메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 276, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 49-57

The Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin cause mitochondrial dysfunction by affecting the mitochondrial volume regulation, oxidative phosphorylation and ion homeostasis

Author keywords

Calcium retention capacity; Cell toxicity; Enniatin; Mitochondriotoxin; Mycotoxin; Oxidative phosphorylation; Permeability transition pore; Potassium ionophore

Indexed keywords

BEAUVERICIN; CALCIUM ION; ENNIATIN; MYCOTOXIN; POTASSIUM ION;

EID: 77955665033     PISSN: 0300483X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.07.001     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (115)

References (72)
  • 4
    • 51949119422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mycotoxin zearalenone induces apoptosis in human hepatocytes (HepG2) via p53-dependent mitochondrial signaling pathway
    • Ayed-Boussema I., Bouaziz C., Rjiba K., Valenti K., Laporte F., Bacha H., Hassen W. The mycotoxin zearalenone induces apoptosis in human hepatocytes (HepG2) via p53-dependent mitochondrial signaling pathway. Toxicol. In Vitro 2008, 22:1671-1680.
    • (2008) Toxicol. In Vitro , vol.22 , pp. 1671-1680
    • Ayed-Boussema, I.1    Bouaziz, C.2    Rjiba, K.3    Valenti, K.4    Laporte, F.5    Bacha, H.6    Hassen, W.7
  • 5
    • 21244446551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Properties of the permeability transition pore in mitochondria devoid of Cyclophilin D
    • Basso E., Fante L., Fowlkes J., Petronilli V., Forte M.A., Bernardi P. Properties of the permeability transition pore in mitochondria devoid of Cyclophilin D. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:18558-18561.
    • (2005) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.280 , pp. 18558-18561
    • Basso, E.1    Fante, L.2    Fowlkes, J.3    Petronilli, V.4    Forte, M.A.5    Bernardi, P.6
  • 6
    • 65749110533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Fusarium toxin enniatin B exerts no genotoxic activity but pronounced cytotoxicity in vitro
    • Behm C., Degen G.H., Föllmann W. The Fusarium toxin enniatin B exerts no genotoxic activity but pronounced cytotoxicity in vitro. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2009, 53:423-430.
    • (2009) Mol. Nutr. Food Res. , vol.53 , pp. 423-430
    • Behm, C.1    Degen, G.H.2    Föllmann, W.3
  • 8
    • 0018081043 scopus 로고
    • Alkali ion transport through lipid bilayer membranes mediated by enniatin A and B and beauvericin
    • Benz R. Alkali ion transport through lipid bilayer membranes mediated by enniatin A and B and beauvericin. J. Membr. Biol. 1978, 43:367-394.
    • (1978) J. Membr. Biol. , vol.43 , pp. 367-394
    • Benz, R.1
  • 10
    • 34047117453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycotoxins in the food chain: human health implications
    • Bryden W.L. Mycotoxins in the food chain: human health implications. Asia Pac. J. Nutr. 2007, 16:95-101.
    • (2007) Asia Pac. J. Nutr. , vol.16 , pp. 95-101
    • Bryden, W.L.1
  • 13
    • 0014693963 scopus 로고
    • Structure of the K+ complex with enniatin B, a macrocyclic antibiotic with K+ transport properties
    • Dobler M., Dunitz J.D., Krajewski J. Structure of the K+ complex with enniatin B, a macrocyclic antibiotic with K+ transport properties. J. Mol. Biol. 1969, 28:603-606.
    • (1969) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.28 , pp. 603-606
    • Dobler, M.1    Dunitz, J.D.2    Krajewski, J.3
  • 16
    • 0022492812 scopus 로고
    • Rhodamine 123 as a probe of transmembrane potential in isolated rat liver mitochondria: spectral and metabolic properties
    • Emaus R.K., Grunwald R., Lemasters J. Rhodamine 123 as a probe of transmembrane potential in isolated rat liver mitochondria: spectral and metabolic properties. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1986, 850:436-448.
    • (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.850 , pp. 436-448
    • Emaus, R.K.1    Grunwald, R.2    Lemasters, J.3
  • 17
    • 0037160554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycotoxins
    • Etzel R.A. Mycotoxins. JAMA 2002, 287:425-427.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.287 , pp. 425-427
    • Etzel, R.A.1
  • 18
    • 29744466425 scopus 로고
    • Determination of serum proteins by means of biuret reaction
    • Gornall A.G., Bardawill C.J., David M.M. Determination of serum proteins by means of biuret reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 1949, 177:751-766.
    • (1949) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.177 , pp. 751-766
    • Gornall, A.G.1    Bardawill, C.J.2    David, M.M.3
  • 20
    • 0018880169 scopus 로고
    • The insecticidal activity of beauvericin and the enniatin complex
    • Grove J.F., Pople M. The insecticidal activity of beauvericin and the enniatin complex. Mycopathologia 1980, 70:103-105.
    • (1980) Mycopathologia , vol.70 , pp. 103-105
    • Grove, J.F.1    Pople, M.2
  • 21
    • 0026213501 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of beauvericin as an insect toxin from Fusarium semitectum and Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans
    • Gupta S., Krasnoff S.B., Underwood N.L., Renwick J.A., Roberts D.W. Isolation of beauvericin as an insect toxin from Fusarium semitectum and Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans. Mycopathologia 1991, 115:185-189.
    • (1991) Mycopathologia , vol.115 , pp. 185-189
    • Gupta, S.1    Krasnoff, S.B.2    Underwood, N.L.3    Renwick, J.A.4    Roberts, D.W.5
  • 22
    • 67349117275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the mitochondrial permeability transition pore?
    • Halestrap A.P. What is the mitochondrial permeability transition pore?. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 2009, 46(6):821-831.
    • (2009) J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. , vol.46 , Issue.6 , pp. 821-831
    • Halestrap, A.P.1
  • 23
    • 0030054057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enniatin production by Fusarium strains and its effect on potato tuber tissue
    • Herrmann M., Zocher R., Haese A. Enniatin production by Fusarium strains and its effect on potato tuber tissue. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996, 62:393-399.
    • (1996) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.62 , pp. 393-399
    • Herrmann, M.1    Zocher, R.2    Haese, A.3
  • 26
    • 33744928355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxicity of enniatins A, A1, B, B1, B2 and B3 from Fusarium avenaceum
    • Ivanova L., Skjerve E., Eriksen G.S., Uhlig S. Cytotoxicity of enniatins A, A1, B, B1, B2 and B3 from Fusarium avenaceum. Toxicon 2006, 47:868-876.
    • (2006) Toxicon , vol.47 , pp. 868-876
    • Ivanova, L.1    Skjerve, E.2    Eriksen, G.S.3    Uhlig, S.4
  • 27
    • 4544336349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence and concentrations of the Fusarium-related mycotoxins beauvericin, enniatins and moniliformin in Finnish grain samples
    • Jestoi M., Rokka M., Yli-Mattila T., Parikka P., Rizzo A., Peltonen K. Presence and concentrations of the Fusarium-related mycotoxins beauvericin, enniatins and moniliformin in Finnish grain samples. Food Addit. Contam. 2004, 21:794-802.
    • (2004) Food Addit. Contam. , vol.21 , pp. 794-802
    • Jestoi, M.1    Rokka, M.2    Yli-Mattila, T.3    Parikka, P.4    Rizzo, A.5    Peltonen, K.6
  • 28
    • 9944223649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levels of mycotoxins and sample cytotoxicity of selected organic and conventional grain-based products purchased from Finnish and Italian markets
    • Jestoi M., Somma M., Kouva M., Veijalainen P., Rizzo A., Ritieni A., Peltonen K. Levels of mycotoxins and sample cytotoxicity of selected organic and conventional grain-based products purchased from Finnish and Italian markets. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2004, 48:299-307.
    • (2004) Mol. Nutr. Food Res. , vol.48 , pp. 299-307
    • Jestoi, M.1    Somma, M.2    Kouva, M.3    Veijalainen, P.4    Rizzo, A.5    Ritieni, A.6    Peltonen, K.7
  • 29
    • 39349109073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging Fusarium-mycotoxins fusaproliferin, beauvericin, enniatins, and moniliformin: a review
    • Jestoi M. Emerging Fusarium-mycotoxins fusaproliferin, beauvericin, enniatins, and moniliformin: a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2008, 48:21-49.
    • (2008) Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. , vol.48 , pp. 21-49
    • Jestoi, M.1
  • 30
    • 0003083966 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of liver or kidney mitochondria
    • Johnson D., Lardy H. Isolation of liver or kidney mitochondria. Methods Enzymol. 1967, 10:96-98.
    • (1967) Methods Enzymol. , vol.10 , pp. 96-98
    • Johnson, D.1    Lardy, H.2
  • 31
    • 7744242400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beauvericin induces cytotoxic effects in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activation: the causative role of calcium
    • Jow G.M., Chou C.J., Chen B.F., Tsai J.H. Beauvericin induces cytotoxic effects in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through cytochrome c release, caspase 3 activation: the causative role of calcium. Cancer Lett. 2004, 216:165-173.
    • (2004) Cancer Lett. , vol.216 , pp. 165-173
    • Jow, G.M.1    Chou, C.J.2    Chen, B.F.3    Tsai, J.H.4
  • 33
    • 33749583185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of moniliformin in presence of cyclohexadepsipeptides on isolated mammalian tissue and cells
    • Kamyar M.R., Kouri K., Rawnduzi P., Studenik C., Lemmens-Gruber R. Effects of moniliformin in presence of cyclohexadepsipeptides on isolated mammalian tissue and cells. Toxicol. In Vitro 2006, 20:1284-1291.
    • (2006) Toxicol. In Vitro , vol.20 , pp. 1284-1291
    • Kamyar, M.R.1    Kouri, K.2    Rawnduzi, P.3    Studenik, C.4    Lemmens-Gruber, R.5
  • 34
    • 0037427440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitochondrial permeability transition: a common pathway to necrosis and apoptosis
    • Kim J.S., He L., Lemasters J.J. Mitochondrial permeability transition: a common pathway to necrosis and apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003, 304:463-470.
    • (2003) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.304 , pp. 463-470
    • Kim, J.S.1    He, L.2    Lemasters, J.J.3
  • 35
    • 2342614177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence and distribution of Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals: a survey
    • Kosiak B., Torp M., Skjerve E., Thrane U. The prevalence and distribution of Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals: a survey. Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. B 2003, 53:168-176.
    • (2003) Acta Agric. Scand., Sect. B , vol.53 , pp. 168-176
    • Kosiak, B.1    Torp, M.2    Skjerve, E.3    Thrane, U.4
  • 36
    • 0037474021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beauvericin-induced channels in verticular myocytes and liposomes
    • Kouri K., Lemmens M., Lemmez-Gruber R. Beauvericin-induced channels in verticular myocytes and liposomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2003, 1609:203-210.
    • (2003) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1609 , pp. 203-210
    • Kouri, K.1    Lemmens, M.2    Lemmez-Gruber, R.3
  • 37
    • 21444458658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Actions of the antibiotic mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatin on mammalian tissue
    • Kouri K., Kamyar M.R., Lemmens-Gruber R. Actions of the antibiotic mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatin on mammalian tissue. Forum Nutr. 2003, 56:413-414.
    • (2003) Forum Nutr. , vol.56 , pp. 413-414
    • Kouri, K.1    Kamyar, M.R.2    Lemmens-Gruber, R.3
  • 38
    • 32944456756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of beauvericin on the metabolic state and ionic homeostasis of ventricular myocytes of the guinea pig
    • Kouri K., Duchen M.R., Lemmens-Gruber R. Effects of beauvericin on the metabolic state and ionic homeostasis of ventricular myocytes of the guinea pig. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2005, 18:1661-1668.
    • (2005) Chem. Res. Toxicol. , vol.18 , pp. 1661-1668
    • Kouri, K.1    Duchen, M.R.2    Lemmens-Gruber, R.3
  • 40
    • 0025817179 scopus 로고
    • Methods for detecting arctic rabies virus in dilution series of field samples
    • Kulonen K., Neuvonen E., Topi M. Methods for detecting arctic rabies virus in dilution series of field samples. J. Virol. Methods 1991, 32:149-155.
    • (1991) J. Virol. Methods , vol.32 , pp. 149-155
    • Kulonen, K.1    Neuvonen, E.2    Topi, M.3
  • 41
    • 46349097952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanism of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore
    • Leung A.W., Halestrap A.P. Recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanism of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2008, 1777:946-952.
    • (2008) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1777 , pp. 946-952
    • Leung, A.W.1    Halestrap, A.P.2
  • 42
    • 0021743777 scopus 로고
    • Enniatin B and valinomycin as ion carriers: an empirical force field analysis J
    • Lifson S. Enniatin B and valinomycin as ion carriers: an empirical force field analysis J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 1984, 2(3):641-661.
    • (1984) Biomol. Struct. Dyn. , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 641-661
    • Lifson, S.1
  • 43
    • 27744579438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of Bcl-2 family, cytochrome c and caspase 3 in induction of apoptosis by beauvericin in human non-small cell lung cancer cells
    • Lin H.I., Lee Y.J., Chen B.F., Tsai M.C., Lu J.L., Chou C.J., Jow G.M. Involvement of Bcl-2 family, cytochrome c and caspase 3 in induction of apoptosis by beauvericin in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2005, 230:248-259.
    • (2005) Cancer Lett. , vol.230 , pp. 248-259
    • Lin, H.I.1    Lee, Y.J.2    Chen, B.F.3    Tsai, M.C.4    Lu, J.L.5    Chou, C.J.6    Jow, G.M.7
  • 44
    • 0036135167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of beauvericin and enniatins in wheat affected by Fusarium avenaceum head blight
    • Logrieco A., Rizzom A., Ferracane R., Ritieni A. Occurrence of beauvericin and enniatins in wheat affected by Fusarium avenaceum head blight. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68:82-85.
    • (2002) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.68 , pp. 82-85
    • Logrieco, A.1    Rizzom, A.2    Ferracane, R.3    Ritieni, A.4
  • 45
    • 33748331261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycotoxin contamination of food in Europe: early detection and prevention strategies
    • Magan N. Mycotoxin contamination of food in Europe: early detection and prevention strategies. Mycopatologia 2006, 162:245-253.
    • (2006) Mycopatologia , vol.162 , pp. 245-253
    • Magan, N.1
  • 46
    • 77951622161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further data on the presence of Fusarium emerging mycotoxins enniatins, fusaproliferin and beauvericin in cereals available on the Spanish markets
    • Meca G., Zinedine A., Blesa J., Font G., Jordi M. Further data on the presence of Fusarium emerging mycotoxins enniatins, fusaproliferin and beauvericin in cereals available on the Spanish markets. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48:1412-1416.
    • (2010) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.48 , pp. 1412-1416
    • Meca, G.1    Zinedine, A.2    Blesa, J.3    Font, G.4    Jordi, M.5
  • 48
    • 0025281303 scopus 로고
    • Establishment of a pancreatic beta cell line that retains glucose-inducible insulin secretion: special reference to expression of glucose transporter isoforms
    • Miyazaki J., Araki K., Yamato E., Ikegami H., Asano T., Shibasaki Y., Oka Y., Yamamura K. Establishment of a pancreatic beta cell line that retains glucose-inducible insulin secretion: special reference to expression of glucose transporter isoforms. Endocrinology 1990, 127:126-132.
    • (1990) Endocrinology , vol.127 , pp. 126-132
    • Miyazaki, J.1    Araki, K.2    Yamato, E.3    Ikegami, H.4    Asano, T.5    Shibasaki, Y.6    Oka, Y.7    Yamamura, K.8
  • 49
    • 34548392215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further data on the production of beauvericin, enniatins and fusaproliferin and toxicity to Artemia salina by Fusarium species of Gibberella fujikuroi species complex
    • Moretti A., Mule G., Ritienim A., Logrieco A. Further data on the production of beauvericin, enniatins and fusaproliferin and toxicity to Artemia salina by Fusarium species of Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2007, 118:158-163.
    • (2007) Int. J. Food Microbiol. , vol.118 , pp. 158-163
    • Moretti, A.1    Mule, G.2    Ritienim, A.3    Logrieco, A.4
  • 50
    • 0037041951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycotoxin production by Fusarium avenaceum strains isolated from Norwegian grain and the cytotoxicity of rice culture extracts to porcine kidney epithelial cells
    • Morrison E., Kosiak B., Ritieni A., Aastveit A., Uhlig S., Bernhoft A. Mycotoxin production by Fusarium avenaceum strains isolated from Norwegian grain and the cytotoxicity of rice culture extracts to porcine kidney epithelial cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50:3070-3075.
    • (2002) J. Agric. Food Chem. , vol.50 , pp. 3070-3075
    • Morrison, E.1    Kosiak, B.2    Ritieni, A.3    Aastveit, A.4    Uhlig, S.5    Bernhoft, A.6
  • 51
    • 0025933101 scopus 로고
    • Ionophore-induced apoptosis: role of DNA fragmentation and calcium fluxes
    • Ojcius D.M., Zychlinsky A., Zheng L.M., Young J.D. Ionophore-induced apoptosis: role of DNA fragmentation and calcium fluxes. Exp. Cell Res. 1991, 197:43-49.
    • (1991) Exp. Cell Res. , vol.197 , pp. 43-49
    • Ojcius, D.M.1    Zychlinsky, A.2    Zheng, L.M.3    Young, J.D.4
  • 56
    • 0017102422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological applications of ionophores
    • Pressman B.C., Malloy C.D. Biological applications of ionophores. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1997, 45:501-530.
    • (1997) Annu. Rev. Biochem. , vol.45 , pp. 501-530
    • Pressman, B.C.1    Malloy, C.D.2
  • 57
    • 0016248642 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of beauvericin, enniatin and valinomycin as calcium transporting agents in liposomes and chromatophores
    • Prince R.C., Crofts A.R., Steinrauf L.K. A comparison of beauvericin, enniatin and valinomycin as calcium transporting agents in liposomes and chromatophores. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1974, 59:697-703.
    • (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.59 , pp. 697-703
    • Prince, R.C.1    Crofts, A.R.2    Steinrauf, L.K.3
  • 58
    • 34247549679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its involvement in cell death and in disease pathogenesis
    • Rasola A., Bernardi P. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its involvement in cell death and in disease pathogenesis. Apoptosis 2007, 12:815-833.
    • (2007) Apoptosis , vol.12 , pp. 815-833
    • Rasola, A.1    Bernardi, P.2
  • 60
    • 35948944283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses-an overview
    • Richard J.L. Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses-an overview. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2007, 119:3-10.
    • (2007) Int. J. Food Microbiol. , vol.119 , pp. 3-10
    • Richard, J.L.1
  • 61
    • 19444365938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on eukaryotic cells: a review
    • Rocha O., Ansari K., Doohan F.M. Effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on eukaryotic cells: a review. Food Addit. Contam. 2005, 22:369-378.
    • (2005) Food Addit. Contam. , vol.22 , pp. 369-378
    • Rocha, O.1    Ansari, K.2    Doohan, F.M.3
  • 62
    • 0024804336 scopus 로고
    • Calcium ion transport in mitochondria
    • Saris N.-E., Allshire A. Calcium ion transport in mitochondria. Methods Enzymol. 1989, 174:68-85.
    • (1989) Methods Enzymol. , vol.174 , pp. 68-85
    • Saris, N.-E.1    Allshire, A.2
  • 63
    • 74549184092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor for metabolic danger?
    • Schroder K., Zhou R., Tschopp J. The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor for metabolic danger?. Science 2010, 327:296-300.
    • (2010) Science , vol.327 , pp. 296-300
    • Schroder, K.1    Zhou, R.2    Tschopp, J.3
  • 66
    • 29044434815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The higher toxicity of cereulide relative to valinomycin is due to its higher affinity for potassium at physiological plasma concentration
    • Teplova V.V., Mikkola R., Tonshin A.A., Saris N.-E., Salkinoja-Salonen M.S. The higher toxicity of cereulide relative to valinomycin is due to its higher affinity for potassium at physiological plasma concentration. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2006, 210:39-46.
    • (2006) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.210 , pp. 39-46
    • Teplova, V.V.1    Mikkola, R.2    Tonshin, A.A.3    Saris, N.-E.4    Salkinoja-Salonen, M.S.5
  • 68
    • 77649179433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NLRP3 inflammasome activation: the convergence of multiple signalling pathways on ROS production?
    • Tschopp J., Schroder K. NLRP3 inflammasome activation: the convergence of multiple signalling pathways on ROS production?. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2010, 10:210-215.
    • (2010) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.10 , pp. 210-215
    • Tschopp, J.1    Schroder, K.2
  • 69
    • 21844480359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beauvericin and enniatin A, A1, B and B1 in Norwegian grain: a survey
    • Uhlig S., Torp M., Heier B. Beauvericin and enniatin A, A1, B and B1 in Norwegian grain: a survey. Food Chem. 2006, 94:193-201.
    • (2006) Food Chem. , vol.94 , pp. 193-201
    • Uhlig, S.1    Torp, M.2    Heier, B.3
  • 70
  • 71
    • 43049173259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mycotoxin problem in Africa: current status, implications to food safety and health and possible management strategies
    • Wagacha J.M., Muthomi J.W. Mycotoxin problem in Africa: current status, implications to food safety and health and possible management strategies. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008, 124:1-12.
    • (2008) Int. J. Food Microbiol. , vol.124 , pp. 1-12
    • Wagacha, J.M.1    Muthomi, J.W.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.