Drug-induced osteoporosis in the older adult

Aging Health

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 501-518

  Oconnell, Mary Beth ^a,c   Borgelt, Laura M ^a   Bowles, Susan K ^b   Vondracek, Sheryl F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

adverse effect; aging; antiandrogen therapy; antidepressant; aromatase inhibitor; bisphosphonate; drug induced; fracture; glucocorticoid; osteoporosis

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ALENDRONIC ACID; ANASTROZOLE; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; AROMATASE INHIBITOR; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM; CYCLOSPORIN; DENOSUMAB; GLUCOCORTICOID; GONADORELIN AGONIST; GOSERELIN; HEPARIN; LITHIUM; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; METHOTREXATE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PARATHYROID HORMONE[1-34]; PLACEBO; PREDNISONE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; RETINOL; RISEDRONIC ACID; TESTOSTERONE; THYROID HORMONE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITAMIN D; WARFARIN; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; BONE DENSITY; BONE MINERALIZATION; BREAST CANCER; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CALCIUM INTAKE; CORTICOSTEROID INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS; DEPRESSION; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; EPILEPSY; EXERCISE; FRACTURE; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPOGONADISM; LOW DRUG DOSE; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NONHUMAN; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPENIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PROSTATE CANCER; PSYCHOSIS; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; SIDE EFFECT; SODIUM RESTRICTION; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 77956134790     PISSN: 1745509X     EISSN: 17455103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/ahe.10.42     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. Eastell R, Adams JE, Coleman RE et al.: Effect of anastrozole on bone mineral density: 5-year results from the anastrozole, tamoxifen, alone or in combination trial 18233230. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(7), 1051-1057 (2008).
2. Schneider DL: Management of osteoporosis in geriatric populations. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 6(3), 100-107 (2008).
3. Valachis A, Polyzos NP, Georgoulias V, Mavroudis D, Mauri D: Lack of evidence for fracture prevention in early breast cancer bisphosphonate trials: a meta-analysis. Gynecol. Oncol. 117(1), 139-145 (2010).
4. van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C: Utility of medical and drug history in fracture risk prediction among men and women. Bone 31(4), 508-514 (2002).
5. Mattson RH, Gidal BE: Fractures, epilepsy, and antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Behav. 5(Suppl. 2), S36-S40 (2004).
6. Ensrud KE, Walczak TS, Blackwell T, Ensrud ER, Bowman PJ, Stone KL: Antiepileptic drug use increases rates of bone loss in older women: a prospective study. Neurology 62(11), 2051-2057 (2004).
7. Ensrud KE, Walczak TS, Blackwell TL, Ensrud ER, Barrett-Connor E, Orwoll ES: Antiepileptic drug use and rates of hip bone loss in older men: a prospective study. Neurology 71(10), 723-730 (2008).
8. Andress DL, Ozuna J, Tirschwell D et al.: Antiepileptic drug-induced bone loss in young male patients who have seizures. Arch. Neurol. 59(5), 781-786 (2002).
9. Howell A, Cuzick J, Baum M et al.: Results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet 365(9453), 60-62 (2005).
10. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Martino S et al.: A randomized trial of letrozole in postmenopausal women after fve years of tamoxifen therapy for early-stage breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 349(19), 1793-1802 (2003).
11. Baum M, Buzdar A, Cuzick J et al.: Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer: results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen Alone or in Combination) trial effcacy and safety update analyses. Cancer 98(9), 1802-1810 (2003).
12. Thurlimann B, Keshaviah A, Coates AS et al.: A comparison of letrozole and tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 353(26), 2747-2757 (2005).
13. Yonehara Y, Iwamoto I, Kosha S, Rai Y, Sagara Y, Douchi T: Aromatase inhibitor-induced bone mineral loss and its prevention by bisphosphonate administration in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 33(5), 696-699 (2007).
14. Chien AJ, Goss PE: Aromatase inhibitors and bone health in women with breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 24(33), 5305-5312 (2006).
15. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, Andreasen F, Mosekilde L: Effects of long-term treatment with loop diuretics on bone mineral density, calcitropic hormones and bone turnover. J. Intern. Med. 257(2), 176-184 (2005).
16. Heidrich FE, Stergachis A, Gross KM: Diuretic drug use and the risk for hip fracture. Ann. Intern. Med. 115(1), 1-6 (1991).
17. Diamond T, Campbell J, Bryant C, Lynch W: The effect of combined androgen blockade on bone turnover and bone mineral densities in men treated for prostate carcinoma: longitudinal evaluation and response to intermittent cyclic etidronate therapy. Cancer 83(8), 1561-1566 (1998).
18. Townsend MF, Sanders WH, Northway RO, Graham SD Jr: Bone fractures associated with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists used in the treatment of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 79(3), 545-550 (1997).
19. Pfeilschifter J, Diel IJ: Osteoporosis due to cancer treatment: pathogenesis and management. J. Clin. Oncol. 18(7), 1570-1593 (2000).
20. Ragab AH, Frech RS, Vietti TJ: Osteoporotic fractures secondary to methotrexate therapy of acute leukemia in remission. Cancer 25(3), 580-585 (1970).
21. Schwartz AM, Leonidas JC: Methotrexate osteopathy. Skeletal Radiol. 11(1), 13-16 (1984).
22. Stanisavljevic S, Babcock AL: Fractures in children treated with methotrexate for leukemia. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. (125), 139-144 (1977).
23. Faber J, Galloe AM: Changes in bone mass during prolonged subclinical hyperthyroidism due to L-thyroxine treatment: a meta-analysis. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 130(4), 350-356 (1994).
24. Paul TL, Kerrigan J, Kelly AM, Braverman LE, Baran DT: Long-term L-thyroxine therapy is associated with decreased hip bone density in premenopausal women. JAMA 259(21), 3137-3141 (1988).
25. Sheppard MC, Holder R, Franklyn JA: Levothyroxine treatment and occurrence of fracture of the hip. Arch. Intern. Med. 162(3), 338-343 (2002).
26. Christiansen C, Baastrup PC, Transbol I: Osteopenia and dysregulation of divalent cations in lithium-treated patients. Neuropsychobiology 1(6), 344-354 (1975).
27. Yang YX, Lewis JD, Epstein S, Metz DC: Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. JAMA 296(24), 2947-2953 (2006).
28. Haney EM, Chan BK, Diem SJ et al.: Association of low bone mineral density with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use by older men. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(12), 1246-1251 (2007).
29. Richards JB, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD et al.: Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on the risk of fracture. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(2), 188-194 (2007).
30. Diem SJ, Blackwell TL, Stone KL et al.: Use of antidepressants and rates of hip bone loss in older women: the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Arch. Intern. Med. 167(12), 1240-1245 (2007).
31. Van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Abenhaim L, Zhang B, Cooper C: Use of oral corticosteroids and risk of fractures. J. Bone Miner. Res. 15(6), 993-1000 (2000).
32. Lane NE, Lukert B: The science and therapy of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 27(2), 465-483 (1998).
33. Rubin MR, Bilezikian JP: Clinical review 151: the role of parathyroid hormone in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a re-examination of the evidence. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87(9), 4033-4041 (2002).
34. van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C: The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos. Int. 13(10), 777-787 (2002).
35. Schwartz AV, Sellmeyer DE, Vittinghoff E et al.: Thiazolidinedione use and bone loss in older diabetic adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91(9), 3349-3354 (2006).
36. Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA et al.: Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 355(23), 2427-2443 (2006).
37. Grey A: Skeletal consequences of thiazolidinedione therapy. Osteoporos. Int. 19(2), 129-137 (2008).
38. Tannirandorn P, Epstein S: Drug-induced bone loss. Osteoporos. Int. 11(8), 637-659 (2000).
39. Pettila V, Leinonen P, Markkola A, Hiilesmaa V, Kaaja R: Postpartum bone mineral density in women treated for thromboprophylaxis with unfractionated heparin or LMW heparin. Thromb. Haemost. 87(2), 182-186 (2002).
40. Ginsberg JS, Bates SM: Management of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy. J. Thromb. Haemost. 1(7), 1435-1442 (2003).
41. Ginsberg JS, Greer I, Hirsh J: Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy. Chest 119(1 Suppl.), 122S-131S (2001).
42. Douketis JD, Ginsberg JS, Burrows RF, Duku EK, Webber CE, Brill-Edwards P: The effects of long-term heparin therapy during pregnancy on bone density. A prospective matched cohort study. Thromb. Haemost. 75(2), 254-257 (1996).
43. Rodger MA, Kahn SR, Cranney A et al.: Long-term dalteparin in pregnancy not associated with a decrease in bone mineral density: substudy of a randomized controlled trial. J. Thromb. Haemost. 5(8), 1600-1606 (2007).
44. Melhus H, Michaelsson K, Kindmark A et al.: Excessive dietary intake of vitamin A is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased risk for hip fracture. Ann. Intern. Med. 129(10), 770-778 (1998).
45. Promislow JH, Goodman-Gruen D, Slymen DJ, Barrett-Connor E: Retinol intake and bone mineral density in the elderly: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 17(8), 1349-1358 (2002).
46. Michaelsson K, Holmberg L, Mallmin H et al.: Diet and hip fracture risk: a case-control study. Study Group of the Multiple Risk Survey on Swedish Women for Eating Assessment. Int. J. Epidemiol. 24(4), 771-782 (1995).
47. Borgelt LM, Vondracek SF: Osteoporosis and osteomalacia: In: Drug Induced Diseases. Tisdale J, Miller D (Eds). American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, MD, USA 991-1004 (2010).
48. Compston J: Management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 6(2), 82-88 (2010).
49. van Brussel MS, Bultink IE, Lems WF: Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 10(6), 997-1005 (2009).
50. Civitelli R, Ziambaras K: Epidemiology of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 31(Suppl. 7), 2-6 (2008).
51. Johansson S, Melhus H: Vitamin A antagonizes calcium response to vitamin D in man. J. Bone Miner. Res. 16(10), 1899-1905 (2001).
52. Chiodini I, Francucci CM, Scillitani A: Densitometry in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 31(Suppl. 7), 33-37 (2008).
53. TBaT Society, TNO Society, RCo Physicians: Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: a Concise Guide to Prevention and Treatment. Royal College of Physicians, London, UK (2002).
54. Brown JP, Josse RG: 2002 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada. CMAJ 167(Suppl. 10), S1-S34 (2002).
55. Nawata H, Soen S, Takayanagi R et al.: Guidelines on the management and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis of the Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research (2004). J. Bone Miner. Metab. 23(2), 105-109 (2005).
56. Devogelaer JP, Goemaere S, Boonen S et al.: Evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a consensus document of the Belgian Bone Club. Osteoporos. Int. 17(1), 8-19 (2006).
57. Adachi JD, Saag KG, Delmas PD et al.: Two-year effects of alendronate on bone mineral density and vertebral fracture in patients receiving glucocorticoids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled extension trial. Arthritis Rheum. 44(1), 202-211 (2001).
58. Wallach S, Cohen S, Reid DM et al.: Effects of risedronate treatment on bone density and vertebral fracture in patients on corticosteroid therapy. Calcif. Tissue Int. 67(4), 277-285 (2000).
59. Reid DM, Devogelaer JP, Saag K et al.: Zoledronic acid and risedronate in the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (HORIZON): a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 373(9671), 1253-1263 (2009).
60. Saag KG, Zanchetta JR, Devogelaer JP et al.: Effects of teriparatide versus alendronate for treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: thirty-six-month results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 60(11), 3346-3355 (2009).
61. Dowsett M, Cuzick J, Ingle J et al.: Meta-analysis of breast cancer outcomes in adjuvant trials of aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(3), 509-518).
62. Ghazi M, Roux C: Hormonal deprivation therapy-induced osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 23(6), 805-811 (2009).
63. Rabaglio M, Sun Z, Price KN et al.: Bone fractures among postmenopausal patients with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer treated with 5 years of letrozole or tamoxifen in the BIG 1-98 trial. Ann. Oncol. 20(9), 1489-1498 (2009).
64. Ponzone R, Mininanni P, Cassina E, Pastorino F, Sismondi P: Aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer: different structures, same effects? Endocr. Relat. Cancer 15(1), 27-36 (2008).
65. Coleman RE, Banks LM, Girgis SI et al.: Skeletal effects of exemestane on bone-mineral density, bone biomarkers, and fracture incidence in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer participating in the Intergroup Exemestane Study (IES): a randomised controlled study. Lancet Oncol. 8(2), 119-127 (2007).
66. Reid DM, Doughty J, Eastell R et al.: Guidance for the management of breast cancer treatment-induced bone loss: a consensus position statement from a UK Expert Group. Cancer Treat. Rev. 34(Suppl. 1), S3-S18 (2008).
67. Van Poznak C, Hannon RA, Mackey JR et al.: Prevention of aromatase inhibitor-induced bone loss using risedronate: the SABRE trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(6), 967-975 (2010).
68. Brufsky A, Bundred N, Coleman R et al.: Integrated analysis of zoledronic acid for prevention of aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant letrozole. Oncologist 13(5), 503-514 (2008).
69. Hines SL, Mincey B, Dentchev T et al.: Immediate versus delayed zoledronic acid for prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women with breast cancer starting letrozole after tamoxifen-N03CC. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 117(3), 603-609 (2009).
70. Tammela T: Endocrine treatment of prostate cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 92(4), 287-295 (2004).
71. Shahinian VB, Kuo YF, Freeman JL, Goodwin JS: Risk of fracture after androgen deprivation for prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 352(2), 154-164 (2005).
72. Smith MR, Boyce SP, Moyneur E, Duh MS, Raut MK, Brandman J: Risk of clinical fractures after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for prostate cancer. J. Urol. 175(1), 136-139; discussion 139 (2006).
73. Mittan D, Lee S, Miller E, Perez RC, Basler JW, Bruder JM: Bone loss following hypogonadism in men with prostate cancer treated with GnRH analogs. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87(8), 3656-3661 (2002).
74. Lee H, McGovern K, Finkelstein JS, Smith MR: Changes in bone mineral density and body composition during initial and long-term gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment for prostate carcinoma. Cancer 104(8), 1633-1637 (2005).
75. Diamond TH, Higano CS, Smith MR, Guise TA, Singer FR: Osteoporosis in men with prostate carcinoma receiving androgen-deprivation therapy: recommendations for diagnosis and therapies. Cancer 100(5), 892-899 (2004).
76. Greenspan SL, Nelson JB, Trump DL et al.: Skeletal health after continuation, withdrawal, or delay of alendronate in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen-deprivation therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(27), 4426-4434 (2008).
77. Bhoopalam N, Campbell SC, Moritz T et al.: Intravenous zoledronic acid to prevent osteoporosis in a veteran population with multiple risk factors for bone loss on androgen deprivation therapy. J. Urol. 182(5), 2257-2264 (2009).
78. Campbell SC, Bhoopalam N, Moritz TE et al.: The use of zoledronic acid in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer with severe osteopenia or osteoporosis. Urology 75(5), 1138-1143 (2010).
79. Michaelson MD, Kaufman DS, Lee H et al.: Randomized controlled trial of annual zoledronic acid to prevent gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-induced bone loss in men with prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(9), 1038-1042 (2007).
80. Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernandez Toriz N et al.: Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 361(8), 745-755 (2009).
81. Zaidi M, Davies TF, Zallone A et al.: Thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid hormones, and bone loss. Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 7(2), 47-52 (2009).
82. Uzzan B, Campos J, Cucherat M, Nony P, Boissel JP, Perret GY: Effects on bone mass of long term treatment with thyroid hormones: a meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81(12), 4278-4289 (1996).
83. Bauer DC, Ettinger B, Nevitt MC, Stone KL: Risk for fracture in women with low serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Ann. Intern. Med. 134(7), 561-568 (2001).
84. Grimnes G, Emaus N, Joakimsen RM, Figenschau Y, Jorde R: The relationship between serum TSH and bone mineral density in men and postmenopausal women: the Tromso study. Thyroid 18(11), 1147-1155 (2008).
85. Svare A, Nilsen TI, Bjoro T, Forsmo S, Schei B, Langhammer A: Hyperthyroid levels of TSH correlate with low bone mineral density: the HUNT 2 study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 161(5), 779-786 (2009).
86. Morris MS: The association between serum thyroid-stimulating hormone in its reference range and bone status in postmenopausal American women. Bone 40(4), 1128-1134 (2007).
87. Pack AM, Gidal B, Vazquez B: Bone disease associated with antiepileptic drugs. Cleve. Clin. J. Med. 71(Suppl. 2), S42-S48 (2004).
88. Pack AM: Antiepileptic drugs and bone disease. Clin. Rev. Bone Mineral Metab. 2(2), 159-165 (2004).
89. Vestergaard P: Epilepsy, osteoporosis and fracture risk-a meta-analysis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 112(5), 277-286 (2005).
90. Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L: Fracture risk associated with use of antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 45(11), 1330-1337 (2004).
91. Schwan S, Hallberg P: SSRIs, bone mineral density, and risk of fractures-a review. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 19(10), 683-692 (2009).
92. Warden SJ, Haney EM: Skeletal effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) transporter inhibition: evidence from in vitro and animal-based studies. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 8(2), 121-132 (2008).
93. Takkouche B, Montes-Martinez A, Gill SS, Etminan M: Psychotropic medications and the risk of fracture: a meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 30(2), 171-184 (2007).
94. Spangler L, Scholes D, Brunner RL et al.: Depressive symptoms, bone loss, and fractures in postmenopausal women. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 23(5), 567-574 (2008).
95. van den Brand MW, Samson MM, Pouwels S et al.: Use of anti-depressants and the risk of fracture of the hip or femur. Osteoporos. Int. 20(10), 1705-1713 (2009).
96. Ziere G, Dieleman JP, van der Cammen TJ, Hofman A, Pols HA, Stricker BH: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibiting antidepressants are associated with an increased risk of nonvertebral fractures. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 28(4), 411-417 (2008).
97. Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L: Proton pump inhibitors, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, and other antacid medications and the risk of fracture. Calcif. Tissue Int. 79(2), 76-83 (2006).
98. Williams LJ, Henry MJ, Berk M et al.: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and bone mineral density in women with a history of depression. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 23(2), 84-87 (2008).
99. O'Keane V: Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia, hypogonadism and osteoporosis in the treatment of schizophrenia. J. Psychopharmacol. 22(Suppl. 2), 70-75 (2008).
100. Meaney AM, O'Keane V: Bone mineral density changes over a year in young females with schizophrenia: relationship to medication and endocrine variables. Schizophr. Res. 93(1-3), 136-143 (2007).
101. Abel KM, Heatlie HF, Howard LM, Webb RT: Sex-and age-specifc incidence of fractures in mental illness: a historical, population-based cohort study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 69(9), 1398-1403 (2008).
102. Bilici M, Cakirbay H, Guler M, Tosun M, Ulgen M, Tan U: Classical and atypical neuroleptics, and bone mineral density, in patients with schizophrenia. Int. J. Neurosci. 112(7), 817-828 (2002).
103. Tiihonen J, Lonnqvist J, Wahlbeck K et al.: 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study IN11 study). Lancet 374(9690), 620-627 (2009).
104. Mak TW, Shek CC, Chow CC, Wing YK, Lee S: Effects of lithium therapy on bone mineral metabolism: a two-year prospective longitudinal study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83(11), 3857-3859 (1998).
105. Zamani A, Omrani GR, Nasab MM: Lithium's effect on bone mineral density. Bone 44(2), 331-334 (2009).
106. Vestergaard P, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L: Reduced relative risk of fractures among users of lithium. Calcif. Tissue Int. 77(1), 1-8 (2005).
107. Clement-Lacroix P, Ai M, Morvan F et al.: Lrp5-independent activation of Wnt signaling by lithium chloride increases bone formation and bone mass in mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102(48), 17406-17411 (2005).
108. Cohen O, Rais T, Lepkifker E, Vered I: Lithium carbonate therapy is not a risk factor for osteoporosis. Horm. Metab. Res. 30(9), 594-597 (1998).
109. Wright MJ, Proctor DD, Insogna KL, Kerstetter JE: Proton pump-inhibiting drugs, calcium homeostasis, and bone health. Nutr. Rev. 66(2), 103-108 (2008).
110. Yang YX: Proton pump inhibitor therapy and osteoporosis. Curr. Drug Saf. 3(3), 204-209 (2008).
111. Bo-Linn GW, Davis GR, Buddrus DJ, Morawski SG, Santa Ana C, Fordtran JS: An evaluation of the importance of gastric acid secretion in the absorption of dietary calcium. J. Clin. Invest. 73(3), 640-647 (1984).
112. Yu EW, Blackwell T, Ensrud KE et al.: Acid-suppressive medications and risk of bone loss and fracture in older adults. Calcif. Tissue Int. 83(4), 251-259 (2008).
113. Roux C, Briot K, Gossec L et al.: Increase in vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women using omeprazole. Calcif. Tissue Int. 84(1), 13-19 (2009).
114. Targownik LE, Lix LM, Metge CJ, Prior HJ, Leung S, Leslie WD: Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of osteoporosis-related fractures. CMAJ 179(4), 319-326 (2008).
115. Kaye JA, Jick H: Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of hip fractures in patients without major risk factors. Pharmacotherapy 28(8), 951-959 (2008).
116. Gray SL, LaCroix AZ, Larson J et al.: Proton pump inhibitor use, hip fracture, and change in bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Arch. Intern. Med. 170(9), 765-771 (2010).
117. Grey A: Thiazolidinedione-induced skeletal fragility-mechanisms and implications. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 11(4), 275-284 (2009).
118. Habib ZA, Havstad SL, Wells K, Divine G, Pladevall M, Williams LK: Thiazolidinedione use and the longitudinal risk of fractures in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95(2), 592-600 (2010).
119. Bodmer M, Meier C, Kraenzlin ME, Meier CR: Risk of fractures with glitazones: a critical review of the evidence to date. Drug Saf. 32(7), 539-547 (2009).
120. Grey A, Bolland M, Gamble G et al.: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g agonist rosiglitazone decreases bone formation and bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92(4), 1305-1310 (2007).
121. Soroceanu MA, Miao D, Bai XY, Su H, Goltzman D, Karaplis AC: Rosiglitazone impacts negatively on bone by promoting osteoblast/osteocyte apoptosis. J. Endocrinol. 183(1), 203-216 (2004).
122. Loke YK, Singh S, Furberg CD: Long-term use of thiazolidinediones and fractures in Type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 180(1), 32-39 (2009).
123. Dormuth CR, Carney G, Carleton B, Bassett K, Wright JM: Thiazolidinediones and fractures in men and women. Arch. Intern. Med. 169(15), 1395-1402 (2009).
124. Jones SG, Momin SR, Good MW, Shea TK, Patric K: Distal upper and lower limb fractures associated with thiazolidinedione use. Am. J. Manag. Care 15(8), 491-496 (2009).
125. Douglas IJ, Evans SJ, Pocock S, Smeeth L: The risk of fractures associated with thiazolidinediones: a self-controlled case-series study. PLoS Med. 6(9), E1000154 (2009).
126. Meier C, Kraenzlin ME, Bodmer M, Jick SS, Jick H, Meier CR: Use of thiazolidinediones and fracture risk. Arch. Intern. Med. 168(8), 820-825 (2008).
127. Yaturu S, Bryant B, Jain SK: Thiazolidinedione treatment decreases bone mineral density in Type 2 diabetic men. Diabetes Care 30(6), 1574-1576 (2007).
128. Ooms ME, Lips P, Van Lingen A, Valkenburg HA: Determinants of bone mineral density and risk factors for osteoporosis in healthy elderly women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 8(6), 669-675 (1993).
129. Rashiq S, Logan RF: Role of drugs in fractures of the femoral neck. B.M.J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 292(6524), 861-863 (1986).
130. Cumming RG, Klineberg RJ: Psychotropics, thiazide diuretics and hip fractures in the elderly. Med. J. Aust. 158(6), 414-417 (1993).
131. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, Andreasen F, Mosekilde L: Loop diuretics increase bone turnover and decrease BMD in osteopenic postmenopausal women: results from a randomized controlled study with bumetanide. J. Bone Miner. Res. 21(1), 163-170 (2006).
132. Bolland MJ, Ames RW, Horne AM, Orr-Walker BJ, Gamble GD, Reid IR: The effect of treatment with a thiazide diuretic for 4 years on bone density in normal postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. 18(4), 479-486 (2007).
133. Kock HJ, Handschin AE: Osteoblast growth inhibition by unfractionated heparin and by low molecular weight heparins: an in-vitro investigation. Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost. 8(3), 251-255 (2002).
134. Vik A, Brodin E, Sveinbjornsson B, Hansen JB: Heparin induces mobilization of osteoprotegerin into the circulation. Thromb. Haemost. 98(1), 148-154 (2007).
135. Griffth GC, Nichols Jr. G., Asher JD, Flanagan B: Heparin Osteoporosis. JAMA 193, 91-94 (1965).
136. Squires J W, Pinch LW: Heparin-induced spinal fractures. JAMA 241(22), 2417-2418 (1979).
137. Rupp WM, McCarthy HB, Rohde TD, Blackshear PJ, Goldenberg FJ, Buchwald H: Risk of osteoporosis in patients treated with long-term intravenous heparin therapy. Curr. Surg. 39(6), 419-422 (1982).
138. Jaffe MD, Willis PW III: Multiple fractures associated with long-term sodium heparin therapy. JAMA 193, 158-160 (1965).
139. Monreal M, Vinas L, Monreal L, Lavin S, Lafoz E, Angles AM: Heparin-related osteoporosis in rats. A comparative study between unfractioned heparin and a low-molecular-weight heparin. Haemostasis 20(4), 204-207 (1990).
140. Jamal SA, Browner WS, Bauer DC, Cummings SR: Warfarin use and risk for osteoporosis in elderly women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann. Intern. Med. 128(10), 829-832 (1998).
141. Piro LD, Whyte MP, Murphy WA, Birge SJ: Normal cortical bone mass in patients after long term coumadin therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 54(2), 470-473 (1982).
142. Jackson HA, Sheehan AH: Effect of vitamin A on fracture risk. Ann. Pharmacother. 39(12), 2086-2090 (2005).
143. Binkley N, Krueger D: Hypervitaminosis A and bone. Nutr. Rev. 58(5), 138-144 (2000).
144. Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, Colditz GA: Vitamin A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women. JAMA 287(1), 47-54 (2002).
145. Lim LS, Harnack LJ, Lazovich D, Folsom AR: Vitamin A intake and the risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Osteoporos. Int. 15(7), 552-559 (2004).
146. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Charles P et al.: No effect of vitamin A intake on bone mineral density and fracture risk in perimenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int. 15(11), 872-880 (2004).
147. Kahan BD: Cyclosporine. N. Engl. J. Med. 321(25), 1725-1738 (1989).
148. Skjodt H, Gallagher JA, Beresford JN: Modulation of interleukin-1 effects on bone by cyclosporine. In: Eighteenth European Symposium on Calcifed Tissue. Angers, France, S50 (1984).
149. Mazzantini M, Di Munno O, Sinigaglia L et al.: Effect of cyclosporine A on bone density in female rheumatoid arthritis patients: results from a multicenter, cross-sectional study. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 25(5), 709-715 (2007).
150. Delmas PD, Wilson DM, Mann KG, Riggs BL: Effect of renal function on plasma levels of bone Gla-protein. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 57(5), 1028-1030 (1983).