Bone physiology and therapeutics in chronic critical illness

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1211, Issue , 2010, Pages 85-94

  Via, Michael A ^a   Gallagher, Emily Jane ^b   Mechanick, Jeffrey I ^b  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Allostasis; Bone resorption; Chronic critical illness; Metabolic bone disease

Indexed keywords

BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; ERGOCALCIFEROL; IBANDRONIC ACID; OSTEOPONTIN; PAMIDRONIC ACID; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR;

ARTICLE; BONE REMODELING; BONE TURNOVER; CHRONIC CRITICAL ILLNESS; CRITICAL ILLNESS; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; IMMOBILIZATION; INFLAMMATION; MALNUTRITION; METABOLIC BONE DISEASE; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; OSSIFICATION; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOCLAST; OSTEOCLASTOGENESIS; OSTEOLYSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; TRACHEOTOMY; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 78349231577     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05807.x     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Zorab, J. 2003. Bjørn Ibsen. Resuscitation 57: 3-9.
2. Wiencek, C. & C. Winkelman 2010. Chronic critical illness: prevalence, profile, and pathophysiology. AACN Adv. Crit. Care 21: 44-61. quiz 63.
3. Hollander, J.M. & J.I. Mechanick 2006. Nutrition support and the chronic critical illness syndrome. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 21: 587-604.
4. Vanhorebeek, I., L. Langouche & G. Van den Berghe 2006. Endocrine aspects of acute and prolonged critical illness. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab. 2: 20-31.
5. Via, M., C. Scurlock, D. Adams, et al 2010. An impaired postoperative hyperglycemic stress response is associated with increased mortality in cardiothoracic surgery patients. Endocr. Pract. 29: 1-17.
6. Van den Berghe, G. et al 1998. Neuroendocrinology of prolonged critical illness: effects of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone and its combination with growth hormone secretagogues. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 309-319.
7. Van den Berghe, G., F. De Zegher & R. Bouillon 1998. Clinical review 95: acute and prolonged critical illness as different neuroendocrine paradigms. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 1827-1834.
8. Weekers, F. et al 2002. A novel in vivo rabbit model of hypercatabolic critical illness reveals a biphasic neuroendocrine stress response. Endocrinology 143: 764-774.
9. Girard, K. & T.A. Raffin 1985. The chronically critically ill: to save or let die? Respir. Care 30: 339-347.
10. Carson, S.S. & P.B. Bach 2002. The epidemiology and costs of chronic critical illness. Crit. Care Clin. 18: 461-476.
11. Douglas, S. et al 1996. Survival experience of chronically critically ill patients. Nurs. Res. 45: 73-77.
12. Nasraway, S.A. Jr., T.M. Hudson-Jinks & R.M. Kelleher 2002. Multidisciplinary care of the obese patient with chronic critical illness after surgery. Crit. Care Clin. 18: 643-657.
13. Nierman, D.M. 2002. A structure of care for the chronically critically ill. Crit. Care Clin. 18: 477-491.
14. Nierman, D.M. & J.I. Mechanick 1998. Bone hyperresorption is prevalent in chronically critically ill patients. Chest 114: 1122-1128.
15. Nelson, J.E. et al 2004. The symptom burden of chronic critical illness. Crit. Care Med. 32: 1527-1534.
16. Zilberberg, M.D., M. De Wit, J.R. Pirone & A.F. Shorr 2008. Growth in adult prolonged acute mechanical ventilation: implications for healthcare delivery. Crit. Care Med. 36: 1451-1455.
17. Hollander, J.M. & J.I. Mechanick 2009. Bisphosphonates and metabolic bone disease in the ICU. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 12: 190-195.
18. Mechanick, J.I. et al 1997. Parathyroid hormone suppression in spinal cord injury patients is associated with the degree of neurologic impairment and not the level of injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 78: 692-696.
19. Sambrook, P.N. et al. 2006. High bone turnover is an independent predictor of mortality in the frail elderly. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21: 549-555.
20. Hadjidakis, D.J. & I.I. Bone Androulakis 2006. Remodeling. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1092: 385-396.
21. Blair, H. & M. Zaidi 2006. Osteoclastic differentiation and function regulated by old and new pathways. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 7: 23-32.
22. Van den Berghe, G. et al 2003. Bone turnover in prolonged critical illness: effect of vitamin D. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 4623-4632.
23. Caetano-Lopes, J., H. Canhão & J.E. Fonseca 2009. Osteoimmunology-the hidden immune regulation of bone. Autoimmun. Rev. 8: 250-255.
24. Asagiri, M. & H. Takayanagi 2007. The molecular understanding of osteoclast differentiation. Bone 40: 251-264.
25. Takayanagi, H. 2007. Osteoimmunology: shared mechanisms and crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7: 292-304.
26. Pasquale, E.B. 2008. Eph-ephrin bidirectional signaling in physiology and disease. Cell 133: 38-52.
27. Nanes, M.S. 2003. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha: molecular and cellular mechanisms in skeletal pathology. Gene 321: 1-15.
28. Datta, H.K., W.F. Ng, J.A. Walker, et al. 2008. The cell biology of bone metabolism. J. Clin. Pathol. 61: 577-587.
29. Bar-Shavit, Z. 2008. Taking a toll on the bones: regulation of bone metabolism by innate immune regulators. Autoimmunity 41: 195-203.
30. Hurst, J. & P. Von Landenberg 2008. Toll-like receptors and autoimmunity. Autoimmun. Rev. 7: 204-208.
31. Choi, S.T. et al 2008. Osteopontin might be involved in bone remodelling rather than in inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47: 1775-1779.
32. Denhardt, D.T., M. Noda, A.W. O'Regan, et al 2001. Osteopontin as a means to cope with environmental insults: regulation of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cell survival. J. Clin. Invest. 107: 1055-1061.
33. Grimm, G. et al 2010. Changes in osteopontin and in biomarkers of bone turnover during human endotoxemia. Bone. 47: 388-391.
34. Ono, N. et al 2008. Osteopontin negatively regulates parathyroid hormone receptor signaling in osteoblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 19400-19409.
35. Wang, K.X. & D.T. Denhardt 2008. Osteopontin: role in immune regulation and stress responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 19: 333-345.
36. Reinholt, F.P., K. Hultenby, A. Oldberg & D. Heinegard 1990. Osteopontin-a possible anchor of osteoclasts to bone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 4473-4475.
37. Zaidi, M. 2007. Skeletal remodeling in health and disease. Nat. Med. 13: 791-801.
38. Clevers, H. 2006. Wnt/[beta]-catenin signaling in development and disease. Cell 127: 469-480.
39. Wai, P. & P. Kuo 2008. Osteopontin: regulation in tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 27: 103-118.
40. Johnson, M.L. & M.A. Kamel 2007. The Wnt signaling pathway and bone metabolism. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 19: 376-382.
41. Krishnan, V., H.U. Bryant & O.A. MacDougald 2006. Regulation of bone mass by Wnt signaling. J Clin Invest 116: 1202-1209.
42. Lee, P., J.A. Eisman & J.R. Center 2009. Vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 360: 1912-1914.
43. Van den Berghe, G. 2001. The neuroendocrine response to stress is a dynamic process. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 15: 405-419.
44. Van den Berghe, G. 2002. Neuroendocrine pathobiology of chronic critical illness. Crit. Care Clin. 18: 509-528.
45. Van den Berghe, G. 2003. Endocrine evaluation of patients with critical illness. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 32: 385-410.
46. Dahl, B. et al 1999. Admission level of Gc-globulin predicts outcome after multiple trauma. Injury 30: 275-281.
47. Goldschmidt-Clermont, P.J. et al 1988. Role of group-specific component (vitamin D binding protein) in clearance of actin from the circulation in the rabbit. J. Clin. Invest. 81: 1519-1527.
48. Tucker, K. 2009. Osteoporosis prevention and nutrition. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 7: 111-117.
49. Rude, R., F. Singer & H. Gruber 2009. Skeletal and hormonal effects of magnesium deficiency. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 28: 131-141.
50. Rude, R., H. Gruber, L. Wei & A. Frausto 2005. Immunolocalization of RANKL is increased and OPG decreased during dietary magnesium deficiency in the rat. Nutr. Metab 2: 24.
51. New, S.A., S.P. Robins & M.K. Campbell 2000. Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71: 142-151.
52. Tucker, K.L., M.T. Hannan & H. Chen 1999. Potassium, magnesium and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69: 727-736.
53. Zhu, K., A. Devine & R. Prince 2009. The effects of high potassium consumption on bone mineral density in a prospective cohort study of elderly postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. 20: 335-340.
54. Sahni, S. et al 2008. High vitamin C intake is associated with lower 4-year bone loss in elderly men. J. Nutr. 138: 1931-1938.
55. Simon, J.A. & E.S. Hudes 2001. Relation of ascorbic acid to bone mineral density and self-reported fractures among US adults. Am. J. Epidemiol. 154: 427-433.
56. Wolf, R.L. et al 2005. Lack of a relation between vitamin and mineral antioxidants and bone mineral density: results from the women's health initiative. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82: 581-588.
57. Kaidar-Person, O., B. Person, S. Szomstein & R.J. Rosenthal 2008. Nutritional deficiencies in morbidly obese patients: a new form of malnutrition?: part A: vitamins. Obes. Surg. doi:.
58. Pesonen, J. et al 2005. High bone mineral density among perimenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. 16: 1899-1906.
59. Booth, S.L. et al 2000. Dietary vitamin K intakes are associated with hip fracture but not with bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71: 1201-1208.
60. Feskanich, D. et al 1999. Vitamin K intake and hip fractures in women: a prospective study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69: 74-79.
61. Tsugawa, N. et al 2008. Low plasma phylloquinone concentration is associated with high incidence of vertebral fracture in Japanese women. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 26: 79-85.
62. Sahni, S. et al 2009. Protective effect of total and supplemental vitamin C intake on the risk of hip fracture-a 17-year follow-up from the Framingham osteoporosis study. Osteoporos. Int. 20: 1853-1861.
63. Kim, L., A.V. Rao & L.G. Rao 2003. Lycopene II-effect on osteoblasts: the carotenoid lycopene stimulates cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of SaOS-2 cells. J. Med. Food 6: 79-86.
64. Morris, M.S., P.F. Jacques & J. Selhub 2005. Relation between homocysteine and B-vitamin status indicators and bone mineral density in older Americans. Bone 37: 234-242.
65. Tucker, K.L. et al 2005. Low plasma vitamin B12 is associated with lower BMD: the Framingham osteoporosis study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20: 152-158.
66. McLean, R.R. et al 2004. Homocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in older persons. N. Engl. J. Med. 350: 2042-2049.
67. Yazdanpanah, N. et al 2007. Effect of dietary B vitamins on BMD and risk of fracture in elderly men and women: the rotterdam study. Bone 41: 987-994.
68. Sato, Y., Y. Honda, J. Iwamoto, et al. 2005. Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293: 1082-1088.
69. Promislow, J.H., D. Goodman-Gruen, D.J. Slymen & E. Barrett-Connor 2002. Protein consumption and bone mineral density in the elderly: the Rancho Bernardo study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155: 636-644.
70. Kerstetter, J.E., A.C. Looker & K.L. Insogna 2000. Low dietary protein and low bone density. Calcif. Tissue Int. 66: 313.
71. Rapuri, P.B., J.C. Gallagher & V. Haynatzka 2003. Protein intake: effects on bone mineral density and the rate of bone loss in elderly women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77: 1517-1525.
72. Hannan, M.T. et al 2000. Effect of dietary protein on bone loss in elderly men and women: the Framingham osteoporosis study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 15: 2504-2512.
73. Hunt, J.R., L.K. Johnson & Z.K. Fariba Roughead 2009. Dietary protein and calcium interact to influence calcium retention: a controlled feeding study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89: 1357-1365.
74. Kerstetter, J.E., K.O. O'Brien, D.M. Caseria, et al 2005. The impact of dietary protein on calcium absorption and kinetic measures of bone turnover in women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90: 26-31.
75. Corcoran, T.B., M.A. O'Neill, S.A. Webb & K.M. Ho 2009. Prevalence of vitamin deficiencies on admission: relationship to hospital mortality in critically ill patients. Anaesth. Intensive Care 37: 254-260.
76. McEwen, B.S. 1998. Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 840: 33-44.
77. Bornstein, S.R. & G.P. Chrousos 1999. Clinical review 104: adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)- and non-ACTH-mediated regulation of the adrenal cortex: neural and immune inputs. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 1729-1736.
78. Van den Berghe, G.H. 1999. The neuroendocrine stress response and modern intensive care: the concept revisited. Burns 25: 7-16.
79. Vermes, I. & A. Beishuizen 2001. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to critical illness. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 15: 495-511.
80. Beishuizen, A. & L.G. Thijs 2001. Relative adrenal failure in intensive care: an identifiable problem requiring treatment? Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 15: 513-531.
81. Bornstein, S.R., W.C. Engeland, M. Ehrhart-Bornstein & J.P. Herman 2008. Dissociation of ACTH and glucocorticoids. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 19: 175-180.
82. Cooper, M. & P. Stewart 2003. Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 348: 727-734.
83. Baxter, R.C. 2001. Changes in the IGF-IGFBP axis in critical illness. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 15: 421-434.
84. Van den Berghe, G. et al 1999. Growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 infusion synchronizes growth hormone, thyrotrophin and prolactin release in prolonged critical illness. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 140: 17-22.
85. Argetsinger, L.S. et al 1993. Identification of JAK2 as a growth hormone receptor-associated tyrosine kinase. Cell 74: 237-244.
86. Giustina, A., G. Mazziotti & E. Canalis 2008. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr. Rev. 29: 535-559.
87. Wei, S. et al 1997. Growth hormone increases serum 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels and decreases 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in children with growth hormone deficiency. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 136: 45-51.
88. Clemens, T.L. & S.D. Chernausek 2004. Genetic strategies for elucidating insulin-like growth factor action in bone. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 14: 195-199.
89. Rubin, J. et al 2002. IGF-I regulates osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand in vitro and OPG in vivo. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87: 4273-4279.
90. Peeters, R.P., Y. Debaveye, E. Fliers & T.J. Visser 2006. Changes within the thyroid axis during critical illness. Crit. Care Clin. 22: 41-55. vi.
91. Mebis, L. et al 2009. Expression of thyroid hormone transporters during critical illness. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 161: 243-250.
92. Zaidi, M. et al 2009. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid hormones, and bone loss. Curr. Osteoporos Rep. 2: 47-52.
93. Spratt, D.I. et al 2006. Increases in serum estrogen levels during major illness are caused by increased peripheral aromatization. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 291: E631-E638.
94. May, A.K. et al 2008. Estradiol is associated with mortality in critically ill trauma and surgical patients. Crit. Care Med. 36: 62-68.
95. Van den Berghe, G. et al. 2001. Five-day pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration unveils combined hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal defects underlying profound hypoandrogenism in men with prolonged critical illness. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 3217-3226.
96. Nierman, D.M. & J.I. Mechanick 1999. Hypotestosteronemia in chronically critically ill men. Crit. Care Med. 27: 2418-2421.
97. Demling, R. & M. DeBiasse 1995. Micronutrients in critical illness. Crit. Care Clin. 11: 651-673.
98. Needham, D.M. 2008. Mobilizing patients in the intensive care unit: improving neuromuscular weakness and physical function. JAMA 300: 1685-1690.
99. Lissoni, P. et al 1997. Acute effects of pamidronate administration on serum levels of interleukin-6 in advanced solid tumour patients with bone metastases and their possible implications in the immunotherapy of cancer with interleukin-2. Eur. J. Cancer 33: 41-47.
100. Nierman, D.M. & J.I. Mechanick 2000. Biochemical response to treatment of bone hyperresorption in chronically critically ill patients. Chest 118: 761-766.