Spread of glomerular to tubulointerstitial disease with a focus on proteinuria

Annals of Anatomy

Volumn 192, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 125-132

  Theilig, Franziska ^a  

^a CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Chronic kidney disease; Hypoxia; Proteinuria; Tubular obstruction

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; CUBILIN; ENDOTHELIN 1; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; MEGALIN; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; PROTEIN KINASE B; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VASCULOTROPIN;

APOPTOSIS; BOWMAN CAPSULE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CELL ADHESION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DENDRITIC CELL; DISEASE COURSE; ENDOCYTOSIS; EPITHELIUM CELL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; GLOMERULUS BASEMENT MEMBRANE; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION; HUMAN; HYDROXYLATION; HYPOXIA; KIDNEY EPITHELIUM; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FIBROSIS; KIDNEY PROXIMAL TUBULE; KIDNEY TUBULE DAMAGE; LYMPH NODE; NEPHRON; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PODOCYTE; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEINURIA; RENAL HYPOXIA; REVIEW;

ANOXIA; CHRONIC DISEASE; DISEASE PROGRESSION; EPITHELIAL CELLS; FIBROSIS; HUMANS; KIDNEY; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL; NEPHRITIS, INTERSTITIAL; NEPHRONS; PROTEINURIA;

EID: 77952743230     PISSN: 09409602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.03.003     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Abbate M., Zoja C., Remuzzi G. How does proteinuria cause progressive renal damage?. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006, 17(11):2974-2984.
2. Abbate M., Zoja C., Corna D., Rottoli D., Zanchi C., Azzollini N., Tomasoni S., Berlingeri S., Noris M., Morigi M., Remuzzi G. Complement-mediated dysfunction of glomerular filtration barrier accelerates progressive renal injury. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008, 19(6):1158-1167.
3. Anderson S., Meyer T.W., Rennke H.G., Brenner B.M. Control of glomerular hypertension limits glomerular injury in rats with reduced renal mass. J. Clin. Invest. 1985, 76(2):612-619.
4. Anderson S., Rennke H.G., Brenner B.M. Therapeutic advantage of converting enzyme inhibitors in arresting progressive renal disease associated with systemic hypertension in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. 1986, 77(6):1993-2000.
5. Annual Data Report, 2000. United States Renal Data System, Minneapolis. http://www.usrds.org/atlas_2000.htm.
6. Annual Data Report, 2009. United States Renal Data System, Minneapolis. http://www.usrds.org/atlas_2009.htm.
7. Bachmann S., Schlichting U., Geist B., Mutig K., Petsch T., Bacic D., Wagner C.A., Kaissling B., Biber J., Murer H., Willnow T.E. Kidney-specific inactivation of the megalin gene impairs trafficking of renal inorganic sodium phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-IIa). J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2004, 15(4):892-900.
8. Baines R.J., Brunskill N.J. The molecular interactions between filtered proteins and proximal tubular cells in proteinuria. Nephron Exp. Nephrol. 2008, 110(2):e67-e71.
9. Bertani T., Cutillo F., Zoja C., Broggini M., Remuzzi G. Tubulo-interstitial lesions mediate renal damage in adriamycin glomerulopathy. Kidney Int. 1986, 30(4):488-496.
10. Bertani T., Mazzucco G., Monga G. How glomerular extracapillary proliferation might lead to loss of renal function: light microscopic and immunohistochemical investigation. Nephron 2002, 91(1):74-78.
11. Biancone L., David S., Della Pietra V., Montrucchio G., Cambi V., Camussi G. Alternative pathway activation of complement by cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells. Kidney Int. 1994, 45(2):451-460.
12. Bohle A., Strutz F., Müller G.A. On the pathogenesis of chronic renal failure in primary glomerulopathies: a view from the interstitium. Exp. Nephrol. 1994, 2(4):205-210.
13. Brenner B.M., Meyer T.W., Hostetter T.H. Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1982, 307(11):652-659.
14. Buelli S., Abbate M., Morigi M., Moioli D., Zanchi C., Noris M., Zoja C., Pusey C.D., Zipfel P.F., Remuzzi G. Protein load impairs factor H binding promoting complement-dependent dysfunction of proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int. 2009, 75(10):1050-1059.
15. Cachat F., Lange-Sperandio B., Chang A.Y., Kiley S.C., Thornhill B.A., Forbes M.S., Chevalier R.L. Ureteral obstruction in neonatal mice elicits segment-specific tubular cell responses leading to nephron loss. Kidney Int. 2003, 63(2):564-575.
16. Caruso-Neves C., Pinheiro A.A., Cai H., Souza-Menezes J., Guggino W.B. PKB and megalin determine the survival or death of renal proximal tubule cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103(49):18810-18815.
17. Christensen E.I., Verroust P.J., Nielsen R. Receptor-mediated endocytosis in renal proximal tubule. Pflügers Arch. 2009, 458(6):1039-1048.
18. David S., Biancone L., Caserta C., Bussolati B., Cambi V., Camussi G. Alternative pathway complement activation induces proinflammatory activity in human proximal tubular epithelial cells. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1997, 12(1):51-56.
19. Dunn B.R., Anderson S., Brenner B.M. The hemodynamic basis of progressive renal disease. Semin. Nephrol. 1986, 6(2):122-138.
20. Eckardt K.U., Bernhardt W.M., Weidemann A., Warnecke C., Rosenberger C., Wiesener M.S., Willam C. Role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of renal disease. Kidney Int. Suppl. 2005, 99:S46-S51.
21. Eddy A.A., Giachelli C.M. Renal expression of genes that promote interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in rats with protein-overload proteinuria. Kidney Int. 1995, 47(6):1546-1557.
22. Fine L.G., Bandyopadhay D., Norman J.T. Is there a common mechanism for the progression of different types of renal diseases other than proteinuria? Towards the unifying theme of chronic hypoxia. Kidney Int. Suppl. 2000, 75:S22-S26.
23. Fine L.G., Norman J.T. Chronic hypoxia as a mechanism of progression of chronic kidney diseases: from hypothesis to novel therapeutics. Kidney Int. 2008, 74(7):867-872.
24. Fourman J., Moffat D.B. The Blood Vessels of the Kidney 1971, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford and Edinburgh, pp. 1-161.
25. Frei U., Schober-Halstenber H.J. Nierenersatztherapie in Deutschland. Bericht über Dialysebehandlung und Nierentransplantation in Deutschland 2006/2007 2008, Quasi-Niere, Berlin, pp. 1-64.
26. Gekle M. Renal tubule albumin transport. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2005, 67:573-594.
27. Haase V.H. Hypoxia-inducible factors in the kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 2006, 291(2):F271-F281.
28. Hakroush S., Moeller M.J., Theilig F., Kaissling B., Sijmonsma T.P., Jugold M., Akeson A.L., Traykova-Brauch M., Hosser H., Hähnel B., Gröne H.J., Koesters R., Kriz W. Effects of increased renal tubular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on fibrosis, cyst formation, and glomerular disease. Am. J. Pathol. 2009, 175(5):1883-1895.
29. Heymann S.N., Khamaisi M., Rosen S., Rosenberger C. Renal parenchymal hypoxia, hypoxia response and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Am. J. Nephrol. 2008, 28(6):998-1006.
30. Heymann F., Meyer-Schwesinger C., Hamilton-Williams E.E., Hammerich L., Panzer U., Kaden S., Quaggin S.E., Floege J., Gröne H.J., Kurts C. Kidney dendritic cell activation is required for progression of renal disease in a mouse model of glomerular injury. J. Clin. Invest. 2009, 119(5):1286-1297. Erratum in: J. Clin. Invest. 119(7), 2114.
31. Higgins D.F., Kimura K., Bernhardt W.M., Shrimanker N., Akai Y., Hohenstein B., Saito Y., Johnson R.S., Kretzler M., Cohen C.D., Eckardt K.U., Iwano M., Haase V.H. Hypoxia promotes fibrogenesis in vivo via HIF-1 stimulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 117(12):3810-3820.
32. Hostetter T.H., Olson J.L., Rennke H.G., Venkatachalam M.A., Brenner B.M. Hyperfiltration in remnant nephrons: a potentially adverse response to renal ablation. Am. J. Physiol. 1981, 241(1):F85-F93.
33. Humphreys B.D., Lin S.L., Kobayashi A., Hudson T.E., Nowlin B.T., Bonventre J.V., Valerius M.T., McMahon A.P., Duffield J.S. Fate tracing reveals the pericyte and not epithelial origin of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis. Am. J. Pathol. 2010, 176(1):85-97.
34. Kang D.H., Joly A.H., Oh S.W., Hugo C., Kerjaschki D., Gordon K.L., Mazzali M., Jefferson J.A., Hughes J., Madsen K.M., Schreiner G.F., Johnson R.J. Impaired angiogenesis in the remnant kidney model: I. Potential role of vascular endothelial growth factor and thrombospondin-1. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2001, 12(7):1434-1447.
35. Katavetin P., Miyata T., Inagi R., Tanaka T., Sassa R., Ingelfinger J.R., Fujita T., Nangaku M. High glucose blunts vascular endothelial growth factor response to hypoxia via the oxidative stress-regulated hypoxia-inducible factor/hypoxia-responsible element pathway. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006, 17(5):1405-1413.
36. Koesters, R., Kaissling, B., LeHir, M., Theilig, F., Hähnel, B., Hosser, H., Groene, H.J., Kriz, W., 2010. Tubular overexpression of transforming growth factor beta 1 induces autophagy and fibrosis but not mesenchymal transition of renal epithelial cells. Am. J. Pathol. in press.
37. Kojima I., Tanaka T., Inagi R., Kato H., Yamashita T., Sakiyama A., Ohneda O., Takeda N., Sata M., Miyata T., Fujita T., Nangaku M. Protective role of hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha against ischemic damage and oxidative stress in the kidney. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007, 18(4):1218-1226.
38. Kriz W., Hosser H., Hähnel B., Gretz N., Provoost A.P. From segmental glomerulosclerosis to total nephron degeneration and interstitial fibrosis: a histopathological study in rat models and human glomerulopathies. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 1998, 13(11):2781-2798.
39. Kriz W. The pathogenesis of 'classic' focal segmental glomerulosclerosis-lessons from rat models. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. Suppl. 2003, 6:vi39-vi44.
40. Kriz W., LeHir M. Pathways to nephron loss starting from glomerular diseases-insights from animal models. Kidney Int. 2005, 67(2):404-419.
41. Kroening S., Neubauer E., Wessel J., Wiesener M., Goppelt-Struebe M. Hypoxia interferes with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) gene expression in human proximal tubular cell lines. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2009, 24(11):3319-3325.
42. Kuusniemi A.M., Lapatto R., Holmberg C., Karikoski R., Rapola J., Jalanko H. Kidneys with heavy proteinuria show fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, but no tubular phenotypic change. Kidney Int. 2005, 68:121-132.
43. Le Hir M., Besse-Eschmann V. A novel mechanism of nephron loss in a murine model of crescentic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 2003, 63(2):591-599.
44. Li Y., Yang J., Dai C., Wu C., Liu Y. Role for integrin-linked kinase in mediating tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition and renal interstitial fibrogenesis. J. Clin. Invest. 2003, 112(4):503-516.
45. Lin S.L., Kisseleva T., Brenner D.A., Duffield J.S. Pericytes and perivascular fibroblasts are the primary source of collagen-producing cells in obstructive fibrosis of the kidney. Am. J. Pathol. 2008, 173(6):1617-1627.
46. Macconi D., Chiabrando C., Schiarea S., Aiello S., Cassis L., Gagliardini E., Noris M., Buelli S., Zoja C., Corna D., Mele C., Fanelli R., Remuzzi G., Benigni A. Proteasomal processing of albumin by renal dendritic cells generates antigenic peptides. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009, 20(1):123-130.
47. Moeller M.J., Soofi A., Hartmann I., Le Hir M., Wiggins R., Kriz W., Holzman L.B. Podocytes populate cellular crescents in a murine model of inflammatory glomerulonephritis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2004, 15(1):61-67.
48. Morigi M., Macconi D., Zoja C., Donadelli R., Buelli S., Zanchi C., Ghilardi M., Remuzzi G. Protein overload-induced NF-kappaB activation in proximal tubular cells requires H(2)O(2) through a PKC-dependent pathway. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2002, 13(5):1179-1189.
49. Motoyoshi Y., Matsusaka T., Saito A., Pastan I., Willnow T.E., Mizutani S., Ichikawa I. Megalin contributes to the early injury of proximal tubule cells during nonselective proteinuria. Kidney Int. 2008, 74(10):1262-1269.
50. Murer H., Forster I., Hernando N., Lambert G., Traebert M., Biber J. Posttranscriptional regulation of the proximal tubule NaPi-II transporter in response to PTH and dietary P(i). Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 277(5 Part 2):F676-F684.
51. Najafian B., Kim Y., Crosson J.T., Mauer M. Atubular glomeruli and glomerulotubular junction abnormalities in diabetic nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003, 14(4):908-917.
52. Namikoshi T., Satoh M., Horike H., Fujimoto S., Arakawa S., Sasaki T., Kashihara N. Implication of peritubular capillary loss and altered expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in IgA nephropathy. Nephron Physiol. 2006, 102(1):9-16.
53. Nangaku M., Inagi R., Miyata T., Fujita T. Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor in renal disease. Nephron Exp. Nephrol. 2008, 110(1):e1-e7.
54. Norman J.T., Fine L.G. Intrarenal oxygenation in chronic renal failure. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2006, 33(10):989-996.
55. Oliver J., MacDowell M., Lee Y.C. Cellular mechanisms of protein metabolism in the nephron. I. The structural aspects of proteinuria; tubular absorption, droplet formation, and the disposal of proteins. J. Exp. Med. 1954, 99(6):589-604.
56. Ophascharoensuk V., Giachelli C.M., Gordon K., Hughes J., Pichler R., Brown P., Liaw L., Schmidt R., Shankland S.J., Alpers C.E., Couser W.G., Johnson R.J. Obstructive uropathy in the mouse: role of osteopontin in interstitial fibrosis and apoptosis. Kidney Int. 1999, 56(2):571-580.
57. Palm F. Intrarenal oxygen in diabetes and a possible link to diabetic nephropathy. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2006, 33(10):997-1001.
58. Palm F., Friederich M., Carlsson P.O., Hansell P., Teerlink T., Liss P. Reduced nitric oxide in diabetic kidneys due to increased hepatic arginine metabolism: implications for renomedullary oxygen availability. Am. J. Physiol. 2008, 294(1):F30-F37.
59. Picard N., Baum O., Vogetseder A., Kaissling B., Le Hir M. Origin of renal myofibroblasts in the model of unilateral ureter obstruction in the rat. Histochem. Cell Biol. 2008, 130(1):141-155.
60. Remuzzi G., Bertani T. Pathophysiology of progressive nephropathies. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998, 339(20):1448-1456.
61. Saito A., Pietromonaco S., Loo A.K., Farquhar M.G. Complete cloning and sequencing of rat gp330/"megalin," a distinctive member of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91(21):9725-9729.
62. Samali A., Robertson J.D., Peterson E., Manero F., van Zeijl L., Paul C., Cotgreave I.A., Arrigo A.P., Orrenius S. Hsp27 protects mitochondria of thermotolerant cells against apoptotic stimuli. Cell Stress Chaperones 2001, 6(1):49-58.
63. Schainuck L.I., Striker G.E., Cutler R.E., Benditt E.P. Structural-functional correlations in renal disease. II. The correlations. Hum. Pathol. 1970, 1(4):631-641.
64. Schreiner G.F. Renal toxicity of albumin and other lipoproteins. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 1995, 4(4):369-373.
65. Smeets B., Uhlig S., Fuss A., Mooren F., Wetzels J.F., Floege J., Moeller M.J. Tracing the origin of glomerular extracapillary lesions from parietal epithelial cells. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009, 20(12):2604-2615.
66. Song Y.R., You S.J., Lee Y.M., Chin H.J., Chae D.W., Oh Y.K., Joo K.W., Han J.S., Na K.Y. Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor attenuates renal injury in rat remnant kidney. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2010, 25(1):77-85.
67. Sung S.S., Bolton W.K. T cells and dendritic cells in glomerular disease: the new glomerulotubular feedback loop. Kidney Int. 2009, 77(5):393-399.
68. Tanaka T., Hanafusa N., Ingelfinger J.R., Ohse T., Fujita T., Nangaku M. Hypoxia induces apoptosis in SV40-immortalized rat proximal tubular cells through the mitochondrial pathways, devoid of HIF1-mediated upregulation of Bax. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003, 309(1):222-231.
69. Tanaka T., Kojima I., Ohse T., Inagi R., Miyata T., Ingelfinger J.R., Fujita T., Nangaku M. Hypoxia-inducible factor modulates tubular cell survival in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Am. J. Physiol. 2005, 289(5):F1123-F1133.
70. Tanaka T., Matsumoto M., Inagi R., Miyata T., Kojima I., Ohse T., Fujita T., Nangaku M. Induction of protective genes by cobalt ameliorates tubulointerstitial injury in the progressive Thy1 nephritis. Kidney Int. 2005, 68(6):2714-2725.
71. Tang Z., Lu B., Hatch E., Sacks S.H., Sheerin N.S. C3a mediates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in proteinuric nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009, 20(3):593-603.
72. Theilig F., Kriz W., Jerichow T., Schrade P., Hähnel B., Willnow T., Le Hir M., Bachmann S. Abrogation of protein uptake through megalin-deficient proximal tubules does not safeguard against tubulointerstitial injury. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007, 18(6):1824-1834.
73. Volhard F., Fahr T.H. Die Bright'sche Nierenkrankheit 1914, Julius Springer, Berlin, pp. 1-292.
74. Wolff N.A., Abouhamed M., Verroust P.J., Thévenod F. Megalin-dependent internalization of cadmium-metallothionein and cytotoxicity in cultured renal proximal tubule cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2006, 318(2):782-791.
75. Wu D.T., Bitzer M., Ju W., Mundel P., Böttinger E.P. TGF-beta concentration specifies differential signaling profiles of growth arrest/differentiation and apoptosis in podocytes. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2005, 16(11):3211-3221.
76. Xue J.L., Ma J.Z., Louis T.A., Collins A.J. Forecast of the number of patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States to the year. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2010, 12(12):2753-2758.
77. Yang C.H., Murti A., Pfeffer S.R., Basu L., Kim J.G., Pfeffer L.M. IFNalpha/beta promotes cell survival by activating NF-kappa B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97(25):13631-13636.
78. Yard B.A., Chorianopoulos E., Herr D., van der Woude F.J. Regulation of endothelin-1 and transforming growth factor-beta1 production in cultured proximal tubular cells by albumin and heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycans. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2001, 16(9):1769-1775.
79. Yu L., Border W.A., Huang Y., Noble N.A. TGF-isoforms in renal fibrogenesis. Kidney Int. 2003, 64:844-856.
80. Zeisberg M., Strutz F., Müller G.A. Renal fibrosis: an update. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2001, 10(3):315-320.
81. Zeng R., Yao Y., Han M., Zhao X., Liu X.C., Wei J., Luo Y., Zhang J., Zhou J., Wang S., Ma D., Xu G. Biliverdin reductase mediates hypoxia-induced EMT via PI3-kinase and Akt. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008, 19(2):380-387.
82. Zoja C., Morigi M., Figliuzzi M., Bruzzi I., Oldroyd S., Benigni A., Ronco P., Remuzzi G. Proximal tubular cell synthesis and secretion of endothelin-1 on challenge with albumin and other proteins. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1995, 26(6):934-941.