Endocrine disruptors and human health

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 10, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 846-855

  Latini, G ^a,b   Knipp, G ^c   Mantovani, A ^d   Marcovecchio, M L ^e   Chiarelli, F ^e   Soder O ^f  

^a PERRINO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

^c PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

^f KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Endocrine system; Endocrine disruptors; Environment; Fetal; Neonate; Phthalates; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; POLLUTANT;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CHILD; DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FOOD CHAIN; HUMAN; POLLUTANT; RISK FACTOR; TOXICITY;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CHILD; DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FEMALE; FOOD CHAIN; HUMANS; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77956589926     PISSN: 13895575     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138955710791608271     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Caserta, D.; Maranghi, L.; Mantovani, A.; Marci, R.; Maranghi, F.; Moscarini, M. Impact of endocrine disruptor chemicals in gynaecology. Hum. Reprod. Updat. 2008, 14, 59-72.
2. Landrigan, P.; Garg, A.; Droller, DB. Assessing the effects of en-docrine disruptors in the National Children's Study. Environ. Health Perspect., 2003, 111, 1678-1682.
3. Svechnikov, K.; Svechnikova, I.; Söder, O. Inhibitory effects of mono-ethylhexyl phthalate on steroidogenesis in immature and adult rat Leydig cells in vitro. Reprod. Toxicol., 2008, 25, 485-490.
4. Svechnikova, I.; Svechnikov, K.; Söder, O. The influence of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on steroidogenesis by the ovarian granulosa cells of immature female rats. J. Endocrinol., 2007, 194, 603-609.
5. Supornsilchai, V.; Svechnikov, K.; Seidlova-Wuttke, D.; Wuttke, W.; Söder, O. Phytoestrogen resveratrol suppresses steroidogenesis by rat adrenocortical cells by inhibiting cytochrome P450 c21-hydroxylase. Horm. Res., 2005, 64, 280-286.
6. Latini, G.; Scoditti, E.; Verrotti, A.; De Felice, C.; Massaro, M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as mediators of phthalate-induced effects in the male and female reproductive tract: epidemiological and experimental evidence. PPAR. Res., 2008, 2008, 359-367.
7. Pombo, M.; Castro-Feijóo, L. Endocrine disruptors. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab., 2005, 18(Suppl 1), 1145-1155.
8. Waring, R.H.; Harris, R.M. Endocrine disrupters: a human risk? Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2005, 244, 2-9.
9. Whitehead, S.A.; Rice, S. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals as modulators of sex steroid synthesis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2006, 20, 45-61.
10. Henley, D.V.; Korach, K.S. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals use distinct mechanisms of action to modulate endocrine system function. Endocrinology., 2006, 147(Suppl 6), 25-32.
11. Iguchi, T.; Watanabe, H.; Katsu, Y. Application of ecotoxicogenomics for studying endocrine disruption in vertebrates and invertebrates. Environ. Health Perspect., 2006, 114(Suppl 1), 101-105.
12. Schulte-Oehlmann, U.; Albanis, T.; Allera, A.; Bachmann, J.; Berntsson, P.; Beresford, N.; Carnevali, D.C.; Ciceri, F.; Dagnac, T.; Falandysz, J.; Galassi, S.; Hala, D.; Janer, G.; Jeannot, R.; Job-ling, S.; King, I.; Klingmüller, D.; Kloas, W.; Kusk, K.O.; Levada, R.; Lo, S.; Lutz, I.; Oehlmann, J.; Oredsson, S.; Porte, C.; Rand-Weaver, M.; Sakkas, V.; Sugni, M.; Tyler, C.; van Aerle, R.; van Ballegoy, C.; Wollenberger, L. Comprendo: Focus and approach. Environ. Health Perspect., 2006, 114(Suppl 1), 98-100.
13. Gore, A.C. Developmental programming and endocrine disruptor effects on reproductive neuroendocrine systems. Front. Neuroen-docrinol., 2008, 29, 358-374.
14. Crews, D.; Gore, A.C.; Hsu, T.S.; Dangleben, N.L.; Spinetta, M.; Schallert, T.; Anway, M.D.; Skinner, M.K. Transgenerational epigenetic imprints on mate preference Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A., 2007, 104, 5942-5946.
15. Hokanson, R.; Hanneman, W.; Hennessey, M; Donnelly, K.C.; McDonald, T.; Chowdhary, R.; Busbee, D.L. DEHP, bis(2)-ethylhexyl phthalate, alters gene expression in human cells: possible correlation with initiation of fetal developmental abnormalities. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2006, 25, 687-695.
16. Willingham, E. Endocrine-disrupting compounds and mixtures: unexpected dose-response. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 2004, 46, 265-269.
17. Fromme, H.; Albrecht, M.; Angerer, J.; Drexler, H.; Gruber, L.; Schlummer, M.; Parlar, H.; Korner, W.; Wanner, A.; Heitmann, D.; Roscher, E.; Bolte, G. Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES) exposure to persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals in Bavaria, Germany. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health., 2007, 210, 345-349.
18. European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from the Commission to assess the health risks to consumers associated with exposure to organotins in foodstuffs. EFSA J., 2004, 102, 1-119.
19. Baldi, F.; Mantovani, A. A new database for food safety: EDID (Endocrine disrupting chemicals-Diet Interaction Database). Ann. Ist. Super. Sanità., 2008, 44, 57-63.
20. Fattore, E.; Fanelli, R.; Turrini, A.; Di Domenico, A. Current dietary exposure to polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins.; poly-chlorodibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls in Italy. Mol. Nutr. Food. Res., 2006, 50, 915-921.
21. Mozaffarian, D.; Rimm, E.B. Fish intake, contaminants and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA, 2006, 296, 1885-1899.
22. European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European Parliament related to the safety assessment of wild and farmed fish. EFSA J., 2005, 236, 1-118.
23. Martin, J.H.; Crotty, S.; Nelson, P.N. Phytoestrogens: perpetrators or protectors? Future Oncol., 2007, 3, 307-318.
24. European Food Safety Authority. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed on the request from the Commission on the use of iodine in feedigstuffs. EFSA J., 2005,168, 1-42.
25. De Angelis, S.; Tassinari, R.; Maranghi, F.; Eusepi, A.; Di Virgilio, A.; Chiarotti, F.; Ricceri, L.; Venerosi Pesciolini, A.; Gilardi, E.; Moracci, G.; Calamandrei, G.; Olivieri, A.; Mantovani, A. Devel-opmental exposure to chlorpyrifos induces alterations in thyroid and thyroid hormone levels without other toxicity signs in cd1 mice. Toxicol. Sci., 2009, 108, 311-319.
26. Wenzel, A.; Franz, C.; Breous, E.; Loos, U. Modulation of iodide uptake by dialkyl phthalate plasticisers in FRTL-5 rat thyroid fol-licular cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2005, 244, 63-71.
27. Divi, R.L.; Doerge, D.R. Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase by die-tary flavonoids. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 1996, 9, 16-23.
28. Milerová, J.; Cerovská, J.; Zamrazil, V.; Bílek, R.; Lapcík, O.; Hampl, R. Actual levels of soy phytoestrogens in children correlate with thyroid laboratory parameters. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2006, 44, 171-174.
29. Paulus, B.F.; Bazar, M.A.; Salice, C.J.; Mattie, D.R.; Major, M.A. Perchlorate inhibition of iodide uptake in normal and iodine-deficient rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A., 2007, 70, 1142-1149.
30. Saarinen, N.M.; Bingham, C.; Lorenzetti, S.; Mortensen, A.A.; Mäkela, S.; Penttinen, P.; Sorensen, I.K.; Valsta, L.M.; Virgili, F.; Vollmer, G.; Wärri, A.; Zierau, O. Tools to evaluate estrogenic po-tency of dietary phytoestrogens: a consensus paper from the EU thematic network "Phytohealth" (QLKI-2002-2453). Genes Nutr., 2006, 1, 143-158.
31. P.H.; Slimani, N.; van der Schouw, Y.T.; Grace, P.B.; Navarro, C.; Tjonneland, A.; Olsen, A.; Clavel-Chapelon, F.; Touillaud, M.; Boutron-Ruault, M.C.; Jenab, M.; Kaaks, R.; Lin-seisen, J.; Trichopoulou, A.; Trichopoulos, D.; Dilis, V.; Boeing, H.; Weikert, C.; Overvad, K.; Pala, V.; Palli, D.; Panico, S.; Tu-mino, R.; Vineis, P.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B.; van Gils, C.H.; Skeie, G.; Jakszyn, P.; Hallmans, G.; Berglund, G.; Key, T.J.; Travis, R.; Riboli, E.; Bingham, S.A. Variations in plasma phytoes-trogen concentrations in European adults. J. Nutr., 2007,137, 1294-300.
32. Han, D.H.; Denison, M.S.; Tachibana, H.; Yamada, K. Relation-ship between estrogen receptor-binding and estrogenic activities of environmental estrogens and suppression by flavonoids. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2002, 66, 1479-1487.
33. Rajapakse, N.; Silva, E.; Scholze, M.; Kortenkamp, A. Deviation from additivity with estrogenic mixtures containing 4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol detected in the E-SCREEN assay. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 6343-6352.
34. Madia, F.; Giordano, G.; Fattori, V.; Vitalone, A.; Branchi, I.; Capone, F.; Costa, L.G. Differential in vitro neurotoxicity of the flame retardant PBDE-99 and of the PCB Aroclor 1254 in human astrocytoma cells. Toxicol. Lett., 2004, 154, 11-21.
35. Guo, T.L.; Zhang, X.L.; Bartolucci, E.; McCay, J.A.; White, K.L Jr.; You, L. Genistein and methoxychlor modulate the activity of natural killer cells and the expression of phenotypic markers by thymocytes and splenocytes in F0 and F1 generations of Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology, 2002, 172, 205-215.
36. Penza, M.; Montani, C.; Romani, A.; Vignolini, P.; Ciana, P.; Maggi, A.; Pampaloni, B.; Caimi, L.; Di Lorenzo, D. Genistein ac-cumulates in body depots and is mobilized during fasting.; reaching estrogenic levels in serum that counter the hormonal actions of es-tradiol andorganochlorines. Toxicol. Sci., 2007, 97, 299-307.
37. van Meeuwen, J.A.; van den Berg, M.; Sanderson, J.T.; Verhoef, A.; Piersma, A.H. Estrogenic effects of mixtures of phyto-and syn-thetic chemicals on uterine growth of prepubertal rats. Toxicol. Lett., 2007, 170, 165-176.
38. Vilela, M.L.; Willingham, E.; Buckley, J.; Liu, B.C.; Agras, K.; Shiroyanagi, Y.; Baskin L.S. Endocrine disruptors and hypo-spadias: role of genistein and the fungicide vinclozolin. Urology, 2007, 70, 618-621.
39. Dolinoy, D.C.; Huang, D.; Jirtle, R.L. Maternal nutrient supple-mentation counteracts bisphenol A-induced DNA hypomethylation in early development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2007, 104, 13056-13061.
40. Murphy, K.A.; Quadro, L.; White, L.A. The intersection between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and retinoic acid-signaling pathways. Vitam. Horm., 2007, 75, 33-67.
41. Yang, Y.M.; Huang, D.Y.; Liu, G.F.; Zhong, J.C.; Du, K.; Li, Y.F.; Song, X.H. Inhibitory effects of vitamin A on TCDD-induced cyto-chrome P-450 1A1 enzyme activity and expression. Toxicol. Sci., 2005, 85, 727-734.
42. Hoegberg, P.; Schmidt, C.K.; Fletcher, N.; Nilsson, C.B.; Trossvik, C.; Gerlienke Schuur, A.; Brouwer, A.; Nau, H.; Ghyselinck, N.B.; Chambon, P.; Hakansson, H. Retinoid status and responsiveness to 2.;3.;7.;8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice lacking retinoid binding protein or retinoid receptor forms. Chem. Biol. In-teract., 2005, 156, 25-39.
43. Fletcher, N.; Giese, N.; Schmidt, C.; Stern, N.; Lind, P.M.; Viluk-sela, M.; Tuomisto, J.T.; Tuomisto, J.; Nau, H.; Hakansson, H. Al-tered retinoid metabolism in female Long-Evans and Han/Wistar rats following long-term 2.;3.;7.;8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treatment. Toxicol. Sci., 2005, 86, 264-272.
44. Nishimura, N.; Yonemoto, J.; Miyabara, Y.; Fujii-Kuriyama, Y.; Tohyama, C. Altered thyroxin and retinoid metabolic response to 2.;3.;7.;8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-null mice. Arch. Toxicol., 2005,79, 260-267.
45. van der Ven, L.T.; van de Kuil, T.; Verhoef, A.; Leonards, P.E.; Slob, W.; Cantón, R.F.; Germer, S.; Hamers, T.; Visser, T.J.; Lit-ens, S.; Hakansson, H.; Fery, Y.; Schrenk, D.; van den Berg, M.; Piersma, A.H.; Vos, J.G. A 28-day oral dose toxicity study en-hanced to detect endocrine effects of a purified technical pentab-romodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE) mixture in Wistar rats. Toxicology, 2008, 245, 109-122.
46. Zhou, C.; Zhang C. Protective effects of antioxidant vitamins on Aroclor 1254-induced toxicity in cultured chicken embryo hepato-cytes. Toxicol. In vitro, 2005, 19, 665-673.
47. Birnbaum, L. S. Developmental effects of dioxins and related en-docrine disrupting chemicals. Toxicol. Lett., 1995, 82-83, 743-750.
48. Palanza, P.; Gioiosa, L.; vom Saal, F. S.; Parmigiani, S. Effects of developmental exposure to bisphenol A on brain and behavior in mice. Environ. Res., 2008, 108, 150-157.
49. Le, H. H.; Carlson, E. M.; Chua, J. P.; Belcher, S. M. Bisphenol A is released from polycarbonate drinking bottles and mimics the neurotoxic actions of estrogen in developing cerebellar neurons. Toxicol. Lett., 2008, 176, 149-156.
50. Nakamura, K.; Itoh, K.; Sugimoto, T.; Fushiki, S. Prenatal expo-sure to bisphenol A affects adult murine neocortical structure. Neu-rosci. Lett., 2007, 420, 100-105.
51. Brown Jr., J. S. Effects of Bisphenol-A and Other Endocrine Dis-ruptors Compared With Abnormalities of Schizophrenia: An Endo-crine-Disruption Theory of Schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull., 2009, 35, 256-278.
52. Yang, M; Park, M. S.; Lee, H. S. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: human exposure and health risks. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part C., 2006, 24, 183-224.
53. Kortenkamp, A. Ten years of mixing cocktails: a review of combination effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Environ. Health Perspect., 2007, 115(Suppl 1), 98-105.
54. Coles, L. S.; Eddington, N.D. AAPS Newsmagazine, 2007, 10, 18.
55. Hans, M.; Ursula, G.-R. Bisphenol A levels in blood depend on age and exposure. Toxicol. Lett., 2009, [Epub June 26, 2009].
56. Takayanagi, S.; Tokunaga, T.; Liu, X.; Okada, H.; Matsushima, A.; Shimohigashi, Y. Endocrine disruptor bisphenol A strongly binds to human estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRgamma) with high constitutive activity. Toxicol. Lett., 2006, 167, 95-105.
57. Kimura-Kuroda, J.; Nagata, I.; Kuroda, Y. Disrupting effects of hydroxy-polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners on neuronal development of cerebellar Purkinje cells: a possible causal factor for developmental brain disorders? Chemosphere, 2007, 67, S412-420.
58. Völkel, W.; Colnot, T.; Csanády, G. A.; Filser, J. G.; Dekant, W. Metabolism and kinetics of bisphenol a in humans at low doses fol-lowing oral administration. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2002, 15, 1281-1287.
59. Calafat, A. M.; Kuklenyik, Z.; Reidy, J. A.; Caudill, S. P.; Ekong, J.; Needham, L. L. Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol in a human reference population. Environ. Health Perspect., 2005, 113, 391-395.
60. Stahlhut, R. W.; Welshons, W. V.; Swan, S. H. Bisphenol A data in NHANES suggest longer than expected half-life, substantial non-food exposure, or both. Environ. Health Perspect., 2009, 117, 784-789.
61. Schönfelder, G.; Wittfoht, W.; Hopp, H.; Talsness, C. E.; Paul, M.; Chahoud, I. Parent bisphenol A accumulation in the human mater-nal-fetal-placental unit. Environ. Health Perspect., 2002, 110, A703-707.
62. Zoeller, R. T.; Bansal, R.; Parris, C. Bisphenol-A, an environ-mental contaminant that acts as a thyroid hormone receptor antago-nist in vitro, increases serum thyroxine, and alters RC3/neurogranin expression in the developing rat brain. Endocrinology, 2005, 146, 607-612.
63. Kavlock, R.; Boekelheide, K.; Chapin, R.; Cunningham, M.; Faustman, E.; Foster, P.; Golub, M.; Henderson, R.; Hinberg, I.; Little, R.; Seed, J.; Shea, K.; Tabacova, S.; Ty, R.; Williams, P.; Zacharewski, T. NTP Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction: phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Reprod. Toxicol., 2002, 16, 529-653.
64. Lu, K. Y.; Tseng, F. W.; Wu, C. J.; Liu, P. S. Suppression by phthalates of the calcium signaling of human nicotinic acetylcho-line receptors in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.Toxicology, 2004, 200, 113.
65. Xu, Y.; Cook, T. J.; Knipp, G. T. Effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolites on fatty acid homeostasis regulating proteins in rat placental HRP-1 trophoblast cells. Toxicol. Sci., 2005, 84, 287-300.
66. Xu, Y.; Agarwal, S.; Cook, T. J.; Knipp, G. T. Maternal di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate exposure influences essential fatty acid ho-meostasis in rat placenta. Placenta, 2008, 29, 962-969.
67. Latini, G.; Del Vecchio, A.; Massaro, M.; Verotti, A.; De Felice, C. In utero exposure to phthalates and fetal development. Curr. Med. Chem., 2006, 13, 2527-2534.
68. Latini, G.; De Felice, C.; Presta, G.; Del Vecchio, A.; Paris, I.; Ruggieri, F.; Mazzeo, P. Status epilepticus and neurodevelopmen-tal outcome at 2 years of age in an extremely low birth weight in-fant. Biol. Neonate, 2003, 83, 22-24.
69. Xu, Y.; Agarwal, S.; Cook, T. J.; Knipp, G. T. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate affects lipid profiling in fetal rat brain upon maternal ex-posure. Arch. Toxicol., 2007, 81, 57-62.
70. Cimini, A.; Sulli, A.; Stefanini, S.; Serafini, B.; Moreno, S.; Rossi, L.; Giorgi, M.; Ceru, M. P. Effects of Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on peroxisomes of liver, kidney and brain of lactating rats and their pups. Cell Mol. Biol., 1994, 40, 1063-1076.
71. Peters, J. M.; Taubeneck, M. W.; Keen, C. L.; Gonzalez, F. J. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces a functional zinc deficiency during pregnancy and teratogenesis that is independent of peroxisome pro-liferator-activated receptor-alpha. Teratology, 1997, 56, 311-316.
72. Johnson, S. Micronutrient accumulation and depletion in schizo-phrenia, epilepsy, autism and Parkinson's disease? Med. Hypothe-ses, 2001, 56, 641-645.
73. Palleschi, S.; Rossi, B.; Diana, L.; Silvestroni, L. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate stimulates Ca(2+) entry, chemotaxis and ROS production in human granulocytes. Toxicol. Lett., 2009, 187, 52-57.
74. Dhanya, C. R.; Indu, A. R.; Deepadevi, K. V.; Kurup, P. A. Inhibi-tion of membrane Na(+)-K+ Atpase of the brain, liver and RBC in rats administered di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) a plasticizer used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blood storage bags. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2003, 41, 814-820.
75. Latini, G. Potential hazards of exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in babies. a review. Biol. Neonate, 2000, 78, 269-276.
76. Jumpsen, J.; Clandinin, M. T. Brain Development: Relationship to Dietary Lipid and Lipid Metabolism. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 1995.
77. Wainright, P. E. Dietary essential fatty acids and brain function: a developmental perspective on mechanisms. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 2002, 61, 61-69.
78. Uauy, R.; Dangour, A.D. Nutrition in brain development and aging: role of essential fatty acids. Nutr. Rev., 2006, 64, S24-33.
79. Haggarty, P. Placental regulation of fatty acid delivery and its effect on fetal growth--a review. Placenta, 2002, 23, S28-38.
80. Haggarty, P. Effect of placental function on fatty acid requirements during pregnancy. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 2004, 58, 1559-1570.
81. Vancassel, S.; Durand, G.; C Barthelemy, C.; Lejeune, B.; Marti-neau, J.; Guilloteau, D.; Andres, C.; Chalon, S. Plasma fatty acid levels in autistic children. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 2001, 65, 1-7.
82. Richardson, A. J.; Ross, M. A. Fatty acid metabolism in neurode-velopmental disorder: a new perspective on associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, dyspraxia and the autistic spectrum. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 2000, 63, 1-9.
83. Maloney, E. K.; Waxman, D. J. trans-Activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma by structurally diverse environmental chemicals. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 1999, 161, 209-218.
84. Xu, Y.; Knipp, G. T.; Cook, T. J. Effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate and its metabolites on the lipid profiling in rat HRP-1 trophoblast cells. Arch. Toxicol. Sci., 2006, 80, 293-298.
85. Moran, F. M.; Hendrickx, A. G.; Shideler, S.; Overstreet, J.W.; Watkins, S. M.; Lasley, B. L. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on fatty acid availability and neural tube forma-tion in cynomolgus macaque, Macaca fascicularis. Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol., 2004, 71, 37-46.
86. Shiota, K.; Mima, S. Assessment of the teratogenicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in mice. Arch. Toxicol., 1985, 56, 263-266.
87. Shea, K. M. Pediatric exposure and potential toxicity of phthalate plasticizers. Pediatrics, 2003, 111, 1467-1474.
88. Shiota, K.; Nishimura, H., Teratogenicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in mice. Environ. Health Perspect., 1982, 45, 65-70.
89. Shiota, K.; Chou, M. J.; Nishimura,H. Embryotoxic effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-buty phthalate (DBP) in mice. Environ. Res., 1980, 22, 245-253.
90. Tanaka, J.; Yonemoto, J.; Zaha, H.; Kiyama, R.; Sone, H. Estro-gen-responsive genes newly found to be modified by TCDD expo-sure in human cell lines and mouse systems. Mol. Cell. Endocri-nol., 2007 272, 38-49.
91. Valdez, K. E.; Shi, Z.; Ting, A. Y.; Petroff, B. K. Effect of chronic exposure to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in female rats on ovarian gene expression. Reprod. Toxicol., 2009, 28, 32-37.
92. Skakkebaek, N.E.; Rajpert-De Meyts, E.; Main, K.M. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum. Reprod., 2001, 16, 972-928.
93. Anway, M.D.; Cupp, A.S.; Uzumcu, M.; Skinner, M.K. Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science, 2005, 308, 1466-1469.
94. Main, K.M.; Skakkebaek, N.E.; Toppari, J. Cryptorchidism as part of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome: the environmental connection. Endocr. Dev., 2009, 14, 167-173.
95. Damgaard, I.N.; Skakkebaek, N.E.; Toppari, J.; Virtanen, H.E.; Shen, H.; Schramm, K.W.; Petersen, J.H.; Jensen, T.K.; Main, K.M.; Nordic Cryptorchidism Study Group. Persistent pesticides in human breast milk and cryptorchidism. Environ. Health Perspect., 2006, 114, 1133-1138.
96. Hosie, S.; Loff, S.; Witt, K.; Niessen, K.; Waag, K.L. Is there a correlation between organochlorine compounds and undescended testes? Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg., 2000, 10, 304-309.
97. Langer, P.; Kocan, A.; Tajtáková, M.; Petrík, J.; Chovancová, J.; Drobná, B.; Jursa, S.; Pavúk, M.; Koska, J.; Trnovec, T.; Seböková, E.; Klimes, I. Possible effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and or-ganochlorinated pesticides on the thyroid after long-term exposure to heavy environmental pollution. J Occup Environ. Med., 2003, 45, 526-532.
98. Toppari, J.; Kaleva, M.; Virtanen, H.E. Trends in the incidence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias, and methodological limitations of registry-based data. Hum Reprod. Update, 2001, 7, 282-286.
99. Pierik, F.H.; Burdorf, A.; Nijman, J.; de Muinck Keizer-Schrama, S.M.; Juttmann, R.E.; Weber, R.F. A high hypospadias rate in The Netherlands. Hum. Reprod., 2002, 17, 1112-1115.
100. Teilmann, G.; Juul, A.; Skakkebaek, N.E.; Toppari, J. Putative effects of endocrine disrupters on pubertal development in the hu-man. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2002, 16, 105-121.
101. Parent, A.S.; Teilmann, G.; Juul, A.; Skakkebaek, N.E.; Toppari, J.; Bourguignon, J.P. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocr. Rev., 2003, 24, 668-693.
102. Aksglaede, L.; Sørensen, K.; Petersen, J.H.; Skakkebaek, N.E.; Juul, A. Recent decline in age at breast development: the Copenha-gen Puberty Study. Pediatrics, 2009, 123, e932-939.
103. Köhrle, J. Environment and endocrinology: the case of thyroidol-ogy. Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris), 2008, 69, 116-122.
104. Koopman-Esseboom, C.; Morse, D.C.; Weisglas-Kuperus, N.; Lutkeschipholt, I.J.; Van der Paauw, C.G.; Tuinstra, L.G.; Brou-wer, A.; Sauer, P.J. Effects of dioxins and polychlorinated biphen-yls on thyroid hormone status of pregnant women and their infants. Pediatr. Res., 1994, 36, 468-473.
105. Hsu, P.C.; Lai, T.J.; Guo, N.W.; Lambert, G.H.; Leon Guo, Y. Serum hormones in boys prenatally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A., 2005, 68, 1447-1456.
106. Hagmar, L.; Rylander, L.; Dyremark, E.; Klasson-Wehler, E.; Erfurth, E.M. Plasma concentrations of persistent organochlorines in relation to thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in women. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 2001, 74, 184-188.
107. Takser, L.; Mergler, D.; Baldwin, M.; de Grosbois, S.; Smargiassi, A.; Lafond, J. Thyroid hormones in pregnancy in relation to environmental exposure to organochlorine compounds and mercury. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113, 1039-1045.
108. Langer, P.; Kocan, A.; Tajtáková, M.; Petrík, J.; Chovancová, J.; Drobná, B.; Jursa, S.; Pavúk, M.; Koska, J.; Trnovec, T.; Seböková, E.; Klimes, I. Possible effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and or-ganochlorinated pesticides on the thyroid after long-term exposure to heavy environmental pollution. J. Occup. Environ. Med., 2003, 45, 526-532.
109. Sandau, C.D.; Ayotte, P.; Dewailly, E.; Duffe, J.; Norstrom, R.J. Pentachlorophenol and hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl me-tabolites in umbilical cord plasma of neonates from coastal popula-tions in Québec. Environ. Health Perspect., 2002, 110, 411-417.
110. Lindhe, O.; Lund, B.O.; Bergman, A.; Brandt, I. Irreversible bind-ing and adrenocorticolytic activity of the DDT metabolite 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE examined in tissue-slice culture. Environ. Health Perspect., 2001, 109, 105-110.
111. Anderson M.S. Update in endocrine autoimmunity. J. Clin. Endo-crinol. Metab. 2008, 93, 3663-70.
112. Owen C.J.; Cheetham T.D. Diagnosis and management of polyen-docrinopathy syndromes. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North. Am., 2009, 38, 419-436.
113. Ahmed S.A.; Talal N. Sex hormones and the immune system--Part 2. Animal data. Baillieres Clin. Rheumatol., 1990, 4, 13-31.
114. Peeva E.; Zouali M. Spotlight on the role of hormonal factors in the emergence of autoreactive B-lymphocytes. Immunol. Lett., 2005, 101, 123-143.
115. Ahmed S.A.; Hissong B.D.; Verthelyi D.; Donner K.; Becker K.; Karpuzoglu-Sahin E. Gender and risk of autoimmune diseases: possible role of estrogenic compounds. Environ. Health Perspect., 1999, 107(Suppl 5), 681-686.
116. Zandman-Goddard G.; Peeva E.; Shoenfeld Y. Gender and auto-immunity. Autoimmun. Rev., 2007, 6, 366-372.
117. Ahmed S.A. The immune system as a potential target for environ-mental estrogens (endocrine disrupters): a new emerging field. Toxicology, 2000, 150, 191-206.
118. Rao T.; Richardson B. Environmentally induced autoimmune diseases: potential mechanisms. Environ. Health Perspect., 1999, 107 Suppl 5, 737-742.
119. Yurino H, Ishikawa S, Sato T, Akadegawa K, Ito T, Ueha S, In-adera H, Matsushima K. Endocrine disruptors (environmental es-trogens) enhance autoantibody production by B1 cells. Toxicol. Sci., 2004, 81,139-147
120. Guarneri F.; Benvenga S. Environmental factors and genetic back-ground that interact to cause autoimmune thyroid disease. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes., 2007, 14, 398-409.
121. Ablake, M.; Itoh, M.; Terayama, H.; Hayashi, S.; Shoji, S.; Naito, M.; Takahashi, K.; Suna, S.; Jitsunari, F. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phtha-late induces severe aspermatogenesis in mice, however, subsequent antioxidant vitamins supplementation accelerates regeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. Int. J. Androl., 2004, 27, 274-281.
122. Albertini, R.; Bird, M.; Doerrer, N.; Needham, L.; Robison, S.; Sheldon, L.; Zenick, H. The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessments. Environ. Health Perspect., 2006, 114, 1755-1762.
123. Angerer, J.; Ewers, U.; Wilhelm, M. Human biomonitoring: state of the art. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 2007, 210, 201-228.
124. Wormuth, M.; Demou, E.; Scheringer, M.; Hungerbühler, K. As-sessments of direct human exposure: the approach of EU risk as-sessments compared to scenario-based risk assessment. Risk Anal., 2007, 27, 979-990.
125. Hines, E.P.; Calafat, A.M.; Silva, M.J.; Mendola, P.; Fenton, S.E. Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in milk, urine, saliva, and Serum of lactating North Carolina women. Environ. Health Per-spect., 2009, 117, 86-92.
126. Latini, G.; Wittassek, M.; Del Vecchio, A.; Presta, G.; De Felice, C.; Angerer, J. Lactational exposure to phthalates in Southern Italy. Environ. Int., 2009, 35, 236-239.
127. Mortensen, G.K.; Main, K.M.; Andersson, A.M.; Leffers, H.; Skakkebaek, N.E. Determination of phthalate monoesters in human milk, consumer milk, and infant formula by tandem mass spec-trometry (LC-MS-MS). Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2005, 382, 1084-1092.
128. Fromme, H.; Gruber, L.; Schlummer, M.; Wolz, G.; Böhmer, S.; Angerer, J.; Mayer, R.; Liebl, B.; Bolte, G. Intake of phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate: results of the Integrated Exposure Assess-ment Survey based on duplicate diet samples and biomonitoring data. Environ. Int., 2007, 33, 1012-1020.
129. Seckin, E.; Fromme, H.; Völkel, W. Determination of total and free mono-n-butyl phthalate in human urine samples after medication of a di-n-butyl phthalate containing capsule. Toxicol. Lett., 2009, 188, 33-37.
130. Wensing, M.; Uhde, E.; Salthammer, T. Plastics additives in the indoor environment--flame retardants and plasticizers. Sci. Total Environ., 2005, 339, 19-40.
131. Koo, H.J.; Lee, B.M. Estimated exposure to phthalates in cosmetics and risk assessment. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A., 2004, 67, 1901-1914.
132. Latini, G. Monitoring phthalate exposure in humans. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2005, 361, 20-29.
133. Heudorf, U.; Mersch-Sundermann, V.; Angerer, J. Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health., 2007, 210, 623-634.
134. Koch, H.M.; Rossbach, B.; Drexler, H.; Angerer, J. Internal expo-sure of the general population to DEHP and other phthalates--determination of secondary and primary phthalate monoester me-tabolites in urine. Environ. Res., 2003, 93, 177-185.
135. Koch, H.M.; Drexler, H.; Angerer, J. Internal exposure of nursery-school children and their parents and teachers to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health., 2004, 207, 15-22.
136. Calafat, A.M. McKee RH. Integrating biomonitoring exposure data into the risk assessment process: phthalates [diethyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] as a case study. Environ. Health Perspect., 2006, 114, 1783-1789
137. Koo, J.W.; Parham, F.; Kohn, M.C.; Masten, S.A.; Brock, J.W.; Needham, L.L.; Portier, C.J. The association between biomarker-based exposure estimates for phthalates and demographic factors in a human reference population. Environ Health Perspect., 2002, 110, 405-410.
138. Blount, B.C.; Milgram, K.E.; Silva, M.J.; Malek, N.A.; Reidy, J.A.; Needham, L.L.; Brock, J.W. Quantitative detection of eight phtha-late metabolites in human urine using HPLC-APCI-MS/MS. Anal. Chem., 2000, 72, 4127-4134.
139. Hatch, E.E.; Nelson, J.W.; Qureshi, M.M.; Weinberg, J.; Moore, L.L.; Singer, M.; Webster, T.F. Association of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations with body mass index and waist circum-ference: a cross-sectional study of NHANES data, 1999-2002. En-viron. Health., 2008; 7, 27.
140. Latini, G.; De Felice, C.; Presta, G.; Del Vecchio, A.; Paris, I.; Ruggirei, F.; Mazzeo, P. In utero exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and duration of human pregnancy. Environ. Health Perspect., 2003, 111, 1783-1785.
141. Meeker, J.D.; Calafat, A.M.; Hauser, R. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites may alter thyroid hormone levels in men. Environ. Health Perspect., 2007, 115, 1029-1034.
142. Hokanson, R.; Hanneman, W.; Hennessey, M.; Donnelly, K.C.; McDonald, T.; Chowdhary, R.; Busbee, D.L. DEHP, bis(2)-ethylhexyl phthalate, alters gene expression in human cells: possible correlation with initiation of fetal evelopmental abnormalities. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2006, 25, 687-695.
143. Jaakkola, J.J.; Knight, T.L. The role of exposure to phthalates from polyvinyl chloride products in the development of asthma and allergies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspect., 2008, 116, 845-853.
144. Palleschi, S.; Rossi, B.; Diana, L.; Silvestroni, L. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate stimulates Ca(2+) entry, chemotaxis and ROS production in human granulocytes. Toxicol. Lett., 2009, 187, 52-57.
145. Wittassek, M.; Angerer, J.; Kolossa-Gehring, M.; Schäfer, S.D.; Klockenbusch, W.; Dobler, L.; Günsel, A.K.; Müller, A.; Wies-müller, G.A. Fetal exposure to phthalates-a pilot study. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health., 2009, 212(6), 685-92.
146. Fabjan, E.; Hulzebos, E.; Mennes, W.; Piersma, A.H. A category approach for reproductive effects of phthalates. Crit. Rev.Toxicol., 2006, 36, 695-726.
147. Wirth, J.J.; Rossano, M.G.; Potter, R.; Puscheck, E.; Daly, D.C.; Paneth, N.; Krawetz, S.A.; Protas, B.M.; Diamond, M.P. A pilot study associating urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and semen quality. Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med., 2008, 54, 143-154.
148. Swan, S.H. Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to repro-ductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans. Environ. Res., 2008, 108, 177-184.
149. Lovekamp-Swan, T.; Davis, B.J. Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system. Environ. Health Per-spect., 2003, 111, 139-145.
150. Latini, G.; Del Vecchio, A.; Massaro, M.; Verrotti, A.; De Felice, C. Phthalate exposure and male infertility. Toxicology, 2006, 226, 90-98.
151. McKee, R.H.; Butala, J.H.; David, R.M.; Gans, G. NTP center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction reports on phthalates: addressing the data gaps. Reprod. Toxicol., 2004, 18, 1-22.
152. Heudorf, U.; Mersch-Sundermann, V.; Angerer, J. Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 2007, 210, 623-634.
153. Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Safety Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) Released from PVC Medical Devices. Available at http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ost/dehp-pvc.pdf. [accessed 5 September 2001]
154. Koch, H.M.; Preuss R, Angerer J. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP): human metabolism and internal exposure-an update and latest results. Int. J. Androl., 2006, 29, 155-165.
155. Kamrin, M.A. Phthalate risks, phthalate regulation, and public health: a review. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B. Crit. Rev., 2009, 12, 157-174.
156. Wormuth, M.; Demou, E.; Scheringer, M.; Hungerbühler, K. Assessments of direct human exposure: the approach of EU risk as-sessments compared to scenario-based risk assessment. Risk Anal., 2007, 27, 979-990.