importance of motivation. American Sociological Review, 47, 76-88.
92. Ridgeway, C.L. (2001). Gender, status, and leadership. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 637-655.
93. Ridgeway, C.L., & Berger, J. (1986). Expectations, legitimation, and dominance behavior in task groups. American Sociological Review, 51, 603-617.
94. Ridgeway, C.L., & Erickson, K.G. (2000). Creating and spreading status beliefs. American Journal of Sociology, 106, 579-615.
95. Ridgeway, C.L., & Smith-Lovin, L. (1999). The gender system and interaction. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 191-216.
96. Ridgeway, C.L., & Walker, H. (1995). Status structures. In K. Cook, G. Fine, & J. House (Eds.), Sociological perspectives on social psychology (pp. 281-310). New York: Allyn & Bacon.
97. Roberson, L., Kulik, C.T., & Pepper, M.B. (2003). Using needs assessment to resolve controversies in diversity training design. Group & Organization Management, 28, 148-174.
98. Robbins, S.P., & Judge, T.A. (2007). Organizational behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
99. Rosenfeld, R.A. (1980). Race and sex differences in career dynamics. American Sociological Review, 45, 583-609.
100. Shirts, R.G. (1969). Star power. La Jolla, CA: Western Behavioral Science Institute.
101. Siciliano, J.I. (2001). How to incorporate cooperative learning principles in the classroom: It's more than just putting students in teams. Journal of Management Education, 25, 8-20.
102. Slavin, R.E. (1995). Cooperative learning: Theory, research, and practice. Needham Heights, MA:Allyn & Bacon.
103. Smith, R.A. (1999). Racial differences in access to hierarchical authority: An analysis of change over time, 1972-1994. Sociological Quarterly, 40, 367-395.
104. Steele, C.M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
105. Steele, C.M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African-Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
106. Stephan, W. (1999). Reducing prejudice and stereotyping in schools. New York: Teachers College Press.
107. Stevens, M. (2007). Creating a class: College admissions and the education of elites. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
108. Strum, S. (2001). Second generation employment discrimination: A structural approach. Columbia Law Review, 101, 458-568.
109. Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 79-97.
110. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
111. Tannen, D. (1990). You just don't understand: Women and men in conversation. New York: William Morrow.
112. Tannen, D. (1994). Talking from 9 to 5: Women and men at work. New York: Harper Paperbacks.
113. Thomas-Hunt, M., & Phillips, K. (2004). When what you know is not enough: Expertise and gender dynamics in task groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1585-1598.
114. Thompson, M.E. (1993). Building groups on students' knowledge and experience. Teaching Sociology, 21, 95-99.
115. Tienda, M., & Mitchell, F. (Eds.). (2006). Multiple origins, uncertain destinies: Hispanics and the American future. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
116. Volk, R.W., & Beeman, M. (1998). Revisiting The Eye of the Storm: The subtleties of gender bias. Teaching Sociology, 26, 38-48.
117. Wetcher-Hendricks, D., & Luquet, W. (2003). Teaching stratification with crayons. Teaching Sociology, 31, 345-351.
118. Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society, Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Original work published 1922).
119. Webster, M., & Foschi, M. (Eds.). (1988). Status generalization: New theory and research. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
120. Wenneras, C., & Wold, A. (1997). Nepotism and sexism in peer-review. Nature, 387, 341-343.
121. Williams, J., Manvell, J., & Bornstein, S. (2006). Opt out or pushed out? How the press covers work/family conflict. Briefing Report, The Center for WorkLife Law, University of California, Hasting College of Law.
122. Wilson, G., Sakura-Lemessy, I., & West J.P. (1999). Reaching for the top: Racial differences in mobility paths to upper-tier occupations. Work and Occupations, 26, 165-186.
123. Zantow, K., Knowlton, D.S., & Sharp, D.C. (2005). More than fun and games: Reconsidering the virtues of strategic management simulations. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4, 451-458.