메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 97-105

Review of medical and surgical management of Clostridium difficile infection

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile; Croh s disease; Epidemiology; Inflammatory bowel diseases; Pseudomembranous enterocolitis; Risk factors; Treatment; Ulcerative colitis

Indexed keywords

BACITRACIN; BACTERIAL VACCINE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN A; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE TOXIN B; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE VACCINE; COLESTYRAMINE; FUSIDIC ACID; GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; METRONIDAZOLE; NITAZOXANIDE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; RIFAXIMIN; TEICOPLANIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 77955701091     PISSN: 11236337     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10151-010-0574-3     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (20)

References (130)
  • 1
    • 23944507069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Clostridium difficile associated disease: Old therapies and new strategies
    • Aslam S, Hamill RJ, Musher DM (2005) Treatment of Clostridium difficile associated disease: old therapies and new strategies. Lancet Infect Dis 5:549-557
    • (2005) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.5 , pp. 549-557
    • Aslam, S.1    Hamill, R.J.2    Musher, D.M.3
  • 3
    • 0000795948 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe: Bacillus difficilis
    • Hall IC, O'Toole E (1935) Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe: Bacillus difficilis. Am J Dis Child 48:390-402
    • (1935) Am J Dis Child , vol.48 , pp. 390-402
    • Hall, I.C.1    O'Toole, E.2
  • 5
    • 34848846245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and non-epidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents
    • Riggs MM, Sethi AK, Zabarsky TF et al (2007) Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and non-epidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. Clin Infect Dis 45:992-998
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 992-998
    • Riggs, M.M.1    Sethi, A.K.2    Zabarsky, T.F.3
  • 6
    • 0034628426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP (2000) Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med 342:390-397
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 390-397
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 7
    • 33644974808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficileassociated disease: New challenges from an established pathogen
    • Sunenshine RH, McDonald LC (2006) Clostridium difficileassociated disease: new challenges from an established pathogen. Cleveland Clinic J Med 73:187-197
    • (2006) Cleveland Clinic J Med , vol.73 , pp. 187-197
    • Sunenshine, R.H.1    McDonald, L.C.2
  • 8
    • 0037190698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spectrum of pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea
    • Hurley BW, Nguyen CC (2002) The spectrum of pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Arch Intern Med 162:2177-2184
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 2177-2184
    • Hurley, B.W.1    Nguyen, C.C.2
  • 9
    • 0036467063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Healthcare costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhoea due to Clostridium difficile
    • Kyne L, Hamel MB, Polavaram R, Kelly CP (2002) Healthcare costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhoea due to Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 34:346-353
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.34 , pp. 346-353
    • Kyne, L.1    Hamel, M.B.2    Polavaram, R.3    Kelly, C.P.4
  • 10
    • 0141575683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastrointestinal disorders and the critically ill clostridium difficile infection and pseudomembranous colitis
    • Wilcox MH (2003) Gastrointestinal disorders and the critically ill. Clostridium difficile infection and pseudomembranous colitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 17:475-493
    • (2003) Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol , vol.17 , pp. 475-493
    • Wilcox, M.H.1
  • 11
    • 0027223050 scopus 로고
    • The micro ecology of Clostridium difficile
    • Wilson KH (1993) The micro ecology of Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 16:214-218
    • (1993) Clin Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. 214-218
    • Wilson, K.H.1
  • 13
    • 44149094314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent advances in Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Monaghan T, Boswell T, Mahida YR et al (2008) Recent advances in Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Gut 57:850-860
    • (2008) Gut , vol.57 , pp. 850-860
    • Monaghan, T.1    Boswell, T.2    Mahida, Y.R.3
  • 14
    • 0031752883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Bignardi GE (1998) Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect 40:1-15
    • (1998) J Hosp Infect , vol.40 , pp. 1-15
    • Bignardi, G.E.1
  • 16
    • 20644443513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Tonna I, Welsby PD (2005) Pathogenesis and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Postgrad Med J 81:367-369
    • (2005) Postgrad Med J , vol.81 , pp. 367-369
    • Tonna, I.1    Welsby, P.D.2
  • 18
    • 50649112615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastric acid suppression by proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients
    • Aseeri M, Schroeder T, Kramer J et al (2008) Gastric acid suppression by proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients. Am J Gastroenterol 103:2308-2313
    • (2008) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.103 , pp. 2308-2313
    • Aseeri, M.1    Schroeder, T.2    Kramer, J.3
  • 19
    • 54349091533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of antibiotic use and risk of hospital admission because of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Dial S, Kezouh A, Dascal A, Barkun A, Suissa S (2008) Patterns of antibiotic use and risk of hospital admission because of Clostridium difficile infection. CMAJ 179:767-772
    • (2008) CMAJ , vol.179 , pp. 767-772
    • Dial, S.1    Kezouh, A.2    Dascal, A.3    Barkun, A.4    Suissa, S.5
  • 20
    • 34548142191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of the risk of enteric infection in patients taking acid suppression
    • Leonard J, Marshall JK, Moayyedi P (2007) Systematic review of the risk of enteric infection in patients taking acid suppression. Am J Gastroenterol 102:2047-2056
    • (2007) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.102 , pp. 2047-2056
    • Leonard, J.1    Marshall, J.K.2    Moayyedi, P.3
  • 21
    • 33750689923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton pump inhibitors and hospitalisation for Clostridium difficile associated disease: A population-based study
    • Lowe D, Mamdani MM, Kopp A, Low DE, Juurlink DN (2006) Proton pump inhibitors and hospitalisation for Clostridium difficile associated disease: a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis 43:1272-1276
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 1272-1276
    • Lowe, D.1    Mamdani, M.M.2    Kopp, A.3    Low, D.E.4    Juurlink, D.N.5
  • 22
    • 49749117446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: A surgical disease in evolution
    • Hermsen JL, Dobrescu C, Kudsk KA (2008) Clostridium difficile: a surgical disease in evolution. J Gastrointest Surg 12:1512-1517
    • (2008) J Gastrointest Surg , vol.12 , pp. 1512-1517
    • Hermsen, J.L.1    Dobrescu, C.2    Kudsk, K.A.3
  • 23
    • 38049084783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • McFarland L.V.
    • McFarland LV (2008) Update on the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Nature Clin Pract 5:40-48
    • (2008) Nature Clin Pract , vol.5 , pp. 40-48
  • 24
    • 0023936806 scopus 로고
    • Absence of diarrhoea in toxic megacolon complicating Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis
    • Burke GW, Wilson ME, Mehrez IQ (1988) Absence of diarrhoea in toxic megacolon complicating Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. Am J Gastroent 83:304-307
    • (1988) Am J Gastroent , vol.83 , pp. 304-307
    • Burke, G.W.1    Wilson, M.E.2    Mehrez, I.Q.3
  • 25
    • 0025153259 scopus 로고
    • Role of surgery in antibiotic induced pseudomembranous colitis
    • Viswanath YK, Griffith CD (1990) Role of surgery in antibiotic induced pseudomembranous colitis. Am J Surg 160:535-539
    • (1990) Am J Surg , vol.160 , pp. 535-539
    • Viswanath, Y.K.1    Griffith, C.D.2
  • 26
    • 0025093525 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: Clinical considerations
    • Bartlett JG (1990) Clostridium difficile: clinical considerations. Rev Infect Dis 12:S243-S251
    • (1990) Rev Infect Dis , vol.12
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 27
    • 0037204196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Bartlett JG (2002) Clinical practice: antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Eng J Med 346:334-339
    • (2002) N Eng J Med , vol.346 , pp. 334-339
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 28
    • 77955696936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to deal with the problem, a board to ward approach. Clostridium difficile infection. Department of Health Steering Group on Healthcare Associated Infection. Department of Health; Gateway Reference 9833
    • Clostridium difficile infection (2008) How to deal with the problem, a board to ward approach. Department of Health Steering Group on Healthcare Associated Infection. Department of Health; Gateway Reference 9833
    • (2008)
  • 29
    • 77955686672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis Treatment and Management of CDI. An Expert Interview with Cassandra D. Salgado, MD, MS. Medscape Infectious Diseases
    • Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of CDI (2008) An Expert Interview with Cassandra D. Salgado, MD, MS. Medscape Infectious Diseases. http://www.medscape.com/ viewarticle/576542
    • (2008)
  • 30
    • 27544511378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hyper virulent strain in Quebec
    • Pépin J, Valiquette L, Cossette B (2005) Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hyper virulent strain in Quebec. CMAJ 173:1037-1042
    • (2005) CMAJ , vol.173 , pp. 1037-1042
    • Pépin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Cossette, B.3
  • 31
    • 28844494086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epidemic, toxin gene variant strain of Clostridium difficile
    • McDonald LC, Kilgore GE, Thompson A et al (2005) An epidemic, toxin gene variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 353:2433-2441
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2433-2441
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Kilgore, G.E.2    Thompson, A.3
  • 32
    • 34249782307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC
    • Matamouros S, England P, Dupuy B (2007) Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC. Mol Microbiol 64:1274-1288
    • (2007) Mol Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 1274-1288
    • Matamouros, S.1    England, P.2    Dupuy, B.3
  • 33
    • 33845304266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on Clostridium difficile associated disease
    • Cloud J, Kelly CP (2007) Update on Clostridium difficile associated disease. Cur Opin Gastroenterol 23:4-9
    • (2007) Cur Opin Gastroenterol , vol.23 , pp. 4-9
    • Cloud, J.1    Kelly, C.P.2
  • 34
    • 34347407844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: Changing epidemiology and new treatment options
    • Kuijper EJ, van Dissel JT, Wilcox MH (2007) Clostridium difficile: changing epidemiology and new treatment options. Cur Opin Infect Dis 20:376-383
    • (2007) Cur Opin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 376-383
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    Van Dissel, J.T.2    Wilcox, M.H.3
  • 35
    • 33846156548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A portrait of the geographic dissemination of the Clostridium difficile North American pulsed-field type 1 strain and the epidemiology of C. difficile associated disease in Quebec
    • Hubert B, Loo VG, Bourgault AM et al (2007) A portrait of the geographic dissemination of the Clostridium difficile North American pulsed-field type 1 strain and the epidemiology of C. difficile associated disease in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis 44:238-244
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , pp. 238-244
    • Hubert, B.1    Loo, V.G.2    Bourgault, A.M.3
  • 36
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A et al (2005) Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 366:1079-1084
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3
  • 37
    • 58149199861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in English hospitals, 2007-08
    • Brazier JS, Raybould R, Patel B et al (2008) Distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in English hospitals, 2007-08. Euro Surveill 13:1-4
    • (2008) Euro Surveill , vol.13 , pp. 1-4
    • Brazier, J.S.1    Raybould, R.2    Patel, B.3
  • 38
    • 53449091796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078
    • Goorhuis A, Bakker D, Corver J et al (2008) Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078. Clin Infect Dis 47:1162-1170
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.47 , pp. 1162-1170
    • Goorhuis, A.1    Bakker, D.2    Corver, J.3
  • 39
    • 0029743975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Financial burden of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection
    • Wilcox MH, Cunniffe JG, Trundle C, Redpath C (1996) Financial burden of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect 34:23-30
    • (1996) J Hosp Infect , vol.34 , pp. 23-30
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Cunniffe, J.G.2    Trundle, C.3    Redpath, C.4
  • 40
    • 70350436496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: How much do hospital staff know about it
    • Somaiah A, Blencowe N, PYE G, West R (2009) Clostridium difficile: how much do hospital staff know about it. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 91:464-469
    • (2009) Ann R Coll Surg Engl , vol.91 , pp. 464-469
    • Somaiah, A.1    Blencowe, N.2    Pye, G.3    West, R.4
  • 41
    • 77955682942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deaths involving Clostridium difficile; England and Wales, 2003- 2007.
    • Deaths involving Clostridium difficile; England and Wales, 2003-2007 (2008) Health Stat Q:67-76
    • (2008) Health Stat Q , pp. 67-76
  • 42
    • 0037358829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastroenteritis and antibioticassociated diarrhoea
    • Jabbar A, Wright RA (2003) Gastroenteritis and antibioticassociated diarrhoea. Prim Care 30:63-80
    • (2003) Prim Care , vol.30 , pp. 63-80
    • Jabbar, A.1    Wright, R.A.2
  • 44
    • 0035118034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhoea
    • Guerrant RL, Van Gilder T, Steiner TS et al (2001) Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhoea. Clin Infect Dis 32:331-351
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.32 , pp. 331-351
    • Guerrant, R.L.1    Van Gilder, T.2    Steiner, T.S.3
  • 46
    • 34447094682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The challenges posed by re-emerging Clostridium difficile infection
    • Blossom DB, McDonald LC (2007) The challenges posed by re-emerging Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 45:222-227
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 222-227
    • Blossom, D.B.1    McDonald, L.C.2
  • 47
    • 77955695594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency Centre for Evidence-based Purchasing (CEP).CEP08054
    • NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency, Centre for Evidence-based Purchasing (CEP) (2008) Evaluation Report on Clostridium difficile toxin detection assays. CEP08054
    • (2008) Evaluation Report on Clostridium Difficile Toxin Detection Assays
  • 48
    • 38149108080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid and reliable diagnostic algorithm for detection of Clostridium difficile
    • Fenner L, Widmer AF, Goy G et al (2008) Rapid and reliable diagnostic algorithm for detection of Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol 49:328-330
    • (2008) Clin Microbiol , vol.49 , pp. 328-330
    • Fenner, L.1    Widmer, A.F.2    Goy, G.3
  • 49
    • 0002871458 scopus 로고
    • Gastro-enterostomy for cicatrising ulcer of the pylorus
    • 1893 cited by Bartlett JG. Clostridium difficile: clinical considerations. Rev Infect Dis 12:S243-S251
    • Finney JMT (1990) Gastro-enterostomy for cicatrising ulcer of the pylorus. Bull John Hopkins Hospital 4:53-55 (1893) (cited by Bartlett JG. Clostridium difficile: clinical considerations. Rev Infect Dis 12:S243-S251)
    • (1990) Bull John Hopkins Hospital , vol.4 , pp. 53-55
    • Finney, J.M.T.1
  • 50
    • 0017801430 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia
    • Bartlett JG, Chang TW, Gurwith M, Gorbach SL, Onderdonk AB (1978) Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia. N Engl J Med 298:531-534 (Pubitemid 8295586)
    • (1978) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.298 , Issue.10 , pp. 531-534
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Chang, T.W.2    Gurwith, M.3
  • 51
    • 0029780280 scopus 로고
    • Pseudomembranous pan-enteritis and septicaemia in a patient with ulcerative colitis
    • Chen FCS, Woods R (1994) Pseudomembranous pan-enteritis and septicaemia in a patient with ulcerative colitis. ANZ J of Surg 66:565-567
    • (1994) ANZ J of Surg , vol.66 , pp. 565-567
    • Chen, F.C.S.1    Woods, R.2
  • 52
  • 53
    • 0009637284 scopus 로고
    • Pseudomembranous colitis
    • Goulston SJM, McGovern VJ (1965) Pseudomembranous colitis. Gut 6:207-212
    • (1965) Gut , vol.6 , pp. 207-212
    • Goulston, S.J.M.1    McGovern, V.J.2
  • 55
    • 44649151114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile enteritis following total colectomy
    • Yafi FA, Selvasekar CR, Cima RR (2008) Clostridium difficile enteritis following total colectomy. Tech Coloproctol 12:73-74
    • (2008) Tech Coloproctol , vol.12 , pp. 73-74
    • Yafi, F.A.1    Selvasekar, C.R.2    Cima, R.R.3
  • 56
    • 0032065412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Borriello SP (1998) Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 41:13-19
    • (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 13-19
    • Borriello, S.P.1
  • 57
    • 0018332682 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis with negative proctosigmoidoscopy examination
    • Tedesco FJ (1979) Antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis with negative proctosigmoidoscopy examination. Gastroenterology 77:295-297
    • (1979) Gastroenterology , vol.77 , pp. 295-297
    • Tedesco, F.J.1
  • 58
    • 0025874153 scopus 로고
    • Acute abdomen as the first presentation of pseudomembranous colitis
    • Triadafilopoulos G, Hallstone AE (1991) Acute abdomen as the first presentation of pseudomembranous colitis. Gastroenterology 101:685-691
    • (1991) Gastroenterology , vol.101 , pp. 685-691
    • Triadafilopoulos, G.1    Hallstone, A.E.2
  • 59
    • 0031982032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical impact and associated costs of Clostridium difficile associated disease
    • Spencer RC (1998) Clinical impact and associated costs of Clostridium difficile associated disease. J Antimicrob Chemother 41:5-12
    • (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 5-12
    • Spencer, R.C.1
  • 60
    • 0036192008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminant Clostridium difficile: An under appreciated and increasing cause of death and complications
    • Dallal RM, Harbrecht BG, Boujoukas AJ et al (2002) Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an under appreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. Ann Surg 235:363-372
    • (2002) Ann Surg , vol.235 , pp. 363-372
    • Dallal, R.M.1    Harbrecht, B.G.2    Boujoukas, A.J.3
  • 61
    • 77955704189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhoea and colitis in the hospitalised patient
    • Mallavarapu RK, Katner HP (2007) Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhoea and colitis in the hospitalised patient. Hosp Physician 21-27
    • (2007) Hosp Physician , pp. 21-27
    • Mallavarapu, R.K.1    Katner, H.P.2
  • 63
    • 3142680740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in adults
    • Poutanen SM, Simor AE (2004) Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in adults. CMAJ 171:51-58
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 51-58
    • Poutanen, S.M.1    Simor, A.E.2
  • 64
    • 0020470843 scopus 로고
    • Rectal sparing in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis: A prospective study
    • Tedesco FJ, Corless JK, Brownstein RE (1982) Rectal sparing in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 83:1259-1260
    • (1982) Gastroenterology , vol.83 , pp. 1259-1260
    • Tedesco, F.J.1    Corless, J.K.2    Brownstein, R.E.3
  • 65
    • 0242266614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leucocytosis
    • Wanahita A, Goldsmith EA, Marino BJ, Musher DM (2003) Clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leucocytosis. Am J Med 115:543-546
    • (2003) Am J Med , vol.115 , pp. 543-546
    • Wanahita, A.1    Goldsmith, E.A.2    Marino, B.J.3    Musher, D.M.4
  • 66
    • 0037097647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditions associated with leucocytosis in a tertiary care hospital, with particular attention to the role of infection caused by Clostridium difficile
    • Wanahita A, Goldsmith EA, Musher DM (2002) Conditions associated with leucocytosis in a tertiary care hospital, with particular attention to the role of infection caused by Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 34:1585-1592
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.34 , pp. 1585-1592
    • Wanahita, A.1    Goldsmith, E.A.2    Musher, D.M.3
  • 68
    • 0026746192 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea
    • Bartlett JG (1992) Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Clin Infect Dis 15:573-581
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 573-581
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 69
    • 15544372997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative treatments for Clostridium difficile disease: What really works?
    • McFarland L.V.
    • McFarland LV (2005) Alternative treatments for Clostridium difficile disease: what really works? J Med Microbiol 54:101-111
    • (2005) J Med Microbiol , vol.54 , pp. 101-111
  • 70
    • 0025727765 scopus 로고
    • Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin
    • Leung DY, Kelly CP, Boguniewicz M et al (1991) Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin. J Pediatr 118:633-637
    • (1991) J Pediatr , vol.118 , pp. 633-637
    • Leung, D.Y.1    Kelly, C.P.2    Boguniewicz, M.3
  • 71
    • 0037369921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile vaccine and serum immunoglobulin G antibody response to toxin A
    • Aboudola S, Kotloff KL, Kyne L et al (2003) Clostridium difficile vaccine and serum immunoglobulin G antibody response to toxin A. Infect Immun 71:1608-1610
    • (2003) Infect Immun , vol.71 , pp. 1608-1610
    • Aboudola, S.1    Kotloff, K.L.2    Kyne, L.3
  • 72
    • 0029842638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immune response to Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kelly CP (1996) Immune response to Clostridium difficile infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:1048-1053
    • (1996) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.8 , pp. 1048-1053
    • Kelly, C.P.1
  • 73
    • 0031016896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea: Characteristics of and risk factors for patients enrolled in a prospective, randomised, double-blinded trial
    • Fekety R, McFarland LV, Surawicz CM et al (1997) Recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea: characteristics of and risk factors for patients enrolled in a prospective, randomised, double-blinded trial. Clin Infect Dis 24:324-333
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 324-333
    • Fekety, R.1    McFarland, L.V.2    Surawicz, C.M.3
  • 74
    • 0036311186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breaking the cycle: Treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM (2002) Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 97:1769-1775
    • (2002) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.97 , pp. 1769-1775
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Elmer, G.W.2    Surawicz, C.M.3
  • 75
    • 33847630925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin
    • Johnson S, Schriever C, Galang M et al (2007) Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin Infect Dis 44:846-848
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , pp. 846-848
    • Johnson, S.1    Schriever, C.2    Galang, M.3
  • 76
    • 0031979250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of surgery in pseudomembranous enterocolitis
    • Viswanath YK, Griffiths CD (1998) The role of surgery in pseudomembranous enterocolitis. Postgrad Med J 74:216-219
    • (1998) Postgrad Med J , vol.74 , pp. 216-219
    • Viswanath, Y.K.1    Griffiths, C.D.2
  • 77
    • 34548281527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical management of Clostridium difficileassociated disease
    • Miller MA (2007) Clinical management of Clostridium difficileassociated disease. Clin Infect Dis 45:S122-S128
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45
    • Miller, M.A.1
  • 78
    • 4444382260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: A changing pattern of disease severity
    • Pépin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME et al (2004) Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ 171:466-472
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 466-472
    • Pépin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Alary, M.E.3
  • 79
    • 0017298860 scopus 로고
    • Unfavorable effect of atropinediphenoxylate (Lomotil) therapy in lincomycincaused diarrhea
    • Novak E, Lee JG, Seckman CE et al (1976) Unfavorable effect of atropinediphenoxylate (Lomotil) therapy in lincomycincaused diarrhea. JAMA 235:1451-1454
    • (1976) JAMA , vol.235 , pp. 1451-1454
    • Novak, E.1    Lee, J.G.2    Seckman, C.E.3
  • 80
    • 3142680740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults
    • Poutanen SM, Simor AE (2004) Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. Can Med Assoc J 171:51-58
    • (2004) Can Med Assoc J , vol.171 , pp. 51-58
    • Poutanen, S.M.1    Simor, A.E.2
  • 81
    • 21744432188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical manifestations, treatment and control of infections caused by Clostridium difficile
    • Bouza E, Munoz P, Alonso R (2005) Clinical manifestations, treatment and control of infections caused by Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect 11:S57-S64
    • (2005) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.11
    • Bouza, E.1    Munoz, P.2    Alonso, R.3
  • 82
    • 34547133720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity
    • Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB (2007) A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis 45:302-307
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 302-307
    • Zar, F.A.1    Bakkanagari, S.R.2    Moorthi, K.M.3    Davis, M.B.4
  • 83
    • 33644837200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of Clostridium difficileassociated disease in Quebec
    • Pépin J, Routhier S, Gagnon S, Brazeau I (2006) Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of Clostridium difficileassociated disease in Quebec, Canada. Clin Infect Dis 42:758-764
    • (2006) Canada. Clin Infect Dis , vol.42 , pp. 758-764
    • Pépin, J.1    Routhier, S.2    Gagnon, S.3    Brazeau, I.4
  • 84
    • 44449118384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of a phase III trial comparing tolevamer, vancomycin and metronidazole in patients with Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea
    • Chicago
    • Louie T, Gerson M, Grimard D et al (2007) Results of a phase III trial comparing tolevamer, vancomycin and metronidazole in patients with Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. 47th Interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Chicago
    • (2007) 47th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Louie, T.1    Gerson, M.2    Grimard, D.3
  • 85
    • 54949155981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of a phase III trial comparing tolevamer, vancomycin and metronidazole in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Bouza E, Dryden M, Mohammed R et al (2008) Results of a phase III trial comparing tolevamer, vancomycin and metronidazole in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. 18th European congress of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases
    • (2008) 18th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
    • Bouza, E.1    Dryden, M.2    Mohammed, R.3
  • 86
    • 36549073638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of Clostridium difficile associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of NAP1/ 027
    • Pépin J, Valiquette L, Gagnon S et al (2007) Outcomes of Clostridium difficile associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of NAP1/ 027. Am J Gastroenterol 102:2781-2788
    • (2007) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.102 , pp. 2781-2788
    • Pépin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Gagnon, S.3
  • 87
    • 27444437759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: A cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec
    • Pépin J, Saheb N, Coulombe MA et al (2005) Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis 41:1254-1260
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 1254-1260
    • Pépin, J.1    Saheb, N.2    Coulombe, M.A.3
  • 88
    • 0028832393 scopus 로고
    • Diarrhoea caused by Clostridium difficile: Response time for treatment with metronidazole and vancomycin
    • Wilcox MH, Howe R (1995) Diarrhoea caused by Clostridium difficile: response time for treatment with metronidazole and vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 36:673-679
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 673-679
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Howe, R.2
  • 89
    • 19344364596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole
    • Musher DM, Aslam S, Logan N et al (2005) Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole. Clin Infect Dis 40:1586-1590
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1586-1590
    • Musher, D.M.1    Aslam, S.2    Logan, N.3
  • 91
    • 0037373020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis: Case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via nasogastric tube
    • Aas J, Ce Gessert, Bakken JS (2003) Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis: case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via nasogastric tube. Clin Infect Dis 36:580-585
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 580-585
    • Aas, J.1    Ce, G.2    Bakken, J.S.3
  • 92
    • 0842303177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active and passive immunisation against Clostridium difficile diarrhoea and colitis
    • Giannasca PJ, Wary M (2004) Active and passive immunisation against Clostridium difficile diarrhoea and colitis. Vaccine 22:848-856
    • (2004) Vaccine , vol.22 , pp. 848-856
    • Giannasca, P.J.1    Wary, M.2
  • 93
    • 55249105923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-more difficult than ever
    • Kelly CP, LaMont JT (2008) Clostridium difficile-more difficult than ever. N Engl J Med 359:1932-1940
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 1932-1940
    • Kelly, C.P.1    LaMont, J.T.2
  • 94
    • 0022348861 scopus 로고
    • Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Tedesco FJ, Gordon D, Fortson WC (1985) Approach to patients with multiple relapses of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 80:867-868
    • (1985) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.80 , pp. 867-868
    • Tedesco, F.J.1    Gordon, D.2    Fortson, W.C.3
  • 95
    • 35248881442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhoea in adults
    • Nelson R (2007) Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhoea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004610
    • (2007) Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004610
    • Nelson, R.1
  • 96
    • 0030763467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Salcedo J, Keates S, Pothoulakis C et al (1997) Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe Clostridium difficile colitis. Gut 41:366-370
    • (1997) Gut , vol.41 , pp. 366-370
    • Salcedo, J.1    Keates, S.2    Pothoulakis, C.3
  • 97
    • 0028911365 scopus 로고
    • Gamma globulin administration in relapsing Clostridium difficileinduced pseudomembranous colitis with a defective antibody response to toxin A
    • Warny M, Denie C, Delmee M, Lefebvre C (1995) Gamma globulin administration in relapsing Clostridium difficileinduced pseudomembranous colitis with a defective antibody response to toxin A. Acta Clin Belg 50:36-39
    • (1995) Acta Clin Belg , vol.50 , pp. 36-39
    • Warny, M.1    Denie, C.2    Delmee, M.3    Lefebvre, C.4
  • 98
    • 33847150865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of intravenous immunoglobulin in severe Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhoea
    • Juang P, Skledar SJ, Zgheib NK et al (2007) Clinical outcomes of intravenous immunoglobulin in severe Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhoea. Am J Infect Control 35:131-137
    • (2007) Am J Infect Control , vol.35 , pp. 131-137
    • Juang, P.1    Skledar, S.J.2    Zgheib, N.K.3
  • 99
    • 42449115458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile associated colitis in adults
    • Pillai A, Nelson R (2008) Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile associated colitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD004611
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD004611
    • Pillai, A.1    Nelson, R.2
  • 100
    • 0018844685 scopus 로고
    • Binding of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin and vancomycin by anion-exchange resins
    • Taylor NS, Bartlett JG (1980) Binding of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin and vancomycin by anion-exchange resins. J Infect Dis 141:92-97
    • (1980) J Infect Dis , vol.141 , pp. 92-97
    • Taylor, N.S.1    Bartlett, J.G.2
  • 101
    • 0020065163 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of recurrent antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis
    • Tedesco FJ (1982) Treatment of recurrent antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 77:220-221
    • (1982) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.77 , pp. 220-221
    • Tedesco, F.J.1
  • 102
    • 64549163185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile associated infection, diarrhoea and colitis
    • Hookman P, Barkin JS (2009) Clostridium difficile associated infection, diarrhoea and colitis. World J Gastroenterol 15:1554-1580
    • (2009) World J Gastroenterol , vol.15 , pp. 1554-1580
    • Hookman, P.1    Barkin, J.S.2
  • 103
    • 33746656237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolevamer, a novel non-antibiotic polymer, compared with vancomycin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhoea
    • Louie TJ, Peppe J, Watt CK et al (2006) Tolevamer, a novel non-antibiotic polymer, compared with vancomycin in the treatment of mild to moderately severe Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhoea. Clin Infect Dis 43:411-431
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 411-431
    • Louie, T.J.1    Peppe, J.2    Watt, C.K.3
  • 106
    • 34250802544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: Recent epidemiologic findings and advances in therapy
    • McMaster-Baxter NL, Musher DM (2007) Clostridium difficile: recent epidemiologic findings and advances in therapy. Pharmacotherapy 27:1029-1039
    • (2007) Pharmacotherapy , vol.27 , pp. 1029-1039
    • McMaster-Baxter, N.L.1    Musher, D.M.2
  • 107
    • 24344486498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: Diagnosis and treatment
    • Starr J (2005) Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: diagnosis and treatment. BMJ 331:498-501
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.331 , pp. 498-501
    • Starr, J.1
  • 108
    • 58149498420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection and surgery
    • Gourevitch D, Hawkey P (2009) Clostridium difficile infection and surgery. Br J Surg 96:3-4
    • (2009) Br J Surg , vol.96 , pp. 3-4
    • Gourevitch, D.1    Hawkey, P.2
  • 109
    • 67650046735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of surgery in Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Noblett SE, Welfare M, Seymour K (2009) The role of surgery in Clostridium difficile colitis. BMJ 338:1196-1200
    • (2009) BMJ , vol.338 , pp. 1196-1200
    • Noblett, S.E.1    Welfare, M.2    Seymour, K.3
  • 112
    • 64549156532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for mortality following emergency colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile infection
    • Pepin J, Truc Vo T, Boutros M et al (2009) Risk factors for mortality following emergency colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile infection. Dis Colon Rectum 52:400-405
    • (2009) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.52 , pp. 400-405
    • Pepin, J.1    Truc Vo, T.2    Boutros, M.3
  • 113
    • 49349101018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of colectomy for colitis: A plea for early surgical management
    • Clostridium difficile
    • Hall JF, Berger D (2008) Outcome of colectomy for colitis: a plea for early surgical management. Am J Surg 196:384-388 (Clostridium difficile)
    • (2008) Am J Surg , vol.196 , pp. 384-388
    • Hall, J.F.1    Berger, D.2
  • 114
    • 40749117283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early surgical intervention for fulminant pseudomembranous colitis
    • Ali SO, Welch JP, Dring RJ (2008) Early surgical intervention for fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. Am Surg 74:20-26
    • (2008) Am Surg , vol.74 , pp. 20-26
    • Ali, S.O.1    Welch, J.P.2    Dring, R.J.3
  • 115
    • 70249145018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery
    • doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD001181.pub3 (Art. No.: CD001181)
    • Nelson RL, Glenny AM, Song F (2009) Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD001181.pub3 (Art. No.: CD001181)
    • (2009) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1.
    • Nelson, R.L.1    Glenny, A.M.2    Song, F.3
  • 116
    • 77955692892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea
    • Bartlett JG (2002) Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. N Engl J Med 346:1079-1084
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 119
    • 33745515086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonic abnormalities on CT in adult hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile colitis: Prevalence and significance of findings
    • Ash L, Baker ME, O'Malley CM Jr, Gordon SM, Delaney CP, Obuchowski NA (2006) Colonic abnormalities on CT in adult hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile colitis: prevalence and significance of findings. Am J Roent 186:1393-1400
    • (2006) Am J Roent , vol.186 , pp. 1393-1400
    • Ash, L.1    Baker, M.E.2    O'Malley Jr., C.M.3    Gordon, S.M.4    Delaney, C.P.5    Obuchowski, N.A.6
  • 120
    • 39549119111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of mortality after colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Byrn JC, Maun DC, Gingol DS, Baril DT, Ozao JJ, Divino CM (2008) Predictors of mortality after colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. Arch Surg 143:150-154
    • (2008) Arch Surg , vol.143 , pp. 150-154
    • Byrn, J.C.1    Maun, D.C.2    Gingol, D.S.3    Baril, D.T.4    Ozao, J.J.5    Divino, C.M.6
  • 121
    • 58149393176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical review of the management of fulminant Clostridium difficile infection
    • Jaber MR, Olafsson S, Fung WL, Reeves ME (2008) Clinical review of the management of fulminant Clostridium difficile infection. Am J Gastro 103:3195-3203
    • (2008) Am J Gastro , vol.103 , pp. 3195-3203
    • Jaber, M.R.1    Olafsson, S.2    Fung, W.L.3    Reeves, M.E.4
  • 122
    • 77949904047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency subtotal colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile Colitis is a surgical solution considered for all patients?
    • Gash K, Brown E, Pullyblank A (2010) Emergency subtotal colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile Colitis is a surgical solution considered for all patients? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 92:56-60
    • (2010) Ann R Coll Surg Engl , vol.92 , pp. 56-60
    • Gash, K.1    Brown, E.2    Pullyblank, A.3
  • 124
    • 60549093742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early colectomy may be associated with improved survival in fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: An 8-year experience
    • Seder CW, Villalba MR Jr, Robbins J et al (2009) Early colectomy may be associated with improved survival in fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: an 8-year experience. Am J Surg 197:302-330
    • (2009) Am J Surg , vol.197 , pp. 302-330
    • Seder, C.W.1    Villalba Jr., M.R.2    Robbins, J.3
  • 125
    • 58849142243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease
    • Issa M, Ananthakrishnan N, Binion DG (2008) Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 14:1432-1442
    • (2008) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.14 , pp. 1432-1442
    • Issa, M.1    Ananthakrishnan, N.2    Binion, D.G.3
  • 126
    • 48049112817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent development on the role of Clostridium difficile in inflammatory bowel disease
    • Freeman H.J.
    • Freeman HJ (2008) Recent development on the role of Clostridium difficile in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 14:2794-2796
    • (2008) World J Gastroenterol , vol.14 , pp. 2794-2796
  • 127
    • 65449189218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent advances in Clostridium difficile associated diseases
    • Monaghna T, Boswell T, Mahida R (2009) Recent advances in Clostridium difficile associated diseases. Postgrad Med J 85:152-162
    • (2009) Postgrad Med J , vol.85 , pp. 152-162
    • Monaghna, T.1    Boswell, T.2    Mahida, R.3
  • 128
    • 38549093523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excess hospitalisation burden associated with Clostridium difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Binion DG (2008) Excess hospitalisation burden associated with Clostridium difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 57:210-256
    • (2008) Gut , vol.57 , pp. 210-256
    • Ananthakrishnan, A.N.1    McGinley, E.L.2    Binion, D.G.3
  • 129
    • 38549098176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognosis in Clostridium difficile infection complication inflammatory bowel disease
    • Stone CD (2008) Prognosis in Clostridium difficile infection complication inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 57:150-152
    • (2008) Gut , vol.57 , pp. 150-152
    • Stone, C.D.1
  • 130
    • 76849114352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of patients with ulcerativecolitis and co-existing Clostridium difficile infection
    • Jodorkovsky D, Young Y, Abreu MT (2010) Clinical outcomes of patients with ulcerativecolitis and co-existing Clostridium difficile infection. Dig Dis Sci 55:415-420
    • (2010) Dig Dis Sci , vol.55 , pp. 415-420
    • Jodorkovsky, D.1    Young, Y.2    Abreu, M.T.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.