Magnetic resonance imaging quantification of liver iron

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 359-381

  Sirlin, Claude B ^a   Reeder, Scott B ^b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d University of Wisconsin Madison   (United States)

Author keywords

Hepatic iron overload; Iron quantification; Magnetic resonance imaging; Quantitative biomarkers

Indexed keywords

DEFERASIROX; DEFERIPRONE; DEFEROXAMINE; FAT; IRON; LIVER FAT; LIVER IRON; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CHELATION THERAPY; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MARKER; ECHOGRAPHY; HEMOCHROMATOSIS; HEPATITIS; HEPATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING; IMAGE QUALITY; INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS; IRON ABSORPTION; IRON METABOLISM; IRON OVERLOAD; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER FIBROSIS; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PARTICLE SIZE; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT MONITORING; PERFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; PHLEBOTOMY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SICKLE CELL ANEMIA; SIGNAL DETECTION; SPECTROSCOPY; SUSCEPTOMETRY; THALASSEMIA; TREATMENT PLANNING; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; HUMANS; IMAGE INTERPRETATION, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; IRON; IRON OVERLOAD; LIVER; LIVER DISEASES; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY;

EID: 78649306862     PISSN: 10649689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2010.08.014     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Brittenham G.M., Cohen A.R., McLaren C.E., et al. Hepatic iron stores and plasma ferritin concentration in patients with sickle cell anemia and thalassemia major. Am J Hematol 1993, 42(1):81-85.
2. St Pierre T.G., Clark P.R., Chua-Anusorn W. Single spin-echo proton transverse relaxometry of iron-loaded liver. NMR Biomed 2004, 17(7):446-458.
3. Alustiza J.M., Castiella A., De Juan M.D., et al. Iron overload in the liver diagnostic and quantification. Eur J Radiol 2007, 61(3):499-506.
4. Bothwell T.H., Charlton R.W. A general approach to the problems of iron deficiency and iron overload in the population at large. Semin Hematol 1982, 19(1):54-67.
5. Cook J.D., Skikne B.S., Lynch S.R., et al. Estimates of iron sufficiency in the US population. Blood 1986, 68(3):726-731.
6. Pietrangelo A. Hereditary hemochromatosis-a new look at an old disease. N Engl J Med 2004, 350(23):2383-2397.
7. Siegelman E.S., Mitchell D.G., Semelka R.C. Abdominal iron deposition: metabolism, MR findings, and clinical importance. Radiology 1996, 199(1):13-22.
8. Gossuin Y., Muller R.N., Gillis P. Relaxation induced by ferritin: a better understanding for an improved MRI iron quantification. NMR Biomed 2004, 17(7):427-432.
9. Carneiro A.A., Fernandes J.P., de Araujo D.B., et al. Liver iron concentration evaluated by two magnetic methods: magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic susceptometry. Magn Reson Med 2005, 54(1):122-128.
10. Li T.Q., Aisen A.M., Hindmarsh T. Assessment of hepatic iron content using magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Radiol 2004, 45(2):119-129.
11. Brittenham G.M., Badman D.G. Noninvasive measurement of iron: report of an NIDDK workshop. Blood 2003, 101(1):15-19.
12. Andrews N.C. Disorders of iron metabolism. N Engl J Med 1999, 341(26):1986-1995.
13. Ghugre N.R., Coates T.D., Nelson M.D., et al. Mechanisms of tissue-iron relaxivity: nuclear magnetic resonance studies of human liver biopsy specimens. Magn Reson Med 2005, 54(5):1185-1193.
14. Adams P., Brissot P., Powell L.W. EASL international consensus conference on haemochromatosis. J Hepatol 2000, 33(3):485-504.
15. Feder J.N., Gnirke A., Thomas W., et al. A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis. Nat Genet 1996, 13(4):399-408.
16. Beutler E., Gelbart T., West C., et al. Mutation analysis in hereditary hemochromatosis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 1996, 22(2):187-194. [discussion: 194a-b].
17. Jensen J.H., Chandra R. Theory of nonexponential NMR signal decay in liver with iron overload or superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. Magn Reson Med 2002, 47(6):1131-1138.
18. Niederau C., Fischer R., Sonnenberg A., et al. Survival and causes of death in cirrhotic and in noncirrhotic patients with primary hemochromatosis. N Engl J Med 1985, 313(20):1256-1262.
19. Wood J.C. Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of iron overload. Curr Opin Hematol 2007, 14(3):183-190.
20. Papakonstantinou O., Alexopoulou E., Economopoulos N., et al. Assessment of iron distribution between liver, spleen, pancreas, bone marrow, and myocardium by means of R2 relaxometry with MRI in patients with beta-thalassemia major. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009, 29(4):853-859.
21. Anderson L.J., Wonke B., Prescott E., et al. Comparison of effects of oral deferiprone and subcutaneous desferrioxamine on myocardial iron concentrations and ventricular function in beta-thalassaemia. Lancet 2002, 360(9332):516-520.
22. Ehlers K.H., Levin A.R., Markenson A.L., et al. Longitudinal study of cardiac function in thalassemia major. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980, 344:397-404.
23. Beaumont M., Odame I., Babyn P.S., et al. Accurate liver T-2* measurement of iron overload: a simulations investigation and in vivo study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009, 30(2):313-320.
24. Angelucci E., Muretto P., Nicolucci A., et al. Effects of iron overload and hepatitis C virus positivity in determining progression of liver fibrosis in thalassemia following bone marrow transplantation. Blood 2002, 100(1):17-21.
25. Bonny J.M., Zanca M., Boire J.Y., et al. T-2 maximum likelihood estimation from multiple spin-echo magnitude images. Magn Reson Med 1996, 36(2):287-293.
26. Angelucci E., Brittenham G.M., McLaren C.E., et al. Hepatic iron concentration and total body iron stores in thalassemia major. N Engl J Med 2000, 343(5):327-331.
27. Fujita N., Sugimoto R., Urawa N., et al. Hepatic iron accumulation is associated with disease progression and resistance to interferon/ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 22(11):1886-1893.
28. Pietrangelo A. Non-invasive assessment of hepatic iron overload: are we finally there?. J Hepatol 2005, 42(1):153-154.
29. O'Neil J., Powell L. Clinical aspects of hemochromatosis. Semin Liver Dis 2005, 25(4):381-391.
30. Brittenham G.M., Griffith P.M., Nienhuis A.W., et al. Efficacy of deferoxamine in preventing complications of iron overload in patients with thalassemia major. N Engl J Med 1994, 331(9):567-573.
31. Borgna-Pignatti C., Castriota-Scanderbeg A. Methods for evaluating iron stores and efficacy of chelation in transfusional hemosiderosis. Haematologica 1991, 76(5):409-413.
32. Drakonaki E.E., Maris T.G., Maragaki S., et al. Deferoxamine versus combined therapy for chelating liver, spleen and bone marrow iron in beta-thalassemic patients: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Hemoglobin 2010, 34(1):95-106.
33. Positano V., Salani B., Pepe A., et al. Improved T2* assessment in liver iron overload by magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2009, 27(2):188-197.
34. Bassett M.L., Halliday J.W., Powell L.W. Value of hepatic iron measurements in early hemochromatosis and determination of the critical iron level associated with fibrosis. Hepatology 1986, 6(1):24-29.
35. Adams P.C., Deugnier Y., Moirand R., et al. The relationship between iron overload, clinical symptoms, and age in 410 patients with genetic hemochromatosis. Hepatology 1997, 25(1):162-166.
36. Carneiro A.A.O., Fernandes J.P., Zago M.A., et al. An alternating current superconductor susceptometric system to evaluate liver iron overload. Rev Sci Instrum 2003, 74(6):3098-3103.
37. Bonkovsky H.L., Jawaid Q., Tortorelli K., et al. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and iron: increased prevalence of mutations of the HFE gene in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 1999, 31(3):421-429.
38. Bonkovsky H.L., Rubin R.B., Cable E.E., et al. Hepatic iron concentration: noninvasive estimation by means of MR imaging techniques. Radiology 1999, 212(1):227-234.
39. George D.K., Goldwurm S., MacDonald G.A., et al. Increased hepatic iron concentration in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with increased fibrosis. Gastroenterology 1998, 114(2):311-318.
40. Moirand R., Mortaji A.M., Loreal O., et al. A new syndrome of liver iron overload with normal transferrin saturation. Lancet 1997, 349(9045):95-97.
41. Harrison S.A., Bacon B.R. Relation of hemochromatosis with hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, natural history, pathophysiology, screening, treatment, and prevention. Med Clin North Am 2005, 89(2):391-409.
42. Powell E.E., Ali A., Clouston A.D., et al. Steatosis is a cofactor in liver injury in hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 2005, 129(6):1937-1943.
43. Rowe J.W., Wands J.R., Mezey E., et al. Familial hemochromatosis: characteristics of the precirrhotic stage in a large kindred. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977, 56(3):197-211.
44. Barry M., Sherlock S. Measurement of liver-iron concentration in needle-biopsy specimens. Lancet 1971, 1(7690):100-103.
45. Bravo A., Sheth S., Chopra S. Liver biopsy. N Engl J Med 2001, 344(7):495-500.
46. Rofsky N.M., Fleishaker H. CT and MRI of diffuse liver disease. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 1995, 16(1):16-33.
47. Mortele K.J., Ros P.R. Imaging of diffuse liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2001, 21(2):195-212.
48. Guyader D., Gandon Y., Deugnier Y., et al. Evaluation of computed tomography in the assessment of liver iron overload. A study of 46 cases of idiopathic hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 1989, 97(3):737-743.
49. Wang Z.J., Haselgrove J.C., Martin M.B., et al. Evaluation of iron overload by single voxel MRS measurement of liver T2. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002, 15(4):395-400.
50. Bauman J.H., Hoffman R.W. Magnetic susceptibility meter for in vivo estimation of hepatic iron stores. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1967, 14(4):239-243.
51. Bauman J.H., Harris J.W. Estimation of hepatic iron stores by vivo measurement of magnetic susceptibility. J Lab Clin Med 1967, 70(2):246-257.
52. Carneiro A.A.O., Baffa O., Fernandes J.P., et al. Theoretical evaluation of the susceptometric measurement of iron in human liver by four different susceptometers. Physiol Meas 2002, 23(4):683-693.
53. Stark D.D., Bass N.M., Moss A.A., et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of experimentally induced liver disease. Radiology 1983, 148(3):743-751.
54. Stark D.D., Goldberg H.I., Moss A.A., et al. Chronic liver disease: evaluation by magnetic resonance. Radiology 1984, 150(1):149-151.
55. Maris T.G., Papakonstantinou O., Chatzimanoli V., et al. Myocardial and liver iron status using a fast T*2 quantitative MRI (T*2qMRI) technique. Magn Reson Med 2007, 57(4):742-753.
56. Brooks R.A., Moiny F., Gillis P. On T2-shortening by weakly magnetized particles: the chemical exchange model. Magn Reson Med 2001, 45(6):1014-1020.
57. Brewer C.J., Coates T.D., Wood J.C. Spleen R2 and R2* in iron-overloaded patients with sickle cell disease and thalassemia major. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009, 29(2):357-364.
58. Siegelman E.S., Mitchell D.G., Rubin R., et al. Parenchymal versus reticuloendothelial iron overload in the liver: distinction with MR imaging. Radiology 1991, 179(2):361-366.
59. St Pierre T.G., Clark P.R., Chua-Anusorn W. Measurement and mapping of liver iron concentrations using magnetic resonance imaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005, 1054:379-385.
60. Clark P.R., Chua-anusorn W., St Pierre T.G. Bi-exponential proton transverse relaxation rate (R2) image analysis using RF field intensity-weighted spin density projection: potential for R2 measurement of iron-loaded liver. Magn Reson Imaging 2003, 21(5):519-530.
61. Ernst O., Sergent G., Bonvarlet P., et al. Hepatic iron overload: Diagnosis and quantification with MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol 1997, 168(5):1205-1208.
62. Gandon Y., Olivie D., Guyader D., et al. Non-invasive assessment of hepatic iron stores by MRI. Lancet 2004, 363(9406):357-362.
63. Gandon Y., Guyader D., Heautot J.F., et al. Hemochromatosis: diagnosis and quantification of liver iron with gradient-echo MR imaging. Radiology 1994, 193(2):533-538.
64. Kreeftenberg H.G., Mooyaart E.L., Huizenga J.R., et al. Quantification of liver iron concentration with magnetic resonance imaging by combining T1-, T2-weighted spin echo sequences and a gradient echo sequence. Neth J Med 2000, 56(4):133-137.
65. Olthof A.W., Sijens P.E., Kreeftenberg H.G., et al. Non-invasive liver iron concentration measurement by MRI: comparison of two validated protocols. Eur J Radiol 2009, 71(1):116-121.
66. Rose C., Vandevenne P., Bourgeois E., et al. Liver iron content assessment by routine and simple magnetic resonance imaging procedure in highly transfused patients. Eur J Haematol 2006, 77(2):145-149.
67. Virtanen J.M., Komu M.E., Parkkola R.K. Quantitative liver iron measurement by magnetic resonance imaging: in vitro and in vivo assessment of the liver to muscle signal intensity and the R2* methods. Magn Reson Imaging 2008, 26(8):1175-1182.
68. Alexopoulou E., Stripeli F., Baras P., et al. R2 relaxometry with MRI for the quantification of tissue iron overload in beta-thalassemic patients. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006, 23(2):163-170.
69. Bulte J.W., Miller G.F., Vymazal J., et al. Hepatic hemosiderosis in non-human primates: quantification of liver iron using different field strengths. Magn Reson Med 1997, 37(4):530-536.
70. Wood J.C., Ghugre N. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of excess iron in thalassemia, sickle cell disease and other iron overload diseases. Hemoglobin 2008, 32(1-2):85-96.
71. Gossuin Y., Muller R.N., Gillis P., et al. Relaxivities of human liver and spleen ferritin. Magn Reson Imaging 2005, 23(10):1001-1004.
72. Chandarana H., Lim R.P., Jensen J.H., et al. Hepatic iron deposition in patients with liver disease: preliminary experience with breath-hold multiecho T2*-weighted sequence. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009, 193(5):1261-1267.
73. McCarville M.B., Hillenbrand C.M., Loeffler R.B., et al. Comparison of whole liver and small region-of-interest measurements of MRI liver R2* in children with iron overload. Pediatr Radiol 2010, 40(8):1360-1367.
74. Schwenzer N.F., Machann J., Haap M.M., et al. T2* relaxometry in liver, pancreas, and spleen in a healthy cohort of one hundred twenty-nine subjects-correlation with age, gender, and serum ferritin. Invest Radiol 2008, 43(12):854-860.
75. Westwood M., Anderson L.J., Firmin D.N., et al. A single breath-hold multiecho T2*cardiovascular magnetic resonance technique for diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. J Magn Reson Imaging 2003, 18(1):33-39.
76. St Pierre T.G., Clark P.R., Chua-anusorn W., et al. Noninvasive measurement and imaging of liver iron concentrations using proton magnetic resonance. Blood 2005, 105(2):855-861.
77. Wood J.C., Enriquez C., Ghugre N., et al. MRI R2 and R2* mapping accurately estimates hepatic iron concentration in transfusion-dependent thalassemia and sickle cell disease patients. Blood 2005, 106(4):1460-1465.
78. Voskaridou E., Douskou M., Terpos E., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of iron overload in patients with beta thalassaemia and sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 2004, 126(5):736-742.
79. Wright G.A., Hu B.S., Macovski A. 1991 I.I. Rabi Award. Estimating oxygen saturation of blood in vivo with MR imaging at 1.5 T. J Magn Reson Imaging 1991, 1(3):275-283.
80. Hankins J.S., McCarville M.B., Loeffler R.B., et al. R2* magnetic resonance imaging of the liver in patients with iron overload. Blood 2009, 113(20):4853-4855.
81. He T., Gatehouse P.D., Kirk P., et al. Myocardial T-2* measurement in iron-overloaded thalassemia: an ex vivo study to investigate optimal methods of quantification. Magn Reson Med 2008, 60(2):350-356.
82. Christoforidis A., Perifanis V., Spanos G., et al. MRI assessment of liver iron content in thalassemic patients with three different protocols: comparisons and correlations. Eur J Haematol 2009, 82(5):388-392.
83. Chappell K.E., Patel N., Gatehouse P.D., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver with ultrashort TE (UTE) pulse sequences. J Magn Reson Imaging 2003, 18(6):709-713.
84. Yablonskiy D.A., Haacke E.M. Theory of NMR signal behavior in magnetically inhomogeneous tissues-the static dephasing regime. Magn Reson Med 1994, 32(6):749-763.
85. Wood J.C., Aguilar M., Otto-Duessel M., et al. Influence of iron chelation on R1 and R2 calibration curves in gerbil liver and heart. Magn Reson Med 2008, 60(1):82-89.
86. Gutierrez L., Lazaro F.J., Abadia A.R., et al. Bioinorganic transformations of liver iron deposits observed by tissue magnetic characterisation in a rat model. J Inorg Biochem 2006, 100(11):1790-1799.
87. Muller R.N., Gillis P., Moiny F., et al. Transverse relaxivity of particulate MRI contrast media: from theories to experiments. Magn Reson Med 1991, 22(2):178-182. [discussion: 195-6].
88. Taouli B., Chouli M., Martin A.J., et al. Chronic hepatitis: role of diffusion-weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and inflammation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008, 28(1):89-95.
89. Taouli B., Tolia A.J., Losada M., et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI for quantification of liver fibrosis: preliminary experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007, 189(4):799-806.
90. Yu H., McKenzie C.A., Shimakawa A., et al. Multiecho reconstruction for simultaneous water-fat decomposition and T2* estimation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007, 26(4):1153-1161.
91. Bydder M., Yokoo T., Hamilton G., et al. Relaxation effects in the quantification of fat using gradient echo imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2008, 26(3):347-359.
92. Yu H., Shimakawa A., McKenzie C.A., et al. Multiecho water-fat separation and simultaneous R2* estimation with multifrequency fat spectrum modeling. Magn Reson Med 2008, 60(5):1122-1134.
93. O'Regan D.P., Callaghan M.F., Wylezinska-Arridge M., et al. Liver fat content and T2*: simultaneous measurement by using breath-hold multiecho MR imaging at 3.0 T-feasibility. Radiology 2008, 247(2):550-557.
94. Chebrolu V.V., Hines C.D., Yu H., et al. Independent estimation of T*2 for water and fat for improved accuracy of fat quantification. Magn Reson Med 2010, 63(4):849-857.