Role of leukotrienes and leukotriene modifiers in asthma

Pharmaceuticals

Volumn 3, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1792-1811

  Montuschi, Paolo ^a  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Airway inflammation; Asthma; Cysteinyl leukotrienes; Inhaled glucocorticoids; Leukotrienes; Leukotrienes receptor antagonists

Indexed keywords

BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; CYSTEINYL LEUKOTRIENE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; FLUTICASONE; GLUCOCORTICOID; LEUKOTRIENE; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; LONG ACTING DRUG; MONTELUKAST; PLACEBO; PRANLUKAST; SALMETEROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZAFIRLUKAST; ZILEUTON;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADD ON THERAPY; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED RELEASE FORMULATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEADACHE; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROSTAGLANDIN METABOLISM; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STOMACH DISCOMFORT; SUICIDAL IDEATION;

EID: 77954896449     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14248247     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ph3061792     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Peters-Golden, M.; Henderson, W.R. Leukotrienes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357, 1841-1854.
2. Montuschi, P.; Sala, A.; Dahlén, S.-E.; Folco, G. Pharmacological modulation of the leukotriene pathway in allergic airway disease. Drug Discov. Today 2007, 12, 404-412.
3. Dahlen, S.E. Treatment of asthma with antileukotrienes: First line or last resort therapy? Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2006, 533, 40-56.
4. Busse, W.; Kraft, M. Cysteinyl leukotrienes in allergic inflammation: Strategic target for therapy. Chest 2005, 127, 1312-1326.
5. Folco, G.; Murphy, R.C. Eicosanoid transcellular biosynthesis: From cell-cell interactions to in vivo tissue responses. Pharmacol. Rev. 2006, 58, 1-14.
6. Hallstrand, T.S.; Henderson, W.R., Jr. An update on the role of leukotrienes in asthma. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010, 10, 60-66.
7. Wenzel, S.E.; Trudeau, J.B.; Kaminsky, D.A.; Cohn, J.; Martin, R.J.; Wescott, J.Y. Effect of 5- lipoxygenase inhibition on bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation in nocturnal asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995, 152, 897-905.
8. Aggarwal, S.; Moodley, Y.P.; Thompson, P.J.; Misso, N.L. Prostaglandin E2 and cysteinyl leukotriene concentrations in sputum: Association with asthma severity and eosinophilic inflammation. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2010, 40, 85-93.
9. Montuschi, P.; Mondino, C.; Koch, P.; Barnes, P.J.; Ciabattoni, G. Effect of a leukotriene receptor antagonist on exhaled leukotriene E4 and prostanoids in asthmatic children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006, 118, 347-353.
10. Mondino, C.; Ciabattoni, G.; Koch, P.; Pistelli, R.; Trové, A.; Barnes, P.J.; Montuschi, P. Effects of inhaled corticosteroids on exhaled leukotrienes and prostanoids in asthmatic children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004, 114, 761-767.
11. Holgate, S.T.; Peters-Golden, M.; Panettieri, R.A.; Henderson, W.R. Roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in airway inflammation, smooth muscle function, and remodeling. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003, 111, S18-S36.
12. Mehrotra, A.K.; Henderson, W.R., Jr. The role of leukotrienes in airway remodeling. Curr. Mol. Med. 2009, 9, 383-391.
13. Lynch, K.R.; O'Neill, G.P.; Liu, Q.; Im, D.S.; Sawyer, N.; Metters, K.M.; Coulombe, N.; Abramovitz, M.; Figueroa, D.J.; Zeng, Z.; Connolly, B.M.; Bai, C.; Austin, C.P.; Chateauneuf, A.; Stocco, R.; Greig, G.M.; Kargman, S.; Hooks, S.B.; Hosfield, E.; Williams, D.L., Jr.; FordHutchinson, A.W.; Caskey, C.T.; Evans J.F. Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene CysLT1 receptor. Nature 1999, 399, 789-793.
14. Mellor, E.A.; Frank, N.; Soler, D.; Hodge, M.R.; Lora, J.M.; Austen, K.F.; Boyce, J.A. Expression of the type 2 receptor for cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT2R) by human mast cells: Functional distinction from CysLT1R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 11589-11593.
15. Figueroa, D.J.; Breyer, R.M.; Defoe, S.K.; Kargman, S.; Daugherty, B.L.; Waldburger, K.; Liu, Q.; Clements, M.; Zeng, Z.; O'Neill, G.P.; Jones, T.R.; Lynch, K.R.; Austin, C.P.; Evans, J.F. Expression of the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor in normal human lung and peripheral blood leukocytes. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 2001, 163, 226-233.
16. Leigh, R.; Vethanayagam, D.; Yoshida, M.; Watson, R.M.; Rerecich, T.; Inman, M.D.; O'Byrne, P.M. Effects of montelukast and budesonide on airway responses and airway inflammation in asthma. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 2002, 166, 1212-1217.
17. Leff, J.A.; Busse, W.W.; Pearlman, D.; Bronsky, E.A.; Kemp, J.; Hendeles, L.; Dockhorn, R.; Kundu, S.; Zhang, J.; Seidenberg, B.C.; Reiss, T.F. Montelukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, for the treatment of mild asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998, 339, 147-152.
18. Dahlen, S.E.; Malmström, K.; Nizankowska, E.; Dahlén, B.; Kuna, P.; Kowalski, M.; Lumry, W.R.; Picado, C.; Stevenson, D.D.; Bousquet, J.; Pauwels, R.; Holgate, S.T.; Shahane, A.; Zhang, J.; Reiss, T.F.; Szczeklik, A. Improvement of aspirin-intolerant asthma by montelukast, a leukotriene antagonist: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 2002, 165, 9-14.
19. Price, D.B.; Hernandez, D.; Magyar, P.; Fiterman, J.; Beeh, K.M.; James, I.G.; Konstantopoulos, S.; Rojas, R.; van Noord, J.A.; Pons, M.; Gilles, L.; Leff, J.A. Randomised controlled trial of montelukast plus inhaled budesonide versus double dose inhaled budesonide in adult patients with asthma. Thorax 2003, 58, 211-216.
20. Busse, W.; Raphael, G.D.; Galant, S.; Kalberg, C.; Goode-Sellers, S.; Srebro, S.; Edwards, L.; Rickard, K. Low-dose fluticasone propionate compared with montelukast for first-line treatment of persistent asthma: A randomized clinical trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001, 107, 461-468.
21. Henderson, W.R., Jr.; Chiang, G.K.; Tien, Y.T.; Chi, E.Y. Reversal of allergen-induced airway remodeling by CysLT1 receptor blockade. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 2006, 173, 718-728.
22. Kelly, M.M.; Chakir, J.; Vethanayagam, D.; Boulet, L.P.; Laviolette, M.; Gauldie, J.; O'Byrne, P.M. Montelukast treatment attenuates the increase in myofibroblasts following low-dose allergen challenge. Chest 2006, 130, 741-753.
23. Wenzel, S.E.; Szefler, S.J.; Leung, D.Y.; Sloan, S.I.; Rex, M.D.; Martin, R.J. Bronchoscopic evaluation of severe asthma. Persistent inflammation associated with high dose glucocorticoids. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 1997, 156, 737-743.
24. Montuschi, P.; Barnes, P.J. Exhaled leukotrienes and prostaglandins in asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2002, 109, 615-620.
25. Montuschi, P.; Martello, S.; Felli, M.; Mondino, C.; Chiarotti, M. Ion trap liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis of leukotriene B4 in exhaled breath condensate. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004, 18, 2723-2729.
26. Montuschi, P.; Martello, S.; Felli, M.; Mondino, C.; Chiarotti, C. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of exhaled leukotriene B4 in asthmatic children. Respir. Res. 2005, 6, 119.
27. Kostikas, K.; Gaga, M.; Papatheodorou, G.; Karamanis, T.; Orphanidou, D.; Loukides, S. Leukotriene B4 in exhaled breath condensate and sputum supernatant in patients with COPD and asthma. Chest 2005, 127, 1553-1559.
28. Montuschi, P. New Perspectives in Monitoring Lung Inflammation: Analysis of Exhaled Breath Condensate; Montuschi, P., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2005.
29. Evans, D.J.; Barnes, P.J.; Spaethe, S.M.; van Alstyne, E.L.; Mitchell, M.I.; O'Connor. B.J. Effect of a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist, LY293111, on allergen-induced responses in asthma. Thorax 1996, 51, 1178-1184.
30. Rao, N.L.; Riley, J.P; Banie, H.; Xue, X.; Sun, B.; Crawford, S.; Lundeen, K.A.; Yu, F.; Karlsson, L.; Fourie, A.M.; Dunford, P.J. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibition attenuates allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2010, 181, 899-907.
31. Miyahara, N.; Ohnishi, H.; Matsuda, H.; Miyahara, S.; Takeda, K.; Koya, T.; Matinfara, S.; Okamoto, M.; Dakhama, A.; Haribabu, B.; Gelfand, E.W. Leukotriene B4 receptor 1 expression on dendritic cells is required for the development of Th2 responses and allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. J. Immunol. 2008, 181, 1170-1178.
32. T cell-mediated airway hyperresponsiveness and allergic inflammation by upregulating leukotriene B4 receptor 1. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2008, 121, 864-871.
33. James, A.J.; Penrose, J.F.; Cazaly, A.M.; Holgate, S.T.; Sampson, A.P. Human bronchial fibroblasts express the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Resp. Res. 2006, 7, 102.
34. Maekawa, A.; Kanaoka, Y.; Xing, W.; Austen, K.F. Functional recognition of a distinct receptor preferential for leukotriene E4 in mice lacking the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 and 2 receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 16695-11700.
35. Maekawa, C.; Balestrieri, B.; Austen, K.F.; Kanaoka, Y. GPR17 is a negative regulator for the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor response to leukotriene D4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 11685-11690.
36. Paruchuri, S.; Tashimo, H.; Feng, C.; Maekawa, A.; Xing, W.; Jiang, Y.; Kanaoka, Y.; Conley, P.; Boyce, J.A. Leukotriene E4-induced pulmonary inflammation is mediated by the P2Y12 receptor. J. Exp. Med. 2009, 206, 2543-2555.
37. Lee, T.H. Leukotriene E4: Perspective on the forgotten mediator. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009, 124, 417-421.
38. Ciana, P.; Fumagalli, M.; Trincavelli, M.L.; Verderio, C.; Rosa, P.; Lecca, D.; Ferrario, S.; Parravicini, C.; Capra, V.; Gelosa, P.; Guerrini, U.; Belcredito, S.; Cimino, M.; Sironi, L.; Tremoli, E.; Rovati, G.E.; Martini, C.; Abbracchio, M.P. The orphan receptor GPR17 identified as a new dual uracil nucleotides/cysteinyl-leukotrienes receptor. EMBO J. 2006, 25, 4615-4627.
39. Gauvreau, G.M.; Plitt, J.R.; Baatjes, A.; MacGlashan, D.W. Expression of functional cysteinyl leukotriene receptors by human basophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005, 116, 80-87.
40. Di Gennaro, A.; Carnini, C.; Buccellati, C.; Ballerino, R.; Zarini, S.; Fumagalli, F.; Viappiani, S.; Librizzi, L.; Hernandez, A.; Murphy, R.C.; Constantin, G.; De Curtis, M.; Folco, G.; Sala, A. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes receptor activation in brain inflammatory reactions and cerebral edema formation: A role for transcellular biosynthesis of cysteinyl-leukotrienes. FASEB J. 2004, 18, 842-844.
41. Figueroa, D.J.; Borish, L.; Barami, D.; Philip, G.; Austin, C.P.; Evans, J.F. Expression of cysteinyl leukotriene synthetic and signalling proteins in inflammatory cells in active seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2003, 33, 1380-1388.
42. Fujii, M.; Tanaka, H.; Abe, S. Interferon-γ up-regulates expression of cysteinyl leukotriene type 2 receptors on eosinophils in asthmatic patients. Chest 2005, 128, 3148-3155.
43. Naik, S.; Billington, C.K.; Pascual, R.M.; Deshpande, D.A.; Stefano, F.P.; Kohout, T.A.; Eckman, D.M.; Benovic, J.L.; Penn, R.B. Regulation of cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor internalization and signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280, 8722-8732.
44. Yokomizo, T.; Izumi, T.; Chang, K.; Takuwa, Y.; Shimizu, T. A G-protein-coupled receptor for leukotriene B4 that mediates chemotaxis. Nature 1997, 387, 620-624.
45. Yokomizo, T.; Kato, K.; Terawaki, K.; Izumi, T.; Shimizu, T. A second leukotriene B4 receptor, BLT2. A new therapeutic target in inflammation and immunological disorders. J. Exp. Med. 2000, 192, 421-432.
46. Lundeen, K.A.; Sun B.; Karlsson, L.; Furie, A.M. Leukotriene B4 receptors BLT1 and BLT2: Expression and function in human and murine mast cells. J. Immunol. 2006, 177, 339-347.
47. + T lymphocytes and leukotriene B4: novel interactions in the persistence and progression of asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006, 117, 577-582.
48. + T cells and airway hyperresponsiveness. J. Immunol. 2005, 174, 4979-4984.
49. Diamant, Z.; Hiltermann, J.T.; van Rensen, E.L.; Callenbach, P.M.; Veselic-Charvat, M.; van der Veen, H.; Sont, J.K.; Sterk, P.J. The effect of inhaled leukotriene D4 and methacholine on sputum cell differentials in asthma. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 1997, 155, 1247-1253.
50. Peters-Golden, M. Expanding roles for leukotrienes in airway inflammation. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2008, 8, 367-373.
51. Kim, D.C.; Hsu, F.I.; Barrett, N.A.; Friend, D.S.; Grenningloh, R.; Ho, I.C.; Al-Garawi, A.; Lora, J.M.; Lam, B.K.; Austen, K.F.; Kanaoka, Y. Cysteinyl leukotrienes regulate Th2 celldependent pulmonary inflammation. J. Immunol. 2006, 176, 4440-4448.
52. Sampson, A.P.; Castling, D.P.; Green, C.P.; Price, J.F. Persistent increase in plasma and urinary leukotrienes after acute asthma. Arch. Dis. Chil. 1995, 73, 221-225.
53. Fourie, A.M. Modulation of inflammatory disease by inhibitors of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs 2009, 10, 1173-1182.
54. Dahlen, B.; Nizankowska, E.; Szczeklik, A.; Zetterström, O.; Bochenek, G.; Kumlin, M.; Mastalerz, L.; Pinis, G.; Swanson, L.J.; Boodhoo, T.I.; Wright, S.; Dubé, L.M.; Dahlén, S.E. Benefits from adding the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton to conventional therapy in aspirinintolerant asthmatics. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 1998, 157, 1187-1194.
55. Fischer, A.R.; McFadden, C.A.; Frantz, R.; Awni, W.M.; Cohn, J.; Drazen, J.M.; Israel, E. Effect of chronic 5-lipoxygenase inhibition on airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic infjects. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 1995, 152, 1203-1207.
56. Riccioni, G.; Vecchia, R.D.; D'Orazio, N.; Sensi, S.; Guagnano, M.T. Comparison of montelukast and budesonide on bronchial reactivity in infjects with mild-moderate persistent asthma. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003, 16, 111-114.
57. Berges-Gimeno, M.P.; Simon, R.A.; Stevenson, D.D. The effect of leukotriene-modifier drugs on aspirin-induced asthma and rhinitis reactions. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2002, 32, 1491-1496.
58. Laitinen, L.A., Laitinen, A., Haahtela, T., Vilkka, V., Spur, B.W., Lee, T.H. Leukotriene E4 and granulocytic infiltration into asthmatic airways. Lancet 1993, 341, 989-990.
59. Gauvreau, G.M., Parameswaran, K.N., Watson, R.M. O'Byrne, P.M. Inhaled leukotriene E4, but not leukotriene D4, increased airway inflammatory cells in infjects with aopic asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001, 164, 1495-1500.
60. O'Hickey, S.P., Arm, J.P., Rees, P.J., Spur, B.W., Lee, T.H. The relative responsiveness to inhaled leukotriene E4, methacholine and histamine in normal and asthmatic infjects, Eur. Respir. J. 1988, 1 913-917.
61. Antczak, A.; Montuschi, P.; Kharitonov, S.; Gorski, P.; Barnes, P.J. Increased exhaled cysteinyl leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in aspirin-induced asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002, 166, 301-306.
62. Zanconato, S.; Carraro, S.; Corradi, M.; Alinovi, R.; Pasquale, M.F.; Piacentini, G.; Zacchello, F.; Baraldi, E. Leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate of children with stable and unstable asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004, 113, 257-263.
63. Katsunuma, T.; Tomikawa, M.; Tan, A.; Yuki, K.; Akashi, K.; Eto, Y. Increased leukotriene E4 in the exhaled breath condensate of children with mild asthma. Chest 2006, 130, 1718-1722.
64. Csoma, Z.; Kharitonov, S.A.; Balint, B.; Bush, A.; Wilson, N.M.; Barnes, P.J. Increased leukotrienes in exhaled breath condensate in childhood asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002, 166, 1345-1349.
65. Pavord, I.D.; Ward, R.; Woltmann, G.; Wardlaw, A.J.; Sheller, J.R.; Dworski, R. Induced sputum eicosanoid concentrations in asthma. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 1999, 160, 1905-1909.
66. Kumlin, M. Measurement of leukotrienes in humans. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 2000, 161, S102-S106.
67. Higashi, N.; Taniguchi, M.; Mita, H.; Kawagishi, Y.; Ishii, T.; Higashi, A.; Osame, M.; Akiyama, K. Clinical features of asthmatic patients with increased urinary leukotriene E4 excretion (hyperleukotrienuria): Involvement of chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004, 113, 277-283.
68. Green, S.A.; Malice, M.P.; Tanaka, W.; Tozzi, C.A.; Reiss, T.F. Increase in urinary leukotriene LTE4 levels in acute asthma: correlation with airflow limitation. Thorax 2004, 59, 100-104.
69. Horvath, I.; Hunt, J.; Barnes, P.J.; Alving, K.; Antczak, A.; Baraldi, E.; Becher, G.; van Beurden, W.J.; Corradi, M.; Dekhuijzen, R.; Dweik, R.A.; Dwyer, T.; Effros, R.; Erzurum, S.; Gaston, B.; Gessner, C.; Greening, A.; Ho, L.P.; Hohlfeld, J.; Jöbsis, Q.; Laskowski, D.; Loukides, S.; Marlin, D.; Montuschi, P.; Olin, A.C.; Redington, A.E.; Reinhold, P.; van Rensen, E.L.; Rubinstein, I.; Silkoff, P.; Toren, K.; Vass, G.; Vogelberg, C.; Wirtz, H. ATS/ERS Task Force on exhaled breath condensate. Exhaled breath condensate: Methodological recommendations and unresolved questions. Eur. Resp. J. 2005, 26, 523-548.
70. Montuschi, P. Analysis of exhaled breath condensate in respiratory medicine: Methodological aspects and potential clinical applications. Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis. 2007, 1, 5-23.
71. Abraham, B.; Antó, J.M.; Barreiro, E.; Bel, E.H.D.; Bousquet, J.; Castellsagud, J.; Chanez, P.; Dahién, B.; Dahién, S.E.; Dews, Ń.; Djukanovic, R.; Fabbri, L.M.; Folkerts, G.; Gaga, M.; Gratziou, C.; Holgate, S.T.; Howarth, P.H.; Johnston, S.L.; Kanniess, F. The ENFUMOSA cross-sectional European multicentre study of the clinical phenotype of chronic severe asthma. Eur. Resp. J. 2003, 22, 470-477.
72. Camargo, C.A., Jr.; Smithline, H.A.; Malice, M.P.; Green, S.A.; Reiss, T.F. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous montelukast in acute asthma. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 2003, 167, 528-533.
73. Camargo, C.A., Jr.; Gurner, D.M.; Smithline, H.A.; Chapela, R.; Fabbri, L.M.; Green, S.A.; Malice, M.P.; Legrand, C.; Dass, S.B.; Knorr, B.A.; Reiss, T.F. A randomized placebocontrolled study of intravenous montelukast for the treatment of acute asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010, 125, 374-380.
74. Roquet, A.; Dahlén, B.; Kumlin, M.; Ihre, E.; Anstrén, G.; Binks, S.; Dahlén, S.E. Combined antagonism of leukotrienes and histamine produces predominant inhibition of allergen-induced early and late phase airway obstruction in asthmatics. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 1997, 155, 1856-1863.
75. Phipatanakul, W.; Nowak-Wegrzyn, A.; Eggleston, P.A.; Van Natta, M.; Kesavan, J.; Schuberth, K.; Wood, R.A. The efficacy of montelukast in the treatment of cat allergen-induced asthma in children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2002, 109, 794-799.
76. Pearlman, D.S.; van Adelsberg, J.; Philip, G.; Tilles, S.A.; Busse, W.; Hendeles, L.; Loeys, T.; Dass, S.B.; Reiss, T.F. Onset and duration of protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by a single oral dose of montelukast. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006, 97, 98-104.
77. Philip, G.; Pearlman, D.S.; Villarán, C.; Legrand, C.; Loeys, T.; Langdon, R.B.; Reiss, T.F. Single-dose montelukast or salmeterol as protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Chest 2007, 132, 875-883.
78. Villaran, C.; O'Neill, S.J.; Helbling, A.; van Noord, J.A.; Lee, T.H.; Chuchalin, A.G.; Langley, S.J.; Gunawardena, K.A.; Suskovic, S.; Laurenzi, M.; Jasan, J.; Menten, J.; Leff, J.A. Montelukast versus salmeterol in patients with asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Montelukast/salmeterol exercise study group. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999, 104, 547-553.
79. Melo, R.E.; Solé, D.; Naspitz, C.K. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children: Montelukast attenuates the immediate-phase and late-phase responses. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003, 111, 301-307.
80. FitzGerald, J.M.; Shahidi, N. Achieving asthma control in patients with moderate disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010, 125, 307-311.
81. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2007, 120, S94-S138.
82. Szefler, S.J.; Phillips, B.R.; Martinez, F.D.; Chinchilli, V.M.; Lemanske, R.F.; Strunk, R.C.; Geiger, R.S.; Larsen, G.; Spahn, J.D.; Bacharier, L.B.; Bloomberg, G.R.; Guilbert, T.W.; Heldt, G.; Morgan, W.J.; Moss, M.H.; Sorkness, C.A.; Taussig, L.M. Characterization of within-infject responses to fluticasone and montelukast in childhood asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005, 115, 233-242.
83. Vaquerizo, M.J.; Casan, P.; Castello, J.; Perpiña, M.; Sanchis, J.; Sobradillo, V.; Valencia, A.; Verea, H.; Viejo, J.L.; Villasante, C.; Gonzalez-Esteban, J.; Picado, C. Effect of montelukast added to inhaled budesonide on control of mild to moderate asthma. Thorax 2003, 58, 204-210.
84. Bjermer, L.; Bisgaard, H.; Bousquet, J.; Fabbri, L.M.; Greening, A.P.; Haahtela, T.; Holgate, S.T.; Picado, C.; Menten, J.; Dass, S.B.; Leff, J.A.; Polos, P.G. Montelukast and fluticasone compared with salmeterol and fluticasone in protecting against asthma exacerbation in adults: One year, double blind, randomised, comparative trial. BMJ 2003, 327, 891.
85. Ducharme, F.M.; Lasserson, T.J.; Cates, C.J. Addition of long-acting β2-agonists vs. antileukotrienes as add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006, (4), CD003137.
86. Lemanske, R.F., Jr.; Mauger, D.T.; Sorkness, C.A.; Jackson, D.J.; Boehmer, S.J.; Martinez, F.D.; Strunk, R.C.; Szefler, S.J.; Zeiger, R.S.; Bacharier, L.B.; Covar, R.A.; Guilbert, T.W.; Larsen, G.; Morgan, W.J.; Moss, M.H., Spahn; J.D., Taussig, L.M. Childhood Asthma Research and Education (CARE) Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Step-up therapy for children with uncontrolled asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids. N. Engl. J. Med., 2010, 362, 975-985.
87. Ohbayashi, H.; Shibata, N.; Hirose, T.; Adachi, M. Additional effects of pranlukast in salmeterol/fluticasone combination therapy for the asthmatic distal airway in a randomized crossover study. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2009, 22, 574-579.
88. Tomari, S.; Matsuse, H.; Hirose, H.; Tsuchida, T.; Fukahori, S.; Fukushima, C.; Kawano, T.; Matsuo, N.; Kohno, S. Observational study of the additive effects of pranlukast on inflammatory markers of clinically stable asthma with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta 2 agonists. Respiration 2008, 76, 398-402.
89. Montuschi, P.; Mondino, C.; Koch, P.; Ciabattoni, G.; Barnes, P.J.; Baviera, G. Effects of montelukast treatment and withdrawal on fractional exhaled nitric oxide and lung function in children with asthma. Chest 2007, 132, 1876-1881.
90. Lofdahl, C.G.; Reiss, T.F.; Leff, J.A.; Israel, E.; Noonan, M.J.; Finn, A.F.; Seidenberg, B.C.; Capizzi, T.; Kundu, S.; Godard P. Randomised, placebo controlled trial of effect of a leukotriene receptor antagonist, montelukast, on tapering inhaled corticosteroids in asthmatic patients. BMJ 1999, 319, 87-90.
91. Gyllfors, P.; Dahlén, S.E.; Kumlin, M.; Larsson, K.; Dahlén, B. Bronchial responsiveness to leukotriene D4 is resistant to inhaled fluticasone propionate. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006, 118, 78-83.
92. Szefler, S.J.; Martin, R.J. Lessons learned from variation in response to therapy in clinical trials. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010, 125, 285-292.
93. Malmstrom, K.; Rodriguez-Gomez, G.; Guerra, J.; Villaran, C.; Pineiro, A.; Wei, L.X.; Seidenberg, B.C.; Reiss, T.F. Oral montelukast, inhaled beclomethasone, and placebo for chronic asthma. Ann. Intern. Med. 1999, 130, 487-495.
94. Lima, J.J.; Zhang, S.; Grant, A.; Shao, L.; Tantisira, K.G.; Allayee, H.; Wang, J.; Sylvester, J.; Holbrook, J.; Wise, R.; Weiss, S.T.; Barnes, K. Influence of leukotriene pathway polymorphisms on response to montelukast in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2006, 173, 379-385.
95. Ward, C.; Pais, M.; Bish, R.; Reid, D.; Feltis, B.; Johns, D.; Walter, H. Airway inflammation, basement membrane thickening and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Thorax 2002, 57, 309-316.
96. Hoshino, M.; Takahashi, M.; Takai, Y.; Sim, J. Inhaled corticosteroids decrease infepithelial collagen deposition by modulation of the balance between matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression in asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999, 103, 1054-1061.
97. Bisgaard, H.; Hermansen, M.N.; Loland, L.; Halkjaer, L.B.; Buchvald, F. Intermittent inhaled corticosteroids in infants with episodic wheezing. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 354, 1998-2005.
98. Bibby, S.; Healy, B.; Steele, R.; Kumareswaran, K.; Nelson, H.; Beasley, R. Association between leukotriene receptor antagonist therapy and Churg-Strauss syndrome: An analysis of the FDA AERS database. Thorax 2010, 65, 132-138.
99. Philip, G.; Hustad, C.; Noonan, G.; Malice, M.P.; Ezekowitz, A.; Reiss, T.F.; Knorr, B. Reports of suicidality in clinical trials of montelukast. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009, 124, 691-696.
100. Manalai, P.; Woo, J.M.; Postolache, T.T. Suicidality and montelukast. Expert. Opin. Drug Saf., 2009, 8, 273-282.
101. Holbrook, J.T.; Harik-Khan, R. Montelukast and emotional well-being as a marker for depression: results from 3 randomized, double-masked clinical trials. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2008, 122, 828-829.
102. Sarkar, M.; Koren, G.; Kalra, S.; Ying, A.; Smorlesi, C.; De Santis, M.; Diav-Citrin, O.; Avgil, M.; Voyer Lavigne, S.; Berkovich, M.; Einarson, A. Montelukast use during pregnancy: A multicentre, prospective, comparative study of infant outcomes. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2009, 65, 1259-1264.
103. Bakhireva, L.N.; Jones, K.L.; Schatz, M.; Klonoff-Cohen, H.S.; Johnson, D.; Slymen, D.J.; Chambers, C.D.; Organization of Teratology Information Specialists Collaborative Research Group. Safety of leukotriene receptor antagonists in pregnancy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2007, 119, 618-625.
104. Price, D.B., Swern, A.; Tozzi, C.A.; Philip, G.; Polos, P. Effect of montelukast on lung function in asthma patients with allergic rhinitis: analysis from the COMPACT trial. Allergy 2006, 61, 737-742.