Revisiting dietary cholesterol recommendations: Does the evidence support a limit of 300 mg/d?

Current Atherosclerosis Reports

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 377-383

  Fernandez, Maria Luz ^a   Calle, Mariana ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

Clinical studies; Dietary cholesterol; Eggs; Epidemiologic data; HDL cholesterol; LDL cholesterol; LDL size

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; SATURATED FATTY ACID;

ASIAN; CANADA; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHOLESTEROL INTAKE; CLINICAL STUDY; CORONARY RISK; EGG; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EUROPE; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; REVIEW;

CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL, DIETARY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; HUMANS; NUTRITION POLICY; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77958165566     PISSN: 15233804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-010-0130-7     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. AH Lichenstein LJ Appel M Brands Diet and Lifestyle recommendations Revision, et al. 2006 A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Scientific Committee Circulation 2006 114 82 96 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106. 176158
2. DJ McNamara 2000 Dietary cholesterol and atherosclerosis Biochim Biophys Acta 1529 310 320 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXosFCgsbc%3D 11111098
3. J Genest R McPherson J Frolhlich, et al. 2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult-2009 recommendations Can J Cardiol 2009 25 567 579
4. HY Pai CI Kim HK Moon, et al. 2008 2008 Dietary goals and dietary guidelines for Korean adults Korean J Nutr 41 887 899
5. Ministry of Health: Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Adults. New Zealand: Ministry of Health; 2003:18-21.
6. National Institute of Nutrition. Available at http://www.invinindia.org. Accessed June 5, 2010.
7. Task Force Members I Graham D Atar K Borsch-Johnsen, et al. 2007 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice Eur Heart J 28 2375 2414 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm316 17726041
8. DJ McNamara 1997 Cholesterol intake and plasma cholesterol, an update J Am Coll Nutr 16 530 534
9. FB Hu MJ Stampfer EB Rimm JE Manson, et al. 1999 A prospective study of egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women JAMA 281 1387 1394 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3jtFCjtA%3D%3D 10.1001/jama.281.15.1387 10217054
10. WO Song JM Kerver 2000 Nutritional contribution of eggs to American diets J Am Coll Nutr 5 Suppl 556S 562S
11. KL Esrey L Joseph SA Grover 1996 Relationship between dietary intake and coronary heart disease mortality: lipid research clinics prevalence follow-up study J Clin Epidemiol 49 211 216 1:STN:280:DyaK287otVersw%3D%3D 10.1016/0895-4356(95)00066-6 8606322
12. WH Howell DJ McNamara MA Tosca, et al. 1997 Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol Am J Clin Nutr 65 1747 1764 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjs1Wktb4%3D 9174470
13. RM Weggermans PL Zock MB Katan 2001 Dietary cholesterol from eggs increases the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis Am J Clin Nutr 73 885 891
14. H Okuyama Y Ichikawa Y Sun, et al. 2007 The cholesterol hypothesis, its basis and its faults World Rev Nutr Dietetics 96 1 17
15. AA Conti B Dilaghi PA Modesti C Nozzoli 2009 New evidence in cardiovascular medicine, general practice and public health Intern Emerg Med 4 343 345 10.1007/s11739-009-0266-z 19506999
16. DM Lloyd-Jones Y Hung D Labarthe D Mozzafariun 2010 AHA Special Report. Defining and setting National goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction Circulation 121 586 613 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703 20089546
17. SS Gidding AH Lichtenstein MS Faith, et al. 2009 Implementing AHA Pediatric and Adult Nutrition Guidelines: a scientific statement from the AHA Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism Circulation 119 1161 1175 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.191856 19255356
18. L Barraj N Tran P Mink, et al. 2009 Comparison of egg consumption with other modifiable coronary heart disease lifestyle risk factors: a relative risk apportionment study Risk Anal 29 401 415 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01149.x 19000074
19. C Constance 2009 The good and the bad: what researchers have learned about dietary cholesterol, lipid management and cardiovascular disease risk since the Harvard Egg Study Intern J Clin Pract 63 Suppl 9 14 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksl2ms7w%3D 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02134.x
20. Y Nakamura H Iso Y Kita, et al. 2006 Egg consumption, serum total cholesterol concentrations and coronary heart disease incidence: Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study Br J Nutr 96 921 928 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD28Xht1ylt7fM 10.1017/BJN20061937 17092383
21. AI Qureshi FK Suri S Ahmed, et al. 2007 Regular egg consumption does not increase the risk of stroke and cardiovascular diseases Med Sci Monit 13 CR1 8 17179903
22. L Djousee JM Gaziano 2008 Egg consumption in relation to cardiovascular disease and mortality. The Physicians Health Study Am J Clin Nutr 87 964 969
23. • Houston DK, Ding J, Lee JS, et al.: Dietary fat and cholesterol and risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults: The Health ABC Study. Nutr Met Card Dis 2010 (in press). The associations between dietary fat, DC, and eggs were analyzed in 1941 adults aged 70 to 79 years. Dietary cholesterol and egg consumption were associated with increased CHD risk only in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
24. KL Herron S Vega-Lopez T Ramjiganesh, et al. 2003 Men classified as hypo- or hyper-responders to dietary cholesterol feeding exhibit differences in lipoprotein metabolism J Nutr 133 1036 1042 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXivVekur0%3D 12672915
25. KJ Herron S Vega-Lopez K Conde, et al. 2002 Pre-menopausal women classified as hypo-or hyper-responders, do not alter their LDL/HDL ratio following a high dietary cholesterol challenge J Am Coll Nutr 21 250 258 12074253
26. JB German RA Gibson RM Krauss, et al. 2009 A reappraisal of the impact of dairy foods and milk fat on cardiovascular disease risk Eur J Nutr 48 191 204 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntF2hu74%3D 10.1007/s00394-009-0002-5 19259609
27. MN Ballesteros RM Cabrera MS Saucedo ML Fernandez 2004 Dietary cholesterol does not increase biomarkers for chronic disease in a pediatric population at risk from Northern Mexico Am J Clin Nutr 80 855 861 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXotFeisLc%3D 15447890
28. CM Greene TL Zern R Wood, et al. 2005 Maintenance of the LDL cholesterol: HDL cholesterol ratio in an elderly population given a dietary cholesterol challenge J Nutr 135 2793 2798 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlalsL3F 16317122
29. Y Homma T Kobayashi H Yamaguchi, et al. 2001 Apolipoprotein-E phenotype and basal activity of low-density lipoprotein receptor are independent of changes in plasma lipoprotein subfractions after cholesterol ingestion in Japanese subjects Nutrition 17 310 314 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtlChtr0%3D 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00555-4 11369170
30. ML Fernandez D Webb 2008 The LDL to HDL cholesterol ratio as a valuable tool to evaluate coronary heart disease risk. The impact of dietary cholesterol J Am Coll Nutr 27 1 5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmtlOgtrc%3D 18460475
31. AM Hill MA Rousell P Kris-Etherton 2008 Nutritional management of lipids for overweight and obesity: what can we achieve? Future Lipidol 3 573 584 10.2217/17460875.3.5.573
32. G Mutungi J Ratliff M Puglisi, et al. 2008 Dietary cholesterol from eggs increases HDL cholesterol in overweight men consuming a carbohydrate restricted diet J Nutr 138 272 276 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1yntLs%3D 18203890
33. NL Harman AR Leeds BA Griffin 2008 Increased dietary cholesterol does not increase plasma low density lipoprotein when accompanied by an energy-restricted diet and weight loss Eur J Nutr 47 287 293 10.1007/s00394-008-0730-y 18726564
34. S Ata J Barona R Kopec, et al. 2010 Consumption of one regular egg or a lutein-enriched egg per day increases HDL cholesterol, reduces apolipoprotein B and the number of small LDL particles while increasing plasma carotenoids and macular pigment density in adult subjects FASEB J 24 A92.4
35. K Mayurasakorn W Srisura P Sitphahul PO Hongto 2008 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol changes after continuous egg consumption in healthy adults Med Assoc Thai 91 400 407
36. RH Knopp B Retzlaff B Fish, et al. 2003 Effects of insulin resistance and obesity on lipoproteins and sensitivity to egg feeding Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 1437 1443 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlvFaqsLo%3D 10.1161/01.ATV.0000082461. 77557.C7 12816878
37. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final report. Circulation 2002, 106:3143-3421.
38. PW Siri RM Krauss 2005 Influence of dietary carbohydrate and fat on LDL and HDL particle distribution Curr Atheroscler Rep 7 455 459 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XislOntw%3D%3D 10.1007/s11883-005-0062-9 16256003
39. K Berneis M Rizzo 2004 LDL size: does it matter? Swiss Med Wkly 134 720 724 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M%2FgvFGntg%3D%3D 15635490
40. GJ Blake JD Otvos N Rifai PM Ridker 2002 Low-density lipoprotein particle concentration and size as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as predictors of cardiovascular disease in women Circulation 106 1930 1937 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnsVartrw%3D 10.1161/01.CIR.0000033222.75187.B9 12370215
41. B Lamarche AC St-Pierre IL Ruel, et al. 2001 A prospective, population-based study of low density lipoprotein particle size as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in men Can J Cardiol 17 859 865 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXmvFOis7s%3D 11521128
42. G Mutungi D Waters J Ratliff, et al. 2010 Eggs distinctly modulate plasma carotenoid and lipoprotein subclasses in adult men following a carbohydrate restricted diet J Nutr Biochem 21 261 267 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjt1Ght78%3D 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.12.011 19369056
43. KL Herron IE Lofgren M Sharma, et al. 2004 A high intake of dietary cholesterol does not result in more atherogenic LDL particles in men and women independent of response classification Metab Clin Exp 53 823 830 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkt1CmsL4%3D 15164336
44. Subczynski WK, Wisniewska A, Widomska J: Location of macular xanthophylls in the most vulnerable regions of photoreceptor outer-segment membranes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010 (in press).
45. R Vishwanathan EF Goodrow-Kotyla BR Wooten, et al. 2009 Consumption of 2 and 4 egg yolks/d for 5 wk increases macular pigment concentrations in older adults with low macular pigment taking cholesterol-lowering statins Am J Clin Nutr 90 1272 1279 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlentb7F 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28013 19759170
46. HY Chung HM Rasmussen EJ Johnson 2004 Lutein bioavailability is higher from lutein-enriched eggs than from supplements and spinach in men J Nutr 134 1887 1893 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmsFChsLc%3D 15284371
47. JD Ribaya-Mercado JB Blumberg 2004 Lutein and zeaxanthin and their potential roles in disease prevention J Am Coll Nutr 23 567S 587S 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht12jt7o%3D 15640510
48. CM Greene D Waters RM Clark, et al. 2006 Plasma LDL and HDL characteristics and carotenoid content are positively influenced by egg consumption in an elderly population Nutr Met 3 6 10.1186/1743-7075-3-6
49. J Ratliff G Mutungi M Puglisi, et al. 2008 Eggs modulate the inflammatory response to carbohydrate restricted diets in overweight men Nutr Metab (Lond) 5 6 10.1186/1743-7075-5-6
50. A Drewnowski 2010 The Nutrient Rich Foods Index helps to identify healthy, affordable foods Am J Clin Nutr 91 1095S 1101S 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3cXjvVCktbc%3D 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28450D 20181811
51. J Ratliff M Puglisi G Mutungi, et al. 2009 Carbohydrate restriction (with or without additional dietary cholesterol provided by eggs) reduces insulin resistance and plasma leptin without modifying appetite hormones in adult men Nutr Res 29 262 268 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlsVCgur8%3D 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.03.007 19410978
52. JC Ratliff JO Leite R DeOgburn, et al. 2010 Consuming eggs for breakfast influences plasma glucose and ghrelin, while reducing caloric intake during the next 24 hours in adult men Nutrition Res 30 96 103 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3cXjt1ers74%3D 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.01.002
53. JS Vander Wal A Gupta P Khosla MV Durandhar 2008 Egg breakfast enhances weight loss Int J Obes (London) 32 1545 1551 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1aqsr3J 10.1038/ijo.2008.130
54. RH Eckel 2008 Egg consumption in relation to cardiovascular disease and mortality: the story gets more complex Am J Clin Nutr 87 799 800 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXkvFehtrc%3D 18400699