메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 1423-1436

Immunomodulatory drug treatment in multiple sclerosis

Author keywords

CNS; experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; immunomodulation; inflammation; multiple sclerosis; neuroprotection; therapy

Indexed keywords

ALEMTUZUMAB; ATORVASTATIN; AZATHIOPRINE; BETA INTERFERON; BETA1A INTERFERON; BG 00012; CANNABINOID DERIVATIVE; CLADRIBINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; DACLIZUMAB; FINGOLIMOD; FUMARIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER; GLATIRAMER; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; INTERFERON BETA SERINE; LAQUINIMOD; LIVER ENZYME; MINOCYCLINE; MITOXANTRONE; MYELIN PROTEIN; NATALIZUMAB; OCRELIZUMAB; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; RITUXIMAB; SIMVASTATIN; TERIFLUNOMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 77956493706     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.117     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (9)

References (141)
  • 2
    • 59349103787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The history of multiple sclerosis: The changing frame of the disease over the centuries
    • Murray TJ. The history of multiple sclerosis: the changing frame of the disease over the centuries. J. Neuro. Sci. 277(Suppl. 1), S3-S8 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Neuro. Sci. , vol.277 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Murray, T.J.1
  • 3
    • 5144235394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autoimmune concepts of MS as a basis for selective immunotherapy: From the pipe dreams to therapeutic pipelines
    • Hohlfeld R, Wekerle H. Autoimmune concepts of MS as a basis for selective immunotherapy: from the pipe dreams to therapeutic pipelines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 14599-14606 (2004).
    • (2004) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.101 , pp. 14599-14606
    • Hohlfeld, R.1    Wekerle, H.2
  • 4
    • 53049085062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of Infammation induced tissue injury in multiple sclerosis
    • Lassmann H. Mechanisms of Infammation induced tissue injury in multiple sclerosis. J. Neuro. Sci. 274, 45-47 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Neuro. Sci. , vol.274 , pp. 45-47
    • Lassmann, H.1
  • 5
    • 46749151850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immunology of multiple sclerosis: Disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets
    • Holmoy T. The immunology of multiple sclerosis: disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Minerva Med. 99, 119-140 (2008).
    • (2008) Minerva Med. , vol.99 , pp. 119-140
    • Holmoy, T.1
  • 7
    • 66549130329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between infammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains
    • Frischer JM, Bramow S, Dal-Bianco A et al. The relation between infammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains. Brain 132, 1175-1189 (2009).
    • (2009) Brain , vol.132 , pp. 1175-1189
    • Frischer, J.M.1    Bramow, S.2    Dal-Bianco, A.3
  • 9
    • 48249139449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: An immune or neurodegenerative disease
    • Trapp BD, Nave KA. Multiple sclerosis: an immune or neurodegenerative disease. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 31, 247-269 (2008).
    • (2008) Ann. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.31 , pp. 247-269
    • Trapp, B.D.1    Nave, K.A.2
  • 10
    • 80755138257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for primary neurodegeneration in MS
    • Bruck W. Evidence for primary neurodegeneration in MS. Mult. Scler. (Suppl. 1), S9, 13 (2008).
    • (2008) Mult. Scler. (Suppl. 1) , vol.S9 , pp. 13
    • Bruck, W.1
  • 11
    • 48849116689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis
    • Geurts JJ, Barkhof F. Grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 7(9), 841-851 (2008).
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol. , vol.7 , Issue.9 , pp. 841-851
    • Geurts, J.J.1    Barkhof, F.2
  • 12
    • 77955659717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodegeneration in autoimmune CNS infammation
    • DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.019 (Epub ahead of print)
    • Herz J, Zipp F, Siffrin V. Neurodegeneration in autoimmune CNS infammation. Exper. Neurol. DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.019 (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
    • (2009) Exper. Neurol.
    • Herz, J.1    Zipp, F.2    Siffrin, V.3
  • 13
    • 0000185990 scopus 로고
    • Recombinant b interferon treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis pilot study results
    • Johnson KP, Knobler RL, Greenstein JL et al. Recombinant b interferon treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis pilot study results. Neurology 40(Suppl. 1), 261 (1990).
    • (1990) Neurology , vol.40 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 261
    • Johnson, K.P.1    Knobler, R.L.2    Greenstein, J.L.3
  • 14
    • 0008678962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular interferon b-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • The Multiple Sclerosis Collaboration Group (MSCRG)
    • Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA et al. Intramuscular interferon b-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaboration Group (MSCRG). Ann. Neurol. 39, 285-294 (1996)
    • (1996) Ann. Neurol. , vol.39 , pp. 285-294
    • Jacobs, L.D.1    Cookfair, D.L.2    Rudick, R.A.3
  • 15
    • 0345601517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study of Interferon b-1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Chemical results
    • PRIM (Prevention of relapses and disability by interferon b-1a subsequently in multiple sclerosis) study group
    • PRIM (Prevention of relapses and disability by interferon b-1a subsequently in multiple sclerosis) study group. Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study of Interferon b-1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: chemical results. Lancet 352, 1498-1504 (1998).
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 1498-1504
  • 16
    • 0015103005 scopus 로고
    • Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by a synthetic polypeptide
    • Teitelbaum D, Meshorer M, Hirshfeld T, Sela M, Arnon R. Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by a synthetic polypeptide. Eur. J. Immunol. 1, 242-248 (1971).
    • (1971) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.1 , pp. 242-248
    • Teitelbaum, D.1    Meshorer, M.2    Hirshfeld, T.3    Sela, M.4    Arnon, R.5
  • 17
    • 0029420295 scopus 로고
    • Antagonsim of interferon b in interferon g: Inhibition of signal transduction in vitro and reduction of serum levels in multiple sclerosis patients
    • Revel M, Chebath J, Mangelus M et al. Antagonsim of interferon b in interferon g: inhibition of signal transduction in vitro and reduction of serum levels in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult. Scler. 1, S5-S11 (1995).
    • (1995) Mult. Scler. , vol.1
    • Revel, M.1    Chebath, J.2    Mangelus, M.3
  • 19
    • 34250159112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-b: Mechanism of action and dosing issues
    • Markowitz CE. Interferon-b: mechanism of action and dosing issues. Neurology 68, S8-S11 (2007).
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.68
    • Markowitz, C.E.1
  • 20
    • 10744225329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical importance of neutralizing antibodies against interferon b in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Sorensen PS, Ross C, Clemmesen KM et al. Clinical importance of neutralizing antibodies against interferon b in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 362, 1184-11161 (2003).
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 1184-11161
    • Sorensen, P.S.1    Ross, C.2    Clemmesen, K.M.3
  • 21
    • 34147161297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutralizing antibodies to interferon b: Assessment of their clinical and radiographic impact
    • An evidence report to the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcomittee of the American Academy of Neurology
    • Goodin DS, Frohman EM, Hurwitz B et al Neutralizing antibodies to interferon b: assessment of their clinical and radiographic impact. An evidence report to the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcomittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 68(13), 977-984 (2007).
    • (2007) Neurology , vol.68 , Issue.13 , pp. 977-984
    • Goodin, D.S.1    Frohman, E.M.2    Hurwitz, B.3
  • 22
    • 34447269090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interferon b-1b 16-year long-term follow-up study: The fnal results
    • Ebers G. The interferon b-1b 16-year long-term follow-up study: the fnal results. Neurology 66, A32 (2006).
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66
    • Ebers, G.1
  • 23
    • 0028340163 scopus 로고
    • Direct binding of myelin basic protein and synthetic copolymer 1 class II major histocompatibility complex molecules on living antigen presenting cells-specifcity and promiscuity
    • Fridkis-Hareli M, Teitelbaum D, Gurevich E et al. Direct binding of myelin basic protein and synthetic copolymer 1 class II major histocompatibility complex molecules on living antigen presenting cells-specifcity and promiscuity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 4872-4876 (1994).
    • (1994) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.91 , pp. 4872-4876
    • Fridkis-Hareli, M.1    Teitelbaum, D.2    Gurevich, E.3
  • 24
    • 34547699396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type II monocytes modulate T cell-mediated central nervous system autoimmune disease
    • Weber MS, Prod'homme T, Youssef S et al. Type II monocytes modulate T cell-mediated central nervous system autoimmune disease. Nature Med. 13(8), 935-943 (2007).
    • (2007) Nature Med. , vol.13 , Issue.8 , pp. 935-943
    • Weber, M.S.1    Prod'Homme, T.2    Youssef, S.3
  • 25
    • 0030987548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copolymer 1 induces T cells of the T helper type 2 that cross react with myelin basic protein and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Aharoni R, Teitelbaum D, Sela M. Arnon R. Copolymer 1 induces T cells of the T helper type 2 that cross react with myelin basic protein and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 10821-10826 (1997).
    • (1997) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.94 , pp. 10821-10826
    • Aharoni, R.1    Teitelbaum, D.2    Sela, M.3    Arnon, R.4
  • 26
    • 0034691165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis comparison of copolymer-1 reactive T cell lines from treated and untreated subjects reveals cytokine shift from T helper 1 to T helper 2 cells
    • Neuhaus O, Farina C, Yassouridis A. Multiple sclerosis comparison of copolymer-1 reactive T cell lines from treated and untreated subjects reveals cytokine shift from T helper 1 to T helper 2 cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 7452-7457 (2000).
    • (2000) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.97 , pp. 7452-7457
    • Neuhaus, O.1    Farina, C.2    Yassouridis, A.3
  • 27
    • 0344198593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate specifc T-cells in the brain express TH2/3 cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in situ
    • Aharoni R, Kayhan B, Eilam R, Sela M, Arnon R. Glatiramer acetate specifc T-cells in the brain express TH2/3 cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in situ. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100(24), 14157-14162 (2003).
    • (2003) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.100 , Issue.24 , pp. 14157-14162
    • Aharoni, R.1    Kayhan, B.2    Eilam, R.3    Sela, M.4    Arnon, R.5
  • 28
    • 48349114325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sclerosis: Glatiramer acetate induces anti-infammatory T cells in the cerebrospinal fuid
    • Hestvik AL, Skorstad G, Price DA, Vartdal F, Holmoy T. Multiple sclerosis: glatiramer acetate induces anti-infammatory T cells in the cerebrospinal fuid. Mult. Scler. 14(6), 749-758 (2008).
    • (2008) Mult. Scler. , vol.14 , Issue.6 , pp. 749-758
    • Hestvik, A.L.1    Skorstad, G.2    Price, D.A.3    Vartdal, F.4    Holmoy, T.5
  • 29
    • 34548510355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + regulatory T cells contribute to the therapeutic effects of glatiramer acetate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • + regulatory T cells contribute to the therapeutic effects of glatiramer acetate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin. Immunol. 125, 34-42 (2007).
    • (2007) Clin. Immunol. , vol.125 , pp. 34-42
    • Jee, Y.1    Piao, W.H.2    Liu, R.3
  • 30
    • 54449085895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Downregulation of IL-17 and IL-6 in the central nervous system by glatiramer acetate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Begum-Haque S, Sharma, A, Kasper I et al. Downregulation of IL-17 and IL-6 in the central nervous system by glatiramer acetate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 204, 58-65 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.204 , pp. 58-65
    • Begum-Haque, S.1    Sharma, A.2    Kasper, I.3
  • 31
    • 77955658134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate reduces Th-17 infammation and induces regulatory T-cells in the CNS of mice with relapsing-remitting or chronic EAE
    • DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.04.022 (Epub ahead of print)
    • Aharoni R, Eilam R, Stock A et al. Glatiramer acetate reduces Th-17 infammation and induces regulatory T-cells in the CNS of mice with relapsing-remitting or chronic EAE. J. Neuroimmunol. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim. 2010.04.022 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
    • (2010) J. Neuroimmunol.
    • Aharoni, R.1    Eilam, R.2    Stock, A.3
  • 32
    • 77949885488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous long-term immunomodulatory therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis: Results from the 15-year analysis of the US prospective open-labeled study of glatiramer acetate
    • Ford C, Goodman AD, Johnson K et al. Continuous long-term immunomodulatory therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis: results from the 15-year analysis of the US prospective open-labeled study of glatiramer acetate. Mult. Scler. 16(3), 342-350 (2010).
    • (2010) Mult. Scler. , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 342-350
    • Ford, C.1    Goodman, A.D.2    Johnson, K.3
  • 33
    • 72649104547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current therapeutic recommendations in multiple sclerosis
    • Berger T. Current therapeutic recommendations in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 287(Suppl. 1), S37-S45 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.287 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Berger, T.1
  • 34
    • 55749098474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modern multiple sclerosis treatment-what is approved, what is on the horizon
    • Pilz G, Wipfer P, Ladurner G, Kraus J. Modern multiple sclerosis treatment-what is approved, what is on the horizon. Drug Discov. Today 13, 1013-1025 (2008).
    • (2008) Drug Discov. Today , vol.13 , pp. 1013-1025
    • Pilz, G.1    Wipfer, P.2    Ladurner, G.3    Kraus, J.4
  • 36
    • 0035091667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • European/Canadian Glatiramer Acetate Study Group
    • Comi G, Filippi M, Wolinsky JS. European/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. European/Canadian Glatiramer Acetate Study Group. Ann. Neurol. 49(3), 290-297 (2001).
    • (2001) Ann. Neurol. , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 290-297
    • Comi, G.1    Filippi, M.2    Wolinsky, J.S.3
  • 37
    • 22144447781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon p in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. An eight years experience in a specialist multiple sclerosis centre
    • Rio J, Tintoré M, Nos C, Téllez N, Galán I, Montalban X. Interferon p in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. An eight years experience in a specialist multiple sclerosis centre. J. Neurol. 252(7), 795-800 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Neurol. , vol.252 , Issue.7 , pp. 795-800
    • Rio, J.1    Tintoré, M.2    Nos, C.3    Téllez, N.4    Galán, I.5    Montalban, X.6
  • 38
    • 56349112817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate after mitoxantrone induction improves MRI markers of lesion volume and permanent tissue injury in MS
    • Arnold DL, Campagnolo D, Panitch H, et al. Glatiramer acetate after mitoxantrone induction improves MRI markers of lesion volume and permanent tissue injury in MS. J. Neurol. 255(10), 1473-1478 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Neurol. , vol.255 , Issue.10 , pp. 1473-1478
    • Arnold, D.L.1    Campagnolo, D.2    Panitch, H.3
  • 39
    • 18844365126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple diagnosis and management of acute relapses
    • Leary SM, Porter B. Thompson A. Multiple diagnosis and management of acute relapses. Postgrad. Med. J. 81, 302-308 (2005).
    • (2005) Postgrad. Med. J. , vol.81 , pp. 302-308
    • Leary, S.M.1    Porter, B.2    Thompson, A.3
  • 40
    • 0025986898 scopus 로고
    • Overview of azathioprine treatment in multiple sclerosis
    • Yudkin PL, Ellison GW, Ghezzi A et al. Overview of azathioprine treatment in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 338, 1051-1055 (1991).
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 1051-1055
    • Yudkin, P.L.1    Ellison, G.W.2    Ghezzi, A.3
  • 41
    • 0022450390 scopus 로고
    • Selective immunomodulation by the anti-neoplastic agent mitoxantrone, suppression of B lymphocyte function
    • Filder JM, Dejoy SQ, Gibbons JJ Jr. Selective immunomodulation by the anti-neoplastic agent mitoxantrone, suppression of B lymphocyte function. J. Immunol. 137(2), 727-732 (1986).
    • (1986) J. Immunol. , vol.137 , Issue.2 , pp. 727-732
    • Filder, J.M.1    Dejoy, S.Q.2    Gibbons Jr., J.J.3
  • 42
    • 0037153729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial
    • Hartung HP, Gonsette R, König N et al. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 360, 2018-2025 (2002).
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 2018-2025
    • Hartung, H.P.1    Gonsette, R.2    König, N.3
  • 43
    • 28244485979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitoxantrone in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
    • Morrissey SP, Le Page E, Edan G. Mitoxantrone in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Int. MS J. 12, 74-87 (2005).
    • (2005) Int. MS J. , vol.12 , pp. 74-87
    • Morrissey, S.P.1    Le Page, E.2    Edan, G.3
  • 44
    • 40349096094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapies in multiple sclerosis
    • Gold R. Combination therapies in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 255, 51-60 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Neurol. , vol.255 , pp. 51-60
    • Gold, R.1
  • 45
    • 17644398787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-a4 integrin therapy for multiple sclerosis: Mechanism and rationale
    • Rice GP, Hartung HP, Calabresi PA. Anti-a4 integrin therapy for multiple sclerosis: mechanism and rationale. Neurology 64(8), 1336-1342 (2005).
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.64 , Issue.8 , pp. 1336-1342
    • Rice, G.P.1    Hartung, H.P.2    Calabresi, P.A.3
  • 46
    • 37149030961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab: Targeting a4-integrins in multiple sclerosis
    • Engelhardt B, Kappos L. Natalizumab: targeting a4-integrins in multiple sclerosis. Neurodegener. Dis. 5(1), 16-22 (2008).
    • (2008) Neurodegener. Dis. , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-22
    • Engelhardt, B.1    Kappos, L.2
  • 47
    • 77949279537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: Lessons from 28 cases
    • Clifford DB, De Luca A, Simpson DM, Arendt G, Giovannoni G, Nath A. Natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis: lessons from 28 cases. Lancet Neurol. 9(4), 438-446 (2010).
    • (2010) Lancet Neurol. , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 438-446
    • Clifford, D.B.1    De Luca, A.2    Simpson, D.M.3    Arendt, G.4    Giovannoni, G.5    Nath, A.6
  • 49
    • 74049120922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New oral drugs for multiple sclerosis
    • Gasperini C, Ruggierir S. New oral drugs for multiple sclerosis. Neurol. Sci. 30(2), S170-S183 (2009).
    • (2009) Neurol. Sci. , vol.30 , Issue.2
    • Gasperini, C.1    Ruggierir, S.2
  • 50
    • 74249102004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging multiple sclerosis oral therapies
    • Rammohan K, Shoemaker J. Emerging multiple sclerosis oral therapies. Neurology 74, S47-S53 (2010).
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74
    • Rammohan, K.1    Shoemaker, J.2
  • 51
    • 0037077308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor
    • Brinkmann V, Davis MD, Heise CE et al. The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor. J. Biol Chem. 277, 21453-21473 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Biol Chem. , vol.277 , pp. 21453-21473
    • Brinkmann, V.1    Davis, M.D.2    Heise, C.E.3
  • 52
    • 28044462458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FTY720, a new class of immunomodulator, inhibits lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid tissues and thymus by agonistic activity at sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor
    • Chiba K. FTY720, a new class of immunomodulator, inhibits lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid tissues and thymus by agonistic activity at sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor. Phamacol. Ther. 108, 308-319 (2005).
    • (2005) Phamacol. Ther. , vol.108 , pp. 308-319
    • Chiba, K.1
  • 53
    • 0036205659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First human trial of FTY720, a novel immunomodulator, in stable renal transplant patients
    • Budde K, Schomouder RL, Brunkhorst R et al. First human trial of FTY720, a novel immunomodulator, in stable renal transplant patients. J. Am. Soc. Neprol. 13, 1073-1083 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Am. Soc. Neprol. , vol.13 , pp. 1073-1083
    • Budde, K.1    Schomouder, R.L.2    Brunkhorst, R.3
  • 54
    • 3242683494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists attenuate relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL mice
    • Webb M, Tham CS, Lin FF et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists attenuate relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 153, 108-121 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.153 , pp. 108-121
    • Webb, M.1    Tham, C.S.2    Lin, F.F.3
  • 55
    • 76149140914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral fngolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Cohen JA, Barkof F, Comi G et al. Oral fngolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(5), 402-415 (2010).
    • (2010) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.362 , Issue.5 , pp. 402-415
    • Cohen, J.A.1    Barkof, F.2    Comi, G.3
  • 56
    • 76149093586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A placebo controlled trial of oral fngolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Kappos L, Radue EW, O'Connor P et al. A placebo controlled trial of oral fngolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl J. Med. 362(5), 387-401 (2010).
    • (2010) N. Engl J. Med. , vol.362 , Issue.5 , pp. 387-401
    • Kappos, L.1    Radue, E.W.2    O'Connor, P.3
  • 57
    • 0026799508 scopus 로고
    • Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenine)
    • Beutler E. Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenine). Lancet 340, 952-956 (1992).
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.340 , pp. 952-956
    • Beutler, E.1
  • 58
    • 27944443692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cladribine for multiple sclerosis: Review and current status
    • Sipe LC. Cladribine for multiple sclerosis: review and current status. Expert Rev. Neurother. 5, 721-727 (2005).
    • (2005) Expert Rev. Neurother. , vol.5 , pp. 721-727
    • Sipe, L.C.1
  • 60
    • 33749636174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cladribine: An investigational immunomodulatory agent for multiple sclerosis
    • Brousil JA, Roberts RJ, Schlein AL. Cladribine: an investigational immunomodulatory agent for multiple sclerosis. Ann. Pharmacother. 40(10), 1814-1821 (2006).
    • (2006) Ann. Pharmacother. , vol.40 , Issue.10 , pp. 1814-1821
    • Brousil, J.A.1    Roberts, R.J.2    Schlein, A.L.3
  • 61
    • 0034646216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cladribine and progressive MS. Clinical and MRI outcomes of multicenter controlled trial
    • Rice GPA, Filippi M, Comi G. Cladribine and progressive MS. Clinical and MRI outcomes of multicenter controlled trial. Neurology 54(5), 1145-1155 (2000).
    • (2000) Neurology , vol.54 , Issue.5 , pp. 1145-1155
    • Gpa, R.1    Filippi, M.2    Comi, G.3
  • 62
    • 76149083915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A placebo-controlled trial of oral cladribine for relapsing multiple sclerosis
    • Giovannoni G, Comi G, Cook S et al. A placebo-controlled trial of oral cladribine for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(5), 416-426 (2010).
    • (2010) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.362 , Issue.5 , pp. 416-426
    • Giovannoni, G.1    Comi, G.2    Cook, S.3
  • 63
    • 27844528579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lefunomid: Clinical effectiveness and mechanism of action
    • Nakajima A, Yamanaka H, Kamatani N. Lefunomid: clinical effectiveness and mechanism of action. Clin. Calcium 13(6), 771-775 (2003).
    • (2003) Clin. Calcium , vol.13 , Issue.6 , pp. 771-775
    • Nakajima, A.1    Yamanaka, H.2    Kamatani, N.3
  • 64
    • 0033557695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunosuppressive lefunomide metabolite (A77 1726) blocks TNF-dependent nuclear factor kB activation and gene expression
    • Manna SK, Aggarwal BB. Immunosuppressive lefunomide metabolite (A77 1726) blocks TNF-dependent nuclear factor kB activation and gene expression. J. Immunol. 162, 2095-2102 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Immunol. , vol.162 , pp. 2095-2102
    • Manna, S.K.1    Aggarwal, B.B.2
  • 65
    • 0034840913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of experimental autoimmune neuritis by lefunomide
    • Korn T, Toyka K, Hartung HP et al. Suppression of experimental autoimmune neuritis by lefunomide. Brain 124, 1791-1802 (2001).
    • (2001) Brain , vol.124 , pp. 1791-1802
    • Korn, T.1    Toyka, K.2    Hartung, H.P.3
  • 66
    • 62149096116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terifunomide reduces behavioral, electrophysiological, and histopathological defcits in the Dark Agouti rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Merrill JE, Hanak S, Pu SF et al. Terifunomide reduces behavioral, electrophysiological, and histopathological defcits in the Dark Agouti rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neurol. 256(1), 89-103 (2009).
    • (2009) J. Neurol. , vol.256 , Issue.1 , pp. 89-103
    • Merrill, J.E.1    Hanak, S.2    Pu, S.F.3
  • 67
    • 33645799680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Phase II study of the safety and effcacy of terifunomide in multiple sclerosis with relapses
    • O'Connor PW, Li D, Freedman MS et al. A Phase II study of the safety and effcacy of terifunomide in multiple sclerosis with relapses. Neurology 66, 894-900 (2006).
    • (2006) Neurology , vol.66 , pp. 894-900
    • O'Connor, P.W.1    Li, D.2    Freedman, M.S.3
  • 68
    • 77949285625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral terifunomide or placebo added to interferon-b for 6 months in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: Safety and effcacy results
    • Presented at. Düsseldorf Germany September
    • Freedman M, Wolinsky JS, Byrnes WJ. Oral terifunomide or placebo added to interferon-b for 6 months in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: safety and effcacy results. Presented at: European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis Annual Meeting. Düsseldorf, Germany, September 2009.
    • (2009) European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis Annual Meeting
    • Freedman, M.1    Wolinsky, J.S.2    Byrnes, W.J.3
  • 69
    • 11844304978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimethylfumarate for psoriasis: More than a dietary curiosity
    • Mrowietz U, Asadullan K. Dimethylfumarate for psoriasis: more than a dietary curiosity. Trends Mol. Med. 11(1), 43-48 (2005).
    • (2005) Trends Mol. Med. , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-48
    • Mrowietz, U.1    Asadullan, K.2
  • 71
    • 0345732760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimethylfumarate is a potent inducer of apoptosis in human T cells
    • Treumer F, Zhu K, Gläser R, Mrowietz U. Dimethylfumarate is a potent inducer of apoptosis in human T cells. J. Invest. Dermatol. 121(6), 1383-1388 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Invest. Dermatol. , vol.121 , Issue.6 , pp. 1383-1388
    • Treumer, F.1    Zhu, K.2    Gläser, R.3    Mrowietz, U.4
  • 72
    • 0031577292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Nrf2/small Maf heterodimer mediates the induction of phase II detoxifying enzyme genes through antioxidant response elements
    • Itoh K, Chiba T, Takahashi S et al. An Nrf2/small Maf heterodimer mediates the induction of phase II detoxifying enzyme genes through antioxidant response elements. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 236(2), 313-322 (1997).
    • (1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.236 , Issue.2 , pp. 313-322
    • Itoh, K.1    Chiba, T.2    Takahashi, S.3
  • 73
    • 51649088304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of Nrf2 and modulation of disease progression in EAE model by BG00012 (dimethylfumarate) suggests a novel mechanism of action combining anti-infammatory and neuroprotective modulities
    • Lakashev M Zeng W, Goetz S et al. Activation of Nrf2 and modulation of disease progression in EAE model by BG00012 (dimethylfumarate) suggests a novel mechanism of action combining anti-infammatory and neuroprotective modulities. Mult. Scler. 13(2), 503 (2007).
    • (2007) Mult. Scler. , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 503
    • Lakashev Zeng M, W.1    Goetz, S.2
  • 74
    • 54149116366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effcacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase IIb study
    • Kappos L, Gold R, Miller DH et al. Effcacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase IIb study. Lancet 372, 1463-1472 (2008).
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , pp. 1463-1472
    • Kappos, L.1    Gold, R.2    Miller, D.H.3
  • 75
    • 11144357311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-3- quinolinecarboxamides for treatment of autoimmune disorders: Structure-activity relationship
    • Jönsson S, Andersson G, Fex T et al. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxamides for treatment of autoimmune disorders: structure-activity relationship. J. Med. Chem. 47(8), 2075-2088. (2004).
    • (2004) J. Med. Chem. , vol.47 , Issue.8 , pp. 2075-2088
    • Jönsson, S.1    Andersson, G.2    Fex, T.3
  • 76
    • 0036710356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The new orally active immunoregulator laquinimod (ABR-215062) effectively inhibits development and relapses of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Brunmark C, Runstrom A, Ohlsson L et al. The new orally active immunoregulator laquinimod (ABR-215062) effectively inhibits development and relapses of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 130, 163-172 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.130 , pp. 163-172
    • Brunmark, C.1    Runstrom, A.2    Ohlsson, L.3
  • 77
    • 4744340401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laquinimod (ABR-215062) suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, modulates the Th1/Th2 balance and induces the Th3 cytokine TGF-b in Lewis rats
    • Yang JS, Xu LY, Xiao BG, Hedlund G, Link H. Laquinimod (ABR-215062) suppresses the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, modulates the Th1/Th2 balance and induces the Th3 cytokine TGF-b in Lewis rats. J. Neuroimmunol. 156(1-2), 3-9 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.156 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 3-9
    • Yang, J.S.1    Xu, L.Y.2    Xiao, B.G.3    Hedlund, G.4    Link, H.5
  • 79
    • 45249107267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of laquinimod on MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase IIb study
    • Comi G, Pulizzi A, Rovaris M et al. Effect of laquinimod on MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase IIb study. Lancet 371, 2085-2092 (2008).
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 2085-2092
    • Comi, G.1    Pulizzi, A.2    Rovaris, M.3
  • 81
    • 11144354138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minocycline reduces gadolinium-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis
    • Metz LM, Zhang Y, Yeung M et al. Minocycline reduces gadolinium-enhancing magnetic resonance imaging lesions in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 55(5), 756 (2004).
    • (2004) Ann. Neurol. , vol.55 , Issue.5 , pp. 756
    • Metz, L.M.1    Zhang, Y.2    Yeung, M.3
  • 82
    • 72449159325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer acetate in combination with minocycline in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a Canadian, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Metz LM, Li D, Traboulsee A et al. Glatiramer acetate in combination with minocycline in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a Canadian, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Mult. Scler. 15(10), 1183-1194 (2009).
    • (2009) Mult. Scler. , vol.15 , Issue.10 , pp. 1183-1194
    • Metz, L.M.1    Li, D.2    Traboulsee, A.3
  • 83
    • 0037044284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins as immunomodulators: Comparison with interferon-b 1b in MS
    • Neuhaus O, Strasser-Fuchs S, Fazekas F et al. Statins as immunomodulators: comparison with interferon-b 1b in MS. Neurology 59(7), 990-997 (2002).
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , Issue.7 , pp. 990-997
    • Neuhaus, O.1    Strasser-Fuchs, S.2    Fazekas, F.3
  • 84
    • 0037038402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, promotes a Th2 bias and reverses paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease
    • Youssef S, Stüve O, Patarroyo JC et al. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, promotes a Th2 bias and reverses paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease. Nature 420(6911), 78-84 (2002).
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , Issue.6911 , pp. 78-84
    • Youssef, S.1    Stüve, O.2    Patarroyo, J.C.3
  • 86
    • 44849127754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral high dose atrvastatin treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Paul F, Waiczies S, Wuerfel J et al. Oral high dose atrvastatin treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 3(4), e1928 (2008).
    • (2008) PLoS One , vol.3 , Issue.4
    • Paul, F.1    Waiczies, S.2    Wuerfel, J.3
  • 87
    • 56549086423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining b interferon and atorvastatin may increase disease activity in multiple sclerosis
    • Birnbaum G, Cree B, Altafullah I, Zinser M, Reder AT. Combining b interferon and atorvastatin may increase disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 71(18), 1390-1395 (2008).
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.71 , Issue.18 , pp. 1390-1395
    • Birnbaum, G.1    Cree, B.2    Altafullah, I.3    Zinser, M.4    Reder, A.T.5
  • 88
    • 0024204319 scopus 로고
    • Remission induction in non-Hodgkin lymphoma with reshaped human monoclonal antibody CAMPATH-1H
    • Hale G, Dyer MJ, Clark MR et al. Remission induction in non-Hodgkin lymphoma with reshaped human monoclonal antibody CAMPATH-1H. Lancet 2(8625), 1394-1399 (1988).
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.2 , Issue.8625 , pp. 1394-1399
    • Hale, G.1    Dyer, M.J.2    Clark, M.R.3
  • 89
    • 0025068211 scopus 로고
    • Purging in auto-and allografts: Monoclonal antibodies which use human complement and other natural effector mechanisms
    • discussion 152-154
    • Cobbold SP, Hale G, Clark MR, Waldmann H. Purging in auto-and allografts: monoclonal antibodies which use human complement and other natural effector mechanisms. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 333, 139-151; discussion 152-154 (1990).
    • (1990) Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. , vol.333 , pp. 139-151
    • Cobbold, S.P.1    Hale, G.2    Clark, M.R.3    Waldmann, H.4
  • 90
    • 31544467633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: Evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy
    • Coles AJ, Cox A, Le Page E et al. The window of therapeutic opportunity in multiple sclerosis: evidence from monoclonal antibody therapy. J. Neurol. 253(1), 98-108 (2006).
    • (2006) J. Neurol. , vol.253 , Issue.1 , pp. 98-108
    • Coles, A.J.1    Cox, A.2    Le Page, E.3
  • 91
    • 54949143968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alemtuzumab vs. interferon b-1a in early multiple sclerosis
    • Coles AJ, Compston DA, Selmaj KW et al. Alemtuzumab vs. interferon b-1a in early multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 359(17), 1786-1801 (2008).
    • (2008) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.359 , Issue.17 , pp. 1786-1801
    • Coles, A.J.1    Compston, D.A.2    Selmaj, K.W.3
  • 92
    • 1842368507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IDEC-C2B8 (Rituximab) anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
    • Maloney DG, Grillo-López AJ, White CA et al. IDEC-C2B8 (Rituximab) anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood 90(6), 2188-2195 (1997).
    • (1997) Blood , vol.90 , Issue.6 , pp. 2188-2195
    • Maloney, D.G.1    Grillo-López, A.J.2    White, C.A.3
  • 93
    • 39049115197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The B cell-old player, new position on the team
    • McFarland HF. The B cell-old player, new position on the team. N. Engl. J. Med. 358(7), 664-665 (2008).
    • (2008) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.358 , Issue.7 , pp. 664-665
    • McFarland, H.F.1
  • 94
    • 33751085414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rituximab reduces B cells and T cells in cerebrospinal fuid of multiple sclerosis patients
    • Cross AH, Stark JL, Lauber J, Ramsbottom MJ, Lyons JA. Rituximab reduces B cells and T cells in cerebrospinal fuid of multiple sclerosis patients. J. Neuroimmunol. 180, 63-70 (2006).
    • (2006) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.180 , pp. 63-70
    • Cross, A.H.1    Stark, J.L.2    Lauber, J.3    Ramsbottom, M.J.4    Lyons, J.A.5
  • 96
    • 37149023520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humanized anti-CD25 antibody treatment with daclizumab in multiple sclerosis
    • Martin R. Humanized anti-CD25 antibody treatment with daclizumab in multiple sclerosis. Neurodegener. Dis. 5(1), 23-26 (2008).
    • (2008) Neurodegener. Dis. , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 23-26
    • Martin, R.1
  • 97
    • 33645812129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory CD56(bright) natural killer cells mediate immunomodulatory effects of IL-2Ra-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosis
    • Bielekova B, Catalfamo M, Reichert-Scrivner S et al. Regulatory CD56(bright) natural killer cells mediate immunomodulatory effects of IL-2Ra-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103(15), 5941-5946 (2006).
    • (2006) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.103 , Issue.15 , pp. 5941-5946
    • Bielekova, B.1    Catalfamo, M.2    Reichert-Scrivner, S.3
  • 98
    • 64549095397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Phase 2 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled, multicenter study of subcutaneous daclizumab, a humanized anti-CD-25 monoclonal antibody in patients with active relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis: Week 44 results
    • Kaufman MD, Wynn DR, Montalban X. A Phase 2 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled, multicenter study of subcutaneous daclizumab, a humanized anti-CD-25 monoclonal antibody in patients with active relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis: week 44 results. Neurology 70(Suppl. 1), A220 (2008).
    • (2008) Neurology , vol.70 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Kaufman, M.D.1    Wynn, D.R.2    Montalban, X.3
  • 99
    • 77950850216 scopus 로고
    • New approaches in the management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients: Role of cannabinoids
    • Smith PF. New approaches in the management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients: role of cannabinoids. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 6, 59-63 (1020).
    • (1020) Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. , vol.6 , pp. 59-63
    • Smith, P.F.1
  • 100
    • 67651171245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The endocannabinoid anandamide from immunomodulation to neuroprotection. Implications for multiple sclerosis
    • Correa FG, Mestre L, Docagne F, Borreli J, Guaza C. The endocannabinoid anandamide from immunomodulation to neuroprotection. Implications for multiple sclerosis. Vitam. Hom. 81, 207-225 (2009).
    • (2009) Vitam. Hom. , vol.81 , pp. 207-225
    • Correa, F.G.1    Mestre, L.2    Docagne, F.3    Borreli, J.4    Guaza, C.5
  • 101
    • 52949104790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The endocannabinoid system and multiple sclerosis
    • Baker D, Pryce G. The endocannabinoid system and multiple sclerosis. Curr. Pharm. Des. 14(23), 2326-2336 (2008).
    • (2008) Curr. Pharm. Des. , vol.14 , Issue.23 , pp. 2326-2336
    • Baker, D.1    Pryce, G.2
  • 102
    • 41749084838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoids and neuroprotection in motor-related disorders
    • De Lago E, Fernandez-Ruiz J. Cannabinoids and neuroprotection in motor-related disorders. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 6(6), 377-387 (2007).
    • (2007) CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets , vol.6 , Issue.6 , pp. 377-387
    • De Lago, E.1    Fernandez-Ruiz, J.2
  • 103
    • 77952493930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anandamide suppresses proliferation and cytokine release from primary human T-lymphocytes mainly via CB2 receptors
    • Cencioni MT, Chiurchiù V, Catanzaro G et al. Anandamide suppresses proliferation and cytokine release from primary human T-lymphocytes mainly via CB2 receptors. PloS One 5, 1-10 (2010).
    • (2010) PloS One , vol.5 , pp. 1-10
    • Cencioni, M.T.1    Chiurchiù, V.2    Catanzaro, G.3
  • 104
    • 28744438738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigen-specifc therapies in multiple sclerosis
    • Sospedra M, Martin R. Antigen-specifc therapies in multiple sclerosis. Int. Rev. Immunol. 24, 393-413 (2005).
    • (2005) Int. Rev. Immunol. , vol.24 , pp. 393-413
    • Sospedra, M.1    Martin, R.2
  • 105
    • 0027467440 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind pilot trial of oral tolerization with myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis
    • Weiner HL, Mackin GA, Matsui M et al. Double-blind pilot trial of oral tolerization with myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis. Science 259, 1321-1324 (1993).
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 1321-1324
    • Weiner, H.L.1    MacKin, G.A.2    Matsui, M.3
  • 106
    • 0000131029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical results of Phase III trial in of oral myelin in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Oral myelin Group
    • Panitch H, Hrancic G, Oral myelin Group. Clinical results of Phase III trial in of oral myelin in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 42, 467 (1997).
    • (1997) Ann. Neurol. , vol.42 , pp. 467
    • Panitch, H.1    Hrancic, G.2
  • 107
    • 33746446276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous synthetic peptide MBP8298 delayed disease progression in an HLA Class II-defned cohort of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: Results of a 24-month double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial and 5 years of follow-up treatment
    • Warren KG, Catz I, Ferenczi LZ, Krantz MJ. Intravenous synthetic peptide MBP8298 delayed disease progression in an HLA Class II-defned cohort of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a 24-month double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial and 5 years of follow-up treatment. Eur. J. Neurol. 13(8), 887-895 (2006).
    • (2006) Eur. J. Neurol. , vol.13 , Issue.8 , pp. 887-895
    • Warren, K.G.1    Catz, I.2    Ferenczi, L.Z.3    Krantz, M.J.4
  • 108
    • 39349098254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaccines for multiple sclerosis: Progress to date
    • Correale J, Farez M, Gilmore W. Vaccines for multiple sclerosis: progress to date. CNS Drugs 22(3), 175-198 (2008).
    • (2008) CNS Drugs , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 175-198
    • Correale, J.1    Farez, M.2    Gilmore, W.3
  • 109
    • 0033791462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of a non-encephalitogenic type 2 T helper-cell autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis after administration of an altered peptide ligand in a placebo-controlled, randomized Phase II trial
    • The Altered Peptide Ligand in Relapsing MS Study Group
    • Kappos L, Comi G, Panitch H. Induction of a non-encephalitogenic type 2 T helper-cell autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis after administration of an altered peptide ligand in a placebo-controlled, randomized Phase II trial. The Altered Peptide Ligand in Relapsing MS Study Group. Nat. Med. 6(10), 1176-1182 (2000).
    • (2000) Nat. Med. , vol.6 , Issue.10 , pp. 1176-1182
    • Kappos, L.1    Comi, G.2    Panitch, H.3
  • 110
    • 0019487117 scopus 로고
    • Vaccination against autoimmune encephalomyelitis with T-lymphocyte line cells reactive against myelin basic protein
    • Ben-Nun A, Wekerle H, Cohen IR. Vaccination against autoimmune encephalomyelitis with T-lymphocyte line cells reactive against myelin basic protein. Nature 292, 60-61 (1981).
    • (1981) Nature , vol.292 , pp. 60-61
    • Ben-Nun, A.1    Wekerle, H.2    Cohen, I.R.3
  • 111
    • 69949145977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigen-specifc therapies in multiple sclerosis
    • Giacomini PS, Bar-Or A. Antigen-specifc therapies in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs 14(3), 551-560 (2009).
    • (2009) Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 551-560
    • Giacomini, P.S.1    Bar-Or, A.2
  • 112
    • 84979726329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injection of adult neurospheres induces recovery in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis
    • Pluchino S, Quattrini A, Brambilla E et al. Injection of adult neurospheres induces recovery in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis. Nature 422(6933), 688-694 (2003).
    • (2003) Nature , vol.422 , Issue.6933 , pp. 688-694
    • Pluchino, S.1    Quattrini, A.2    Brambilla, E.3
  • 113
    • 33244487404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transplanted neural precursor cells reduce brain infammation to attenuate chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Einstein O, Grigoriadis N, Mizrachi-Kol R et al. Transplanted neural precursor cells reduce brain infammation to attenuate chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp. Neurol. 198(2), 275-284 (2006).
    • (2006) Exp. Neurol. , vol.198 , Issue.2 , pp. 275-284
    • Einstein, O.1    Grigoriadis, N.2    Mizrachi-Kol, R.3
  • 114
    • 38049086826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulation and neuroprotection with mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells (MSCs): Aproposed treatment for multiple sclerosis and other neuroimmunological neurodegenerative diseases
    • Karussis D, Kassis I, Kurkalli B, Slavin S. Immunomodulation and neuroprotection with mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells (MSCs): Aproposed treatment for multiple sclerosis and other neuroimmunological neurodegenerative diseases. J. Neurol. Sci. 265, 131-135 (2008).
    • (2008) J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.265 , pp. 131-135
    • Karussis, D.1    Kassis, I.2    Kurkalli, B.3    Slavin, S.4
  • 115
    • 77951926479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation as a treatment for multiple sclerosis: Consensus report of the International MSCT Study Group
    • Freedman MS, Bar-Or A, Atkins HL et al. The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation as a treatment for multiple sclerosis: consensus report of the International MSCT Study Group. Mult. Scler. 16(4), 503-510 (2010).
    • (2010) Mult. Scler. , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 503-510
    • Freedman, M.S.1    Bar-Or, A.2    Atkins, H.L.3
  • 116
    • 2342639578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of and perspectives on the mesenchymal stem cell in immunotherapy
    • Zhao RC, Liao L, Han Q. Mechanisms of and perspectives on the mesenchymal stem cell in immunotherapy. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 143(5), 284-291 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Lab. Clin. Med. , vol.143 , Issue.5 , pp. 284-291
    • Zhao, R.C.1    Liao, L.2    Han, Q.3
  • 117
    • 49949093283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis
    • Mancardi G, Saccardi R. Autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 7(7), 626-636 (2008).
    • (2008) Lancet Neurol. , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. 626-636
    • Mancardi, G.1    Saccardi, R.2
  • 118
    • 72949084345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autologous hemapoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: Is it worthwhile?
    • Fassas A, Mancardi GL. Autologous hemapoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: Is it worthwhile? Autoimmunity 28, 1 (2008).
    • (2008) Autoimmunity , vol.28 , pp. 1
    • Fassas, A.1    Mancardi, G.L.2
  • 119
    • 59349089705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early highly aggressive MS successfully treated by heamatopoietic stem cell transplantation
    • Fagius J, Lundgren J, Oberg G. Early highly aggressive MS successfully treated by heamatopoietic stem cell transplantation. Mult. Scler. 15(2), 229-237 (2009).
    • (2009) Mult. Scler. , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 229-237
    • Fagius, J.1    Lundgren, J.2    Oberg, G.3
  • 120
    • 0036151857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection and neurodegenerative disease
    • Vajda FJE. Neuroprotection and neurodegenerative disease. J. Clin. Neurosci. 9(1), 4-8 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Clin. Neurosci. , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 4-8
    • Fje, V.1
  • 121
    • 70350551949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linkage between immunomodulation neuroprotection and neurogeneisis
    • Aharoni R, Arnon R. Linkage between immunomodulation neuroprotection and neurogeneisis. Drug News Perspect. 22(6), 301-313 (2009).
    • (2009) Drug News Perspect. , vol.22 , Issue.6 , pp. 301-313
    • Aharoni, R.1    Arnon, R.2
  • 122
    • 77649290565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroprotection, regeneration and immunomodulation: Broadening the therapeutic repertoire in multiple sclerosis
    • Aktas O, Kieseier B, Hartung AP. Neuroprotection, regeneration and immunomodulation: broadening the therapeutic repertoire in multiple sclerosis. Trends in Neurosci. 33(3), 145-152 (2010).
    • (2010) Trends in Neurosci. , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 145-152
    • Aktas, O.1    Kieseier, B.2    Hartung, A.P.3
  • 123
    • 77949634115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dalfampridine approved for MS
    • Traynor K. Dalfampridine approved for MS. Am. J. Health Sys. Pharm. 67(5), 335 (2010).
    • (2010) Am. J. Health Sys. Pharm. , vol.67 , Issue.5 , pp. 335
    • Traynor, K.1
  • 124
    • 16844385713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon p promotes nerve growth factor secretion early in the course of multiple sclerosis
    • Biernacki K, Antel JP, Blain M et al. Interferon p promotes nerve growth factor secretion early in the course of multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 62(4), 563-568 (2005).
    • (2005) Arch. Neurol. , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 563-568
    • Biernacki, K.1    Antel, J.P.2    Blain, M.3
  • 125
    • 0032525977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-p inhibits mitogen induced astrocyte proliferation in vitro
    • Malik O, Compston DA, Scolding NJ. Interferon-p inhibits mitogen induced astrocyte proliferation in vitro. J. Neuroimmunol. 86(2), 155-162 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.86 , Issue.2 , pp. 155-162
    • Malik, O.1    Compston, D.A.2    Scolding, N.J.3
  • 126
    • 33751540077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interferon-p and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis-facts, hopes and phantasies
    • Kieseier BC, Hartung HP. Interferon-p and neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis-facts, hopes and phantasies. Exp. Neurol 10, 1-4 (2007).
    • (2007) Exp. Neurol , vol.10 , pp. 1-4
    • Kieseier, B.C.1    Hartung, H.P.2
  • 127
    • 33747371157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of interferon-b-1a on neuronal survival under autoimmune infammatory conditions
    • Sättler MB, Demmer I, Williams SK et al. Effects of interferon-b-1a on neuronal survival under autoimmune infammatory conditions. Exp. Neurol. 201(1), 172-181 (2006).
    • (2006) Exp. Neurol. , vol.201 , Issue.1 , pp. 172-181
    • Sättler, M.B.1    Demmer, I.2    Williams, S.K.3
  • 128
    • 0033544320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of the brain parenchymal fraction to measure whole brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting MS
    • Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group
    • Rudick RA, Fisher E, Lee JC, Simon J, Jacobs L. Use of the brain parenchymal fraction to measure whole brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting MS. Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. Neurology 53(8), 1698-1704 (1999).
    • (1999) Neurology , vol.53 , Issue.8 , pp. 1698-1704
    • Rudick, R.A.1    Fisher, E.2    Lee, J.C.3    Simon, J.4    Jacobs, L.5
  • 129
    • 0035788425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal metabolic recovery in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon b-1b
    • Narayanan S, De Stefano N, Francis GS et al. Axonal metabolic recovery in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon b-1b. J. Neurol. 248(11), 979-986 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Neurol. , vol.248 , Issue.11 , pp. 979-986
    • Narayanan, S.1    De Stefano, N.2    Francis, G.S.3
  • 130
    • 0037783991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI brain T1 relaxation time changes in MS patients increase over time in both the white matter and the cortex
    • Parry A, Clare S, Jenkinson M, Smith S, Palace J. Matthews PM. MRI brain T1 relaxation time changes in MS patients increase over time in both the white matter and the cortex. J. Neuroimaging 13(3), 234-239 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Neuroimaging , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 234-239
    • Parry, A.1    Clare, S.2    Jenkinson, M.3    Smith, S.4    Palace, J.5    Matthews, P.M.6
  • 131
    • 30044451754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate augments the expression of neurotrophic factors in brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice
    • Aharoni R, Eylam R, Domev H, Labunsky G, Sela M, Arnon R. The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate augments the expression of neurotrophic factors in brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 19045-19050 (2005).
    • (2005) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.102 , pp. 19045-19050
    • Aharoni, R.1    Eylam, R.2    Domev, H.3    Labunsky, G.4    Sela, M.5    Arnon, R.6
  • 132
    • 24144469398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower brain-derived neurotrophic factor in serum of relapsing remitting MS: Reversal by glatiramer acetate
    • Azoulay D, Vachapova V, Shihman B, Miler A, Karni A. Lower brain-derived neurotrophic factor in serum of relapsing remitting MS: reversal by glatiramer acetate. J. Neuroimmunol. 167, 215-218 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Neuroimmunol. , vol.167 , pp. 215-218
    • Azoulay, D.1    Vachapova, V.2    Shihman, B.3    Miler, A.4    Karni, A.5
  • 133
    • 33751536381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of glatiramer acetate and interferon-b on neurodegeneration in a model of multiple sclerosis: A comparative study
    • Maier K, Kuhnert AV, Taheri N et al. Effects of glatiramer acetate and interferon-b on neurodegeneration in a model of multiple sclerosis: a comparative study. Am. J. Pathol. 169(4), 1353-1364 (2006).
    • (2006) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.169 , Issue.4 , pp. 1353-1364
    • Maier, K.1    Kuhnert, A.V.2    Taheri, N.3
  • 134
    • 24744435759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurogenesis and neuroprotection induced by peripheral immunomodulatory treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Aharoni R, Arnon R, Eilam R. Neurogenesis and neuroprotection induced by peripheral immunomodulatory treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroscience 25(36), 8217-8228 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Neuroscience , vol.25 , Issue.36 , pp. 8217-8228
    • Aharoni, R.1    Arnon, R.2    Eilam, R.3
  • 135
    • 49649090657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demyelination arrest and remyelination induced by glatiramer acetate treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Aharoni R, Herschkovitz A, Eilam R. et al. Demyelination arrest and remyelination induced by glatiramer acetate treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105(32), 11358-11363 (2008).
    • (2008) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , Issue.32 , pp. 11358-11363
    • Aharoni, R.1    Herschkovitz, A.2    Eilam, R.3
  • 136
    • 0035964157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glatiramer Acetate reduces the proportion of new MS lesions evolving into 'black holes'
    • Filippi M, Rovaris M, Rocca MA. Glatiramer Acetate reduces the proportion of new MS lesions evolving into 'black holes'. Neurology 57, 731-733 (2001).
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.57 , pp. 731-733
    • Filippi, M.1    Rovaris, M.2    Rocca, M.A.3
  • 137
    • 28044444326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal metabolic recovery and potential neuroprotective effect of glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
    • Khan O, Shen Y, Caon C et al. Axonal metabolic recovery and potential neuroprotective effect of glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. 11, 646-651 (2005).
    • (2005) Mult. Scler. , vol.11 , pp. 646-651
    • Khan, O.1    Shen, Y.2    Caon, C.3
  • 138
    • 40849089388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic potential of statins in multiple sclerosis: Immune modulation, neuroprotection and neurorepair
    • Markovic-Plese S, Singh AK, Singh I. Therapeutic potential of statins in multiple sclerosis: immune modulation, neuroprotection and neurorepair. Future Neurol. 3(2), 153-167 (2008).
    • (2008) Future Neurol. , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 153-167
    • Markovic-Plese, S.1    Singh, A.K.2    Singh, I.3
  • 139
    • 60549097585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy of lovastatin and rolipram provides neuroprotection and promotes neurorepair in infammatory demyelination model of multiple sclerosis
    • Paintlia AS, Paintlia MK, Singh I, Skoff RB, Singh AK. Combination therapy of lovastatin and rolipram provides neuroprotection and promotes neurorepair in infammatory demyelination model of multiple sclerosis. Glia 57(2), 182-193 (2009).
    • (2009) Glia , vol.57 , Issue.2 , pp. 182-193
    • Paintlia, A.S.1    Paintlia, M.K.2    Singh, I.3    Skoff, R.B.4    Singh, A.K.5
  • 140
    • 49149097118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotherapeutics in multiple sclerosis: Novel agents and emerging treatment strategies
    • DeAngelis T, Lublin F. Neurotherapeutics in multiple sclerosis: novel agents and emerging treatment strategies. Mt Sinai J. Med. 75(2), 157-167 (2008).
    • (2008) Mt Sinai J. Med. , vol.75 , Issue.2 , pp. 157-167
    • De Angelis, T.1    Lublin, F.2
  • 141
    • 38449111946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • List of drugs in development for neurodegenerative diseases
    • Pogacic V, Herrling P. List of drugs in development for neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegener. Dis. 4, 443-486 (2007).
    • (2007) Neurodegener. Dis. , vol.4 , pp. 443-486
    • Pogacic, V.1    Herrling, P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.