Adenosine receptor ligands in clinical trials

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 10, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 1036-1045

  Rizzolio, F ^a,b   la Montagna, R ^a,b   Tuccinardi, T ^a,c   Russo, G ^a,b   Caputi, M ^d   Giordano, A ^a,b  

^a Temple University   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SIENA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

Author keywords

Adenosine; Adenosine receptors; Animal models; Clinical trials

Indexed keywords

3 [4 (2,3,6,7 TETRAHYDRO 2,6 DIOXO 1,3 DIPROPYL 1H PURIN 8 YL)BICYCLO[2.2.2]OCTAN 1 YL]PROPIONIC ACID; 4 [3 [6 AMINO 9 (5 ETHYLCARBAMOYL 3,4 DIHYDROXYTETRAHYDRO 2 FURYL) 9H PURIN 2 YL] 2 PROPYNYL]CYCLOHEXANECARBOXYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER; 8 CHLOROADENOSINE; ADENOSINE; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ADENOSINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANTILEUKEMIC AGENT; APADENOSON; BECAPLERMIN; BIIB 014; BINODENOSON; BVT 115959; CF 102; CVT 3619; CVT 6883; FUROSEMIDE; GW 493838; ISTRADEFYLLINE; LEVODOPA; LEXISCAN; LIGAND; METHOTREXATE; MRE 0094; NAXIFYLLINE; REGADENOSON; SELODENOSON; SONEDENOSON; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; V 2006;

ACUTE HEART FAILURE; ARTHRITIS; ARTICLE; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DIABETIC FOOT; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SELECTIVITY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSKINESIA; DYSPNEA; HEART FAILURE; HEPATITIS C; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LUNG FIBROSIS; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NAUSEA; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PAROXYSMAL SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY; POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; THORAX PAIN; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT;

ADENOSINE; ANIMALS; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; HUMANS; LIGANDS; RECEPTORS, PURINERGIC P1; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP;

EID: 77953506823     PISSN: 15680266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156802610791293154     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Jacobson, K. A.; Gao, Z. G. Adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets. Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov., 2006, 5 (3), 247-264.
2. Kemp, B. K.; Cocks, T. M. Adenosine mediates relaxation of human small resistance-like coronary arteries via A2B receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol., 1999, 126 (8), 1796-1800.
3. Makujina, S. R.; Sabouni, M. H.; Bhatia, S.; Douglas, F. L.; Mustafa, S. J. Vasodilatory effects of adenosine A2 receptor agonists CGS 21680 and CGS 22492 in human vasculature. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1992, 221 (2-3), 243-247.
4. Talukder, M. A.; Morrison, R. R.; Mustafa, S. J. Comparison of the vascular effects of adenosine in isolated mouse heart and aorta. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol., 2002, 282 (1), H49-57.
5. Belardinelli, L.; Shryock, J. C.; Snowdy, S.; Zhang, Y.; Monopoli, A.; Lozza, G.; Ongini, E.; Olsson, R. A.; Dennis, D. M. The A2A adenosine receptor mediates coronary vasodilation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1998, 284 (3), 1066-73.
6. Berne, R. M. The role of adenosine in the regulation of coronary blood flow. Circ. Res., 1980, 47 (6), 807-13.
7. Deussen, A.; Weichsel, J.; Pexa, A. Features of adenosine metabolism of mouse heart. Purinergic Signal, 2006, 2 (4), 663-8.
8. Flood, A. J.; Willems, L.; Headrick, J. P. Coronary function and adenosine receptor-mediated responses in ischemic-reperfused mouse heart. Cardiovasc. Res., 2002, 55 (1), 161-70.
9. Hasan, A.; Smith, D. L.; Smith, J. B. Alpha-crystallin regions affected by adenosine 5'-triphosphate identified by hydrogen-deuterium exchange. Biochemistry, 2002, 41 (52), 15876-82.
10. Hori, M.; Kitakaze, M. Adenosine, the heart, and coronary circulation. Hypertension, 1991, 18 (5), 565-574.
11. Ashton, K. J.; Peart, J. N.; Morrison, R. R.; Matherne, G. P.; Blackburn, M. R.; Headrick, J. P. Genetic modulation of adenosine receptor function and adenosine handling in murine hearts: insights and issues. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 2007, 42 (4), 693-705.
12. Ledent, C.; Vaugeois, J. M.; Schiffmann, S. N.; Pedrazzini, T.; El Yacoubi, M.; Vanderhaeghen, J. J.; Costentin, J.; Heath, J. K.; Vassart, G.; Parmentier, M. Aggressiveness, hypoalgesia and high blood pressure in mice lacking the adenosine A2a receptor. Nature, 1997, 388 (6643), 674-648.
13. Talukder, M. A.; Morrison, R. R.; Ledent, C.; Mustafa, S. J. Endogenous adenosine increases coronary flow by activation of both A2A and A2B receptors in mice. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2003, 41 (4), 562-570.
14. Morrison, R. R.; Talukder, M. A.; Ledent, C.; Mustafa, S. J. Cardiac effects of adenosine in A(2A) receptor knockout hearts: uncovering A(2B) receptors. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol., 2002, 282 (2), H437-444.
15. Teng, B.; Ledent, C.; Mustafa, S. J. Up-regulation of A 2B adenosine receptor in A 2A adenosine receptor knockout mouse coronary artery. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 2008, 44 (5), 905-914.
16. Kusano, Y.; Echeverry, G.; Miekisiak, G.; Kulik, T. B.; Aronhime, S. N.; Chen, J. F.; Winn, H. R. Role of adenosine A2 receptors in regulation of cerebral blood flow during induced hypotension. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 2010, 30 (4), 808-815.
17. Sehba, F. A.; Flores, R.; Muller, A.; Friedrich, V.; Chen, J. F.; Britz, G. W.; Winn, H. R.; Bederson, J. B. Adenosine A(2A) receptors in early ischemic vascular injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J. Neurosurg., 2009 [Epub ahead of print].
18. Mustafa, S. J.; Morrison, R. R.; Teng, B.; Pelleg, A. Adenosine receptors and the heart: role in regulation of coronary blood flow and cardiac electrophysiology. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 2009, (193), 161-188.
19. Yang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Nguyen, H. G.; Koupenova, M.; Chauhan, A. K.; Makitalo, M.; Jones, M. R.; St Hilaire, C.; Seldin, D. C.; Toselli, P.; Lamperti, E.; Schreiber, B. M.; Gavras, H.; Wagner, D. D.; Ravid, K., The A2B adenosine receptor protects against inflammation and excessive vascular adhesion. J. Clin. Invest., 2006, 116 (7), 1913-23.
20. Hua, X.; Kovarova, M.; Chason, K. D.; Nguyen, M.; Koller, B. H.; Tilley, S. L. Enhanced mast cell activation in mice deficient in the A2b adenosine receptor. J. Exp. Med., 2007, 204 (1), 117-128.
21. Tawfik, H. E.; Schnermann, J.; Oldenburg, P. J.; Mustafa, S. J. Role of A1 adenosine receptors in regulation of vascular tone. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2005, 288 (3), H1411-H416.
22. Tawfik, H. E.; Teng, B.; Morrison, R. R.; Schnermann, J.; Mustafa, S. J., Role of A1 adenosine receptor in the regulation of coronary flow. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2006, 291 (1), H467-72.
23. Ansari, H. R.; Nadeem, A.; Tilley, S. L.; Mustafa, S. J. Involvement of COX-1 in A3 adenosine receptor-mediated contraction through endothelium in mice aorta. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2007, 293 (6), H3448-455.
24. Johansson, B.; Halldner, L.; Dunwiddie, T. V.; Masino, S. A.; Poelchen, W.; Gimenez-Llort, L.; Escorihuela, R. M.; Fernandez-Teruel, A.; Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z.; Xu, X. J.; Hardemark, A.; Betsholtz, C.; Herlenius, E.; Fredholm, B. B. Hyperalgesia, anxiety, and decreased hypoxic neuroprotection in mice lacking the adenosine A1 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2001, 98 (16), 9407-12.
25. Sun, D.; Samuelson, L. C.; Yang, T.; Huang, Y.; Paliege, A.; Saunders, T.; Briggs, J.; Schnermann, J. Mediation of tubuloglo-merular feedback by adenosine: evidence from mice lacking adenosine 1 receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2001, 98 (17), 9983-8.
26. Reichelt, M. E.; Willems, L.; Molina, J. G.; Sun, C. X.; Noble, J. C.; Ashton, K. J.; Schnermann, J.; Blackburn, M. R.; Headrick, J. P. Genetic deletion of the A1 adenosine receptor limits myocardial ischemic tolerance. Circ. Res., 2005, 96 (3), 363-7.
27. Morrison, R. R.; Teng, B.; Oldenburg, P. J.; Katwa, L. C.; Schnermann, J. B.; Mustafa, S. J. Effects of targeted deletion of A1 adenosine receptors on postischemic cardiac function and expression of adenosine receptor subtypes. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2006, 291 (4), H1875-82.
28. Matherne, G. P.; Linden, J.; Byford, A. M.; Gauthier, N. S.; Headrick, J. P. Transgenic A1 adenosine receptor overexpression increases myocardial resistance to ischemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, 94 (12), 6541-6.
29. Gauthier, N. S.; Headrick, J. P.; Matherne, G. P. Myocardial function in the working mouse heart overexpressing cardiac A1 adenosine receptors. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 1998, 30 (1), 187-93.
30. Kirchhof, P.; Fabritz, L.; Fortmuller, L.; Matherne, G. P.; Lankford, A.; Baba, H. A.; Schmitz, W.; Breithardt, G.; Neumann, J.; Boknik, P. Altered sinus nodal and atrioventricular nodal function in freely moving mice overexpressing the A1 adenosine receptor. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2003, 285 (1), H145-153.
31. Morrison, R. R.; Jones, R.; Byford, A. M.; Stell, A. R.; Peart, J.; Headrick, J. P.; Matherne, G. P. Transgenic overexpression of cardiac A(1) adenosine receptors mimics ischemic preconditioning. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2000, 279 (3), H1071-8.
32. Yang, Z.; Cerniway, R. J.; Byford, A. M.; Berr, S. S.; French, B. A.; Matherne, G. P. Cardiac overexpression of A1-adenosine receptor protects intact mice against myocardial infarction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2002, 282 (3), H949-55.
33. Regan, S. E.; Broad, M.; Byford, A. M.; Lankford, A. R.; Cerniway, R. J.; Mayo, M. W.; Matherne, G. P. A1 adenosine receptor overexpression attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced apoptosis and caspase 3 activity. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2003, 284 (3), H859-66.
34. Headrick, J. P.; Gauthier, N. S.; Berr, S. S.; Morrison, R. R.; Matherne, G. P. Transgenic A1 adenosine receptor overexpression markedly improves myocardial energy state during ischemia-reperfusion. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 1998, 30 (5), 1059-1064.
35. Mubagwa, K.; Flameng, W. Adenosine, adenosine receptors and myocardial protection: an updated overview. Cardiovasc. Res., 2001, 52 (1), 25-39.
36. Headrick, J. P.; Willems, L.; Ashton, K. J.; Holmgren, K.; Peart, J.; Matherne, G. P. Ischaemic tolerance in aged mouse myocardium: the role of adenosine and effects of A1 adenosine receptor overexpression. J. Physiol., 2003, 549 (Pt 3), 823-33.
37. Linden, J., Adenosine in tissue protection and tissue regeneration. Mol. Pharmacol., 2005, 67 (5), 1385-1387.
38. Peart, J.; Willems, L.; Headrick, J. P. Receptor and non-receptor-dependent mechanisms of cardioprotection with adenosine. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2003, 284 (2), H519-27.
39. Lee, J. E.; Bokoch, G.; Liang, B. T. A novel cardioprotective role of RhoA: new signaling mechanism for adenosine. FASEB J., 2001, 15 (11), 1886-1894.
40. Salvatore, C. A.; Tilley, S. L.; Latour, A. M.; Fletcher, D. S.; Koller, B. H.; Jacobson, M. A. Disruption of the A(3) adenosine receptor gene in mice and its effect on stimulated inflammatory cells. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275 (6), 4429-4434.
41. Harrison, G. J.; Cerniway, R. J.; Peart, J.; Berr, S. S.; Ashton, K.; Regan, S.; Paul Matherne, G.; Headrick, J. P. Effects of A(3) adenosine receptor activation and gene knock-out in ischemic-reperfused mouse heart. Cardiovasc. Res., 2002, 53 (1), 147-155.
42. Jacobson, K. A. Adenosine A3 receptors: novel ligands and paradoxical effects. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 1998, 19 (5), 184-191.
43. Black, R. G., Jr.; Guo, Y.; Ge, Z. D.; Murphree, S. S.; Prabhu, S. D.; Jones, W. K.; Bolli, R.; Auchampach, J. A. Gene dosage-dependent effects of cardiac-specific overexpression of the A3 adenosine receptor. Circ. Res., 2002, 91 (2), 165-172.
44. Cross, H. R.; Murphy, E.; Black, R. G.; Auchampach, J.; Steenbergen, C. Overexpression of A(3) adenosine receptors decreases heart rate, preserves energetics, and protects ischemic hearts. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol., 2002, 283 (4), H1562-568.
45. Fabritz, L.; Kirchhof, P.; Fortmuller, L.; Auchampach, J. A.; Baba, H. A.; Breithardt, G.; Neumann, J.; Boknik, P.; Schmitz, W. Gene dose-dependent atrial arrhythmias, heart block, and brady-cardiomyopathy in mice overexpressing A(3) adenosine receptors. Cardiovasc. Res., 2004, 62 (3), 500-508.
46. Headrick, J. P.; Peart, J. A3 adenosine receptor-mediated protection of the ischemic heart. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2005, 42 (5-6), 271-279.
47. Brown, R.; Ollerstam, A.; Johansson, B.; Skott, O.; Gebre-Medhin, S.; Fredholm, B.; Persson, A. E. Abolished tubuloglomerular feedback and increased plasma renin in adenosine A1 receptor-deficient mice. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2001, 281 (5), R1362-1367.
48. Langa, F.; Codony, X.; Tovar, V.; Lavado, A.; Gimenez, E.; Cozar, P.; Cantero, M.; Dordal, A.; Hernandez, E.; Perez, R.; Monroy, X.; Zamanillo, D.; Guitart, X.; Montoliu, L. Generation and phenotypic analysis of sigma receptor type I (sigma 1) knockout mice. Eur. J. Neurosci., 2003, 18 (8), 2188-2196.
49. Lang, U. E.; Lang, F.; Richter, K.; Vallon, V.; Lipp, H. P.; Schnermann, J.; Wolfer, D. P. Emotional instability but intact spatial cognition in adenosine receptor 1 knock out mice. Behav. Brain Res., 2003, 145 (1-2), 179-188.
50. Bailey, A.; Matthes, H.; Kieffer, B.; Slowe, S.; Hourani, S. M.; Kitchen, I. Quantitative autoradiography of adenosine receptors and NBTI-sensitive adenosine transporters in the brains and spinal cords of mice deficient in the mu-opioid receptor gene. Brain Res., 2002, 943 (1), 68-79.
51. Chen, J. F.; Beilstein, M.; Xu, Y. H.; Turner, T. J.; Moratalla, R.; Standaert, D. G.; Aloyo, V. J.; Fink, J. S.; Schwarzschild, M. A. Selective attenuation of psychostimulant-induced behavioral responses in mice lacking A(2A) adenosine receptors. Neuroscience, 2000, 97 (1), 195-204.
52. Chen, J. F.; Moratalla, R.; Yu, L.; Martin, A. B.; Xu, K.; Bastia, E.; Hackett, E.; Alberti, I.; Schwarzschild, M. A. Inactivation of adenosine A2A receptors selectively attenuates amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2003, 28 (6), 1086-1095.
53. Fuxe, K.; Ferre, S.; Zoli, M.; Agnati, L. F. Integrated events in central dopamine transmission as analyzed at multiple levels. Evidence for intramembrane adenosine A2A/dopamine D2 and adenosine A1/dopamine D1 receptor interactions in the basal ganglia. Brain. Res. Brain Res. Rev., 1998, 26 (2-3), 258-273.
54. Hillion, J.; Canals, M.; Torvinen, M.; Casado, V.; Scott, R.; Terasmaa, A.; Hansson, A.; Watson, S.; Olah, M. E.; Mallol, J.; Canela, E. I.; Zoli, M.; Agnati, L. F.; Ibanez, C. F.; Lluis, C.; Franco, R.; Ferre, S.; Fuxe, K. Coaggregation, cointernalization, and codesensitization of adenosine A2A receptors and dopamine D2 receptors. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277 (20), 18091-18097.
55. Svenningsson, P.; Fredholm, B. B.; Bloch, B.; Le Moine, C. Co-stimulation of D(1)/D(5) and D(2) dopamine receptors leads to an increase in c-fos messenger RNA in cholinergic interneurons and a redistribution of c-fos messenger RNA in striatal projection neurons. Neuroscience, 2000, 98 (4), 749-757.
56. Dassesse, D.; Ledent, C.; Parmentier, M.; Schiffmann, S. N. Acute and chronic caffeine administration differentially alters striatal gene expression in wild-type and adenosine A(2A) receptor-deficient mice. Synapse, 2001, 42 (2), 63-76.
57. Chen, J. F.; Xu, K.; Petzer, J. P.; Staal, R.; Xu, Y. H.; Beilstein, M.; Sonsalla, P. K.; Castagnoli, K.; Castagnoli, N., Jr.; Schwarzschild, M. A. Neuroprotection by caffeine and A(2A) adenosine receptor inactivation in a model of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci., 2001, 21 (10), RC143.
58. Dall'Igna, O. P.; Porciuncula, L. O.; Souza, D. O.; Cunha, R. A.; Lara, D. R. Neuroprotection by caffeine and adenosine A2A receptor blockade of beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2003, 138 (7), 1207-1209.
59. Monopoli, A.; Casati, C.; Lozza, G.; Forlani, A.; Ongini, E. Cardiovascular pharmacology of the A2A adenosine receptor antagonist, SCH 58261, in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1998, 285 (1), 9-15.
60. Chen, J. F.; Huang, Z.; Ma, J.; Zhu, J.; Moratalla, R.; Standaert, D.; Moskowitz, M. A.; Fink, J. S.; Schwarzschild, M. A. A(2A) adenosine receptor deficiency attenuates brain injury induced by transient focal ischemia in mice. J. Neurosci., 1999, 19 (21), 9192-9200.
61. Jones, P. A.; Smith, R. A.; Stone, T. W. Protection against kainate-induced excitotoxicity by adenosine A2A receptor agonists and antagonists. Neuroscience, 1998, 85 (1), 229-237.
62. Popoli, P.; Pintor, A.; Domenici, M. R.; Frank, C.; Tebano, M. T.; Pezzola, A.; Scarchilli, L.; Quarta, D.; Reggio, R.; Malchiodi-Albedi, F.; Falchi, M.; Massotti, M. Blockade of striatal adenosine A2A receptor reduces, through a presynaptic mechanism, quinolinic acid-induced excitotoxicity: possible relevance to neuroprotective interventions in neurodegenerative diseases of the striatum. J. Neurosci., 2002, 22 (5), 1967-1975.
63. Mayne, M.; Fotheringham, J.; Yan, H. J.; Power, C.; Del Bigio, M. R.; Peeling, J.; Geiger, J. D. Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces proinflammatory events and decreases cell death following intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann. Neurol., 2001, 49 (6), 727-735.
64. Cassada, D. C.; Gangemi, J. J.; Rieger, J. M.; Linden, J.; Kaza, A. K.; Long, S. M.; Kron, I. L.; Tribble, C. G.; Kern, J. A. Systemic adenosine A2A agonist ameliorates ischemic reperfusion injury in the rabbit spinal cord. Ann. Thorac. Surg., 2001, 72 (4), 1245-1250.
65. Cassada, D. C.; Tribble, C. G.; Long, S. M.; Kaza, A. K.; Linden, J.; Rieger, J. M.; Rosin, D.; Kron, I. L.; Kern, J. A. Adenosine A2A agonist reduces paralysis after spinal cord ischemia: correlation with A2A receptor expression on motor neurons. Ann. Thorac. Surg., 2002, 74 (3), 846-549. discussion 849-50.
66. Linden, J. Molecular approach to adenosine receptors: receptor-mediated mechanisms of tissue protection. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2001, 41, 775-787.
67. Bjorklund, O.; Shang, M.; Tonazzini, I.; Dare, E.; Fredholm, B. B. Adenosine A1 and A3 receptors protect astrocytes from hypoxic damage. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2008, 596 (1-3), 6-13.
68. Bjorklund, O.; Halldner-Henriksson, L.; Yang, J.; Eriksson, T. M.; Jacobson, M. A.; Dare, E.; Fredholm, B. B. Decreased behavioral activation following caffeine, amphetamine and darkness in A3 adenosine receptor knock-out mice. Physiol. Behav., 2008, 95 (5), 668-676.
69. Hammarberg, C.; Schulte, G.; Fredholm, B. B. Evidence for functional adenosine A3 receptors in microglia cells. J. Neurochem., 2003, 86 (4), 1051-1054.
70. Chen, G. J.; Harvey, B. K.; Shen, H.; Chou, J.; Victor, A.; Wang, Y. Activation of adenosine A3 receptors reduces ischemic brain injury in rodents. J. Neurosci. Res., 2006, 84 (8), 1848-1855.
71. Vallon, V.; Miracle, C.; Thomson, S. Adenosine and kidney function: potential implications in patients with heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail, 2008, 10 (2), 176-187.
72. Vallon, V.; Richter, K.; Huang, D. Y.; Rieg, T.; Schnermann, J. Functional consequences at the single-nephron level of the lack of adenosine A1 receptors and tubuloglomerular feedback in mice. Pflugers. Arch., 2004, 448 (2), 214-221.
73. Schweda, F.; Wagner, C.; Kramer, B. K.; Schnermann, J.; Kurtz, A. Preserved macula densa-dependent renin secretion in A1 adenosine receptor knockout mice. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2003, 284 (4), F770-777.
74. Rieg, T.; Schnermann, J.; Vallon, V. Adenosine A1 receptors determine effects of caffeine on total fluid intake but not caffeine appetite. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2007, 555 (2-3), 174-177.
75. Liss, P.; Nygren, A.; Erikson, U.; Ulfendahl, H. R. Injection of low and iso-osmolar contrast medium decreases oxygen tension in the renal medulla. Kidney. Int., 1998, 53 (3), 698-702.
76. Lee, H. T.; Jan, M.; Bae, S. C.; Joo, J. D.; Goubaeva, F. R.; Yang, J.; Kim, M. A1 adenosine receptor knockout mice are protected against acute radiocontrast nephropathy in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2006, 290 (6), F1367-1375.
77. Lee, H. T.; Xu, H.; Nasr, S. H.; Schnermann, J.; Emala, C. W. A1 adenosine receptor knockout mice exhibit increased renal injury following ischemia and reperfusion. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2004, 286 (2), F298-306.
78. Lee, H. T.; Gallos, G.; Nasr, S. H.; Emala, C. W. A1 adenosine receptor activation inhibits inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2004, 15 (1), 102-111.
79. Grenz, A.; Osswald, H.; Eckle, T.; Yang, D.; Zhang, H.; Tran, Z. V.; Klingel, K.; Ravid, K.; Eltzschig, H. K. The reno-vascular A2B adenosine receptor protects the kidney from ischemia. PLoS Med., 2008, 5 (6), e137.
80. Lee, H. T.; Ota-Setlik, A.; Xu, H.; D'Agati, V. D.; Jacobson, M. A.; Emala, C. W. A3 adenosine receptor knockout mice are protected against ischemia-and myoglobinuria-induced renal failure. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol., 2003, 284 (2), F267-73.
81. Blackburn, M. R.; Volmer, J. B.; Thrasher, J. L.; Zhong, H.; Crosby, J. R.; Lee, J. J.; Kellems, R. E. Metabolic consequences of adenosine deaminase deficiency in mice are associated with defects in alveogenesis, pulmonary inflammation, and airway obstruction. J. Exp. Med., 2000, 192 (2), 159-170.
82. Chunn, J. L.; Young, H. W.; Banerjee, S. K.; Colasurdo, G. N.; Blackburn, M. R. Adenosine-dependent airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in partially adenosine deaminase-deficient mice. J. Immunol., 2001, 167 (8), 4676-4685.
83. Sun, C. X.; Young, H. W.; Molina, J. G.; Volmer, J. B.; Schnermann, J.; Blackburn, M. R. A protective role for the A1 adenosine receptor in adenosine-dependent pulmonary injury. J. Clin. Invest, 2005, 115 (1), 35-43.
84. Mohsenin, A.; Mi, T.; Xia, Y.; Kellems, R. E.; Chen, J. F.; Blackburn, M. R. Genetic removal of the A2A adenosine receptor enhances pulmonary inflammation, mucin production, and angiogenesis in adenosine deaminase-deficient mice. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 2007, 293 (3), L753-761.
85. Allen-Gipson, D. S.; Wong, J.; Spurzem, J. R.; Sisson, J. H.; Wyatt, T. A. Adenosine A2A receptors promote adenosine-stimulated wound healing in bronchial epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 2006, 290 (5), L849-855.
86. Bshesh, K.; Zhao, B.; Spight, D.; Biaggioni, I.; Feokistov, I.; Denenberg, A.; Wong, H. R.; Shanley, T. P. The A2A receptor mediates an endogenous regulatory pathway of cytokine expression in THP-1 cells. J. Leukoc. Biol., 2002, 72 (5), 1027-36.
87. Lukashev, D.; Ohta, A.; Sitkovsky, M., Targeting hypoxia--A(2A) adenosine receptor-mediated mechanisms of tissue protection. Drug. Discov. Today, 2004, 9 (9), 403-409.
88. Nadeem, A.; Fan, M.; Ansari, H. R.; Ledent, C.; Jamal Mustafa, S. Enhanced airway reactivity and inflammation in A2A adenosine receptor-deficient allergic mice. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 2007, 292 (6), L1335-1344.
89. Hasko, G.; Linden, J.; Cronstein, B.; Pacher, P. Adenosine receptors: therapeutic aspects for inflammatory and immune diseases. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2008, 7 (9), 759-770.
90. Yang, D.; Koupenova, M.; McCrann, D. J.; Kopeikina, K. J.; Kagan, H. M.; Schreiber, B. M.; Ravid, K. The A2b adenosine receptor protects against vascular injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2008, 105 (2), 792-6.
91. Zaynagetdinov, R.; Ryzhov, S.; Goldstein, A. E.; Yin, H.; Novitskiy, S. V.; Goleniewska, K.; Polosukhin, V. V.; Newcomb, D. C.; Mitchell, D.; Morschl, E.; Zhou, Y.; Blackburn, M. R.; Peebles Jr, R. S.; Biaggioni, I.; Feoktistov, I. Attenuation of Chronic Pulmonary Inflammation in A2B Adenosine Receptor Knockout Mice. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2010, 42(5), 564-571.
92. Eckle, T.; Grenz, A.; Laucher, S.; Eltzschig, H. K. A2B adenosine receptor signaling attenuates acute lung injury by enhancing alveolar fluid clearance in mice. J. Clin. Invest., 2008, 118 (10), 3301-3315.
93. Montesinos, M. C.; Desai, A.; Delano, D.; Chen, J. F.; Fink, J. S.; Jacobson, M. A.; Cronstein, B. N. Adenosine A2A or A3 receptors are required for inhibition of inflammation by methotrexate and its analog MX-68. Arthritis Rheum., 2003, 48 (1), 240-247.
94. Montesinos, M. C.; Desai, A.; Chen, J. F.; Yee, H.; Schwarzschild, M. A.; Fink, J. S.; Cronstein, B. N. Adenosine promotes wound healing and mediates angiogenesis in response to tissue injury via occupancy of A(2A) receptors. Am. J. Pathol., 2002, 160 (6), 2009-2018.
95. Feoktistov, I.; Biaggioni, I.; Cronstein, B. N. Adenosine receptors in wound healing, fibrosis and angiogenesis. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 2009, (193), 383-397.
96. Victor-Vega, C.; Desai, A.; Montesinos, M. C.; Cronstein, B. N. Adenosine A2A receptor agonists promote more rapid wound healing than recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (Becaplermin gel). Inflammation, 2002, 26 (1), 19-24.
97. Dhalla, A. K.; Wong, M. Y.; Voshol, P. J.; Belardinelli, L.; Reaven, G. M. A1 adenosine receptor partial agonist lowers plasma FFA and improves insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet in rodents. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 2007, 292 (5), E1358-1363.
98. Dong, Q.; Ginsberg, H. N.; Erlanger, B. F. Overexpression of the A1 adenosine receptor in adipose tissue protects mice from obesity-related insulin resistance. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 2001, 3 (5), 360-6.
99. Schoelch, C.; Kuhlmann, J.; Gossel, M.; Mueller, G.; Neumann-Haefelin, C.; Belz, U.; Kalisch, J.; Biemer-Daub, G.; Kramer, W.; Juretschke, H. P.; Herling, A. W. Characterization of adenosine-A1 receptor-mediated antilipolysis in rats by tissue microdialysis, 1H-spectroscopy, and glucose clamp studies. Diabetes, 2004, 53 (7), 1920-6.
100. Johansson, S. M.; Yang, J. N.; Lindgren, E.; Fredholm, B. B. Eliminating the antilipolytic adenosine A1 receptor does not lead to compensatory changes in the antilipolytic actions of PGE2 and nicotinic acid. Acta Physiol., (Oxf) 2007, 190 (1), 87-96.
101. Kaartinen, J. M.; Hreniuk, S. P.; Martin, L. F.; Ranta, S.; LaNoue, K. F.; Ohisalo, J. J. Attenuated adenosine-sensitivity and decreased adenosine-receptor number in adipocyte plasma membranes in human obesity. Biochem. J., 1991, 279 (Pt 1), 17-22.
102. Lerman, B. B., Response of nonreentrant catecholamine-mediated ventricular tachycardia to endogenous adenosine and acetylcholine. Evidence for myocardial receptor-mediated effects. Circulation, 1993, 87 (2), 382-390.
103. Geraets, D.; Kienzle, M. Clinical use of adenosine. Iowa. Med., 1992, 82 (1), 25-8.
104. Peart, J. N.; Headrick, J. P. Adenosinergic cardioprotection: multiple receptors, multiple pathways. Pharmacol. Ther., 2007, 114 (2), 208-221.
105. Smits, G. J.; McVey, M.; Cox, B. F.; Perrone, M. H.; Clark, K. L. Cardioprotective effects of the novel adenosine A1/A2 receptor agonist AMP 579 in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1998, 286 (2), 611-618.
106. Bayes, M.; Rabasseda, X.; Prous, J. R. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 2003, 25 (10), 831-55.
107. Peterman, C.; Sanoski, C. A. Tecadenoson: a novel, selective A1 adenosine receptor agonist. Cardiol. Rev., 2005, 13 (6), 315-321.
108. Iskandrian, A. E.; Bateman, T. M.; Belardinelli, L.; Blackburn, B.; Cerqueira, M. D.; Hendel, R. C.; Lieu, H.; Mahmarian, J. J.; Olmsted, A.; Underwood, S. R.; Vitola, J.; Wang, W. Adenosine versus regadenoson comparative evaluation in myocardial perfusion imaging: results of the ADVANCE phase 3 multicenter international trial. J. Nucl. Cardiol., 2007, 14 (5), 645-658.
109. ://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/meeting_abstract/114/18_MeetingAbstracts/II_582-a
110. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=binodenoson
111. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00376454
112. Pinna, A. Novel investigational adenosine A2A receptor antagonists for Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2009, 18 (11), 1619-1631.
113. www.biovitrum.com.
114. Stacy, M.; Silver, D.; Mendis, T.; Sutton, J.; Mori, A.; Chaikin, P.; Sussman, N. M. A 12-week, placebo-controlled study (6002-US-006) of istradefylline in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 2008, 70 (23), 2233-40.
115. Gottlieb, S. S.; Brater, D. C.; Thomas, I.; Havranek, E.; Bourge, R.; Goldman, S.; Dyer, F.; Gomez, M.; Bennett, D.; Ticho, B.; Beckman, E.; Abraham, W. T. BG9719 (CVT-124), an A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, protects against the decline in renal function observed with diuretic therapy. Circulation, 2002, 105 (11), 1348-1353.
116. Greenberg, B.; Thomas, I.; Banish, D.; Goldman, S.; Havranek, E.; Massie, B. M.; Zhu, Y.; Ticho, B.; Abraham, W. T. Effects of multiple oral doses of an A1 adenosine antagonist, BG9928, in patients with heart failure: results of a placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2007, 50 (7), 600-606.
117. Kalla, R. V.; Zablocki, J.; Tabrizi, M. A.; Baraldi, P. G. Recent developments in A2B adenosine receptor ligands. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., 2009, (193), 99-122.
118. Zablocki, J. A.; Wu, L.; Shryock, J.; Belardinelli, L. Partial A(1) adenosine receptor agonists from a molecular perspective and their potential use as chronic ventricular rate control agents during atrial fibrillation (AF). Curr. Top Med. Chem., 2004, 4 (8), 839-54.
119. Dhalla, A. K.; Wong, M. Y.; Wang, W. Q.; Biaggioni, I.; Belardinelli, L. Tachycardia caused by A2A adenosine receptor agonists is mediated by direct sympathoexcitation in awake rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2006, 316 (2), 695-702.
120. Bar-Yehuda, S.; Stemmer, S. M.; Madi, L.; Castel, D.; Ochaion, A.; Cohen, S.; Barer, F.; Zabutti, A.; Perez-Liz, G.; Del Valle, L.; Fishman, P. The A3 adenosine receptor agonist CF102 induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma via de-regulation of the Wnt and NF-kappaB signal transduction pathways. Int. J. Oncol., 2008, 33 (2), 287-295.
121. Gu, Y. Y.; Zhang, H. Y.; Zhang, H. J.; Li, S. Y.; Ni, J. H.; Jia, H. T. 8-Chloro-adenosine inhibits growth at least partly by interfering with actin polymerization in cultured human lung cancer cells. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2006, 72 (5), 541-50.