메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 243-272

Schools as socialisation contexts: Understanding the impact of school climate factors on students' sense of school belonging

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 77949645976     PISSN: 0269994X     EISSN: 14640597     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2009.00389.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (141)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 0036913847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • School effects on psychological outcomes during adolescence
    • Anderman EM. School effects on psychological outcomes during adolescence. Journal of: Educational Psychology 2002, 94(4):795-809.
    • (2002) Journal of: Educational Psychology , vol.94 , Issue.4 , pp. 795-809
    • Anderman, E.M.1
  • 2
    • 0031493077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Victimization and safety in schools serving early adolescents
    • Anderman EM, Kimweli D. Victimization and safety in schools serving early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence 1997, 17:408-438.
    • (1997) Journal of Early Adolescence , vol.17 , pp. 408-438
    • Anderman, E.M.1    Kimweli, D.2
  • 3
    • 1142302928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic and social perceptions as predictors of change in middle school students' sense of school belonging
    • Anderman LH. Academic and social perceptions as predictors of change in middle school students' sense of school belonging. Journal of Experimental Education 2003, 72(1):5-22.
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Education , vol.72 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-22
    • Anderman, L.H.1
  • 4
    • 1542678418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Considering contexts in educational psychology: Introduction to the special issue
    • Anderman LH, Anderman EM. Considering contexts in educational psychology: Introduction to the special issue. Educational Psychologist 2000, 35(2):67-68.
    • (2000) Educational Psychologist , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 67-68
    • Anderman, L.H.1    Anderman, E.M.2
  • 6
    • 84965561095 scopus 로고
    • The search for school climate: A review of the research
    • Anderson CS. The search for school climate: A review of the research. Review of Educational Research 1982, 52(3):368-420.
    • (1982) Review of Educational Research , vol.52 , Issue.3 , pp. 368-420
    • Anderson, C.S.1
  • 7
    • 84937287747 scopus 로고
    • Schools as communities, poverty levels of student populations, and students' attitudes, motives, and performance
    • Battistich V, Solomon D, Kim D, Watson M, Schaps E. Schools as communities, poverty levels of student populations, and students' attitudes, motives, and performance. American Educational Research Journal 1995, 32:627-658.
    • (1995) American Educational Research Journal , vol.32 , pp. 627-658
    • Battistich, V.1    Solomon, D.2    Kim, D.3    Watson, M.4    Schaps, E.5
  • 8
    • 0029304103 scopus 로고
    • The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation
    • Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin 1995, 117(3):497-529.
    • (1995) Psychological Bulletin , vol.117 , Issue.3 , pp. 497-529
    • Baumeister, R.F.1    Leary, M.R.2
  • 11
    • 0141484646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Middle school improvement and reform: Development and validation of a school-level assessment of climate, cultural pluralism, and school safety
    • Brand S, Felner R, Shim M, Seitsinger A, Dumas T. Middle school improvement and reform: Development and validation of a school-level assessment of climate, cultural pluralism, and school safety. Journal of Educational Psychology 2003, 95:570-588.
    • (2003) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 570-588
    • Brand, S.1    Felner, R.2    Shim, M.3    Seitsinger, A.4    Dumas, T.5
  • 12
    • 84973798727 scopus 로고
    • The experimental ecology of education
    • Bronfenbrenner U. The experimental ecology of education. Educational Researcher 1979, 5:5-15.
    • (1979) Educational Researcher , vol.5 , pp. 5-15
    • Bronfenbrenner, U.1
  • 13
    • 0011265196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unique and protective contributions of parenting and classroom processes to the adjustment of African American children living in single-parent families
    • Brody GH, Dorsey S, Forehand R, Armistead L. Unique and protective contributions of parenting and classroom processes to the adjustment of African American children living in single-parent families. Child Development 2002, 73:274-286.
    • (2002) Child Development , vol.73 , pp. 274-286
    • Brody, G.H.1    Dorsey, S.2    Forehand, R.3    Armistead, L.4
  • 14
    • 0023247906 scopus 로고
    • Peer-group affiliation and adolescent self-esteem: An integration of ego-identity and symbolic-interaction theories
    • Brown BB, Lohr MJ. Peer-group affiliation and adolescent self-esteem: An integration of ego-identity and symbolic-interaction theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1987, 52(1):47-55.
    • (1987) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-55
    • Brown, B.B.1    Lohr, M.J.2
  • 16
    • 0037933493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors predictive of mathematics achievement in white, black, and Hispanic 12th graders
    • Byrnes JP. Factors predictive of mathematics achievement in white, black, and Hispanic 12th graders. Journal of Educational Psychology 2003, 95:316-326.
    • (2003) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 316-326
    • Byrnes, J.P.1
  • 17
    • 0031990943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk and resilience in student transition to high schools
    • Catterall JS. Risk and resilience in student transition to high schools. American Journal of Education 1998, 106:302-333.
    • (1998) American Journal of Education , vol.106 , pp. 302-333
    • Catterall, J.S.1
  • 18
    • 0035537319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social capital and dropping out of high school: Benefits to at-risk students of teachers' support and guidance
    • Croninger RG, Lee VE. Social capital and dropping out of high school: Benefits to at-risk students of teachers' support and guidance. Teachers College Record 2001, 103(4):548-581.
    • (2001) Teachers College Record , vol.103 , Issue.4 , pp. 548-581
    • Croninger, R.G.1    Lee, V.E.2
  • 19
    • 32944464106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the contexts of relationship quality between middle school students and teachers
    • Davis HA. Exploring the contexts of relationship quality between middle school students and teachers. The Elementary School Journal 2006, 106(3):193-223.
    • (2006) The Elementary School Journal , vol.106 , Issue.3 , pp. 193-223
    • Davis, H.A.1
  • 20
    • 0034549672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The " what" and " why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
    • Deci EL, Ryan RM. The " what" and " why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry 2000, 11(4):227-269.
    • (2000) Psychological Inquiry , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 227-269
    • Deci, E.L.1    Ryan, R.M.2
  • 21
    • 0027547048 scopus 로고
    • Development during adolescence: The impact of stage-environment fit on young adolescents' experiences in schools and in families
    • Eccles JS, Midgley C, Wigfield A. Development during adolescence: The impact of stage-environment fit on young adolescents' experiences in schools and in families. American Psychologist 1993, 48(2):90-101.
    • (1993) American Psychologist , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 90-101
    • Eccles, J.S.1    Midgley, C.2    Wigfield, A.3
  • 22
    • 1042281362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report on the concrete future objectives of education and training systems
    • Retrieved on 26 January 2009
    • Report on the concrete future objectives of education and training systems. 2001, http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/2010/doc/rep_fut_obj_en.pdf, Retrieved on 26 January 2009
    • (2001)
  • 23
    • 77949616591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creating a sense of belonging to build safe schools
    • Edwards D, Mullis F. Creating a sense of belonging to build safe schools. Journal of Individual Psychology 2001, 57(2):196-203.
    • (2001) Journal of Individual Psychology , vol.57 , Issue.2 , pp. 196-203
    • Edwards, D.1    Mullis, F.2
  • 24
    • 77949636246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available from
    • 2006, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/, Available from
    • (2006)
  • 26
    • 0141484646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Middle school improvement and reform: Development and validation of a school-level assessment of climate, cultural pluralism, and school safety
    • Felner R, Shim M. Middle school improvement and reform: Development and validation of a school-level assessment of climate, cultural pluralism, and school safety. Journal of Educational Psychology 2003, 95(3):570-588.
    • (2003) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.95 , Issue.3 , pp. 570-588
    • Felner, R.1    Shim, M.2
  • 28
    • 0037341892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sense of relatedness as a factor in children's academic engagement and performance
    • Furrer CJ, Skinner EA. Sense of relatedness as a factor in children's academic engagement and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology 2003, 95:148-162.
    • (2003) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 148-162
    • Furrer, C.J.1    Skinner, E.A.2
  • 30
    • 58149370496 scopus 로고
    • Schools make a difference: Evidence, criticism, and new directions
    • Good TL, Weinstein RS. Schools make a difference: Evidence, criticism, and new directions. American Psychologist 1986, 41:1090-1097.
    • (1986) American Psychologist , vol.41 , pp. 1090-1097
    • Good, T.L.1    Weinstein, R.S.2
  • 31
    • 0000399971 scopus 로고
    • Strengthening the links between educational psychology and the study of social contexts
    • Goodenow C. Strengthening the links between educational psychology and the study of social contexts. Educational Psychologist 1992, 27:177-196.
    • (1992) Educational Psychologist , vol.27 , pp. 177-196
    • Goodenow, C.1
  • 32
    • 21144480407 scopus 로고
    • The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates
    • Goodenow C. The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates. Psychology in the Schools 1993a, 30:79-90.
    • (1993) Psychology in the Schools , vol.30 , pp. 79-90
    • Goodenow, C.1
  • 33
    • 21144461644 scopus 로고
    • Classroom belonging among early adolescent students: Relationships to motivation and achievement
    • Goodenow C. Classroom belonging among early adolescent students: Relationships to motivation and achievement. Journal of Early Adolescence 1993b, 13:21-43.
    • (1993) Journal of Early Adolescence , vol.13 , pp. 21-43
    • Goodenow, C.1
  • 34
    • 0042663376 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of school belonging and friends' values to academic motivation among urban adolescent students
    • Goodenow C, Grady KE. The relationship of school belonging and friends' values to academic motivation among urban adolescent students. Journal of Experimental Education 1993, 62(1):60-71.
    • (1993) Journal of Experimental Education , vol.62 , Issue.1 , pp. 60-71
    • Goodenow, C.1    Grady, K.E.2
  • 36
    • 0034023758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies
    • Hawker DSJ, Boulton MJ. Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2000, 41(4):441-455.
    • (2000) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 441-455
    • Hawker, D.S.J.1    Boulton, M.J.2
  • 38
    • 33847664707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of student-teacher and parent-teacher relationships on lower achieving readers' engagement and achievement in the primary grades
    • Hughes JN, Kwok O. The influence of student-teacher and parent-teacher relationships on lower achieving readers' engagement and achievement in the primary grades. Journal of Educational Psychology 2007, 99:39-51.
    • (2007) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.99 , pp. 39-51
    • Hughes, J.N.1    Kwok, O.2
  • 39
    • 20744443285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pupils' liking for school: Ability grouping, self-concept, and perceptions of teaching
    • Ireson J, Hallam S. Pupils' liking for school: Ability grouping, self-concept, and perceptions of teaching. British Journal of Educational Psychology 2005, 75(2):297-311.
    • (2005) British Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.75 , Issue.2 , pp. 297-311
    • Ireson, J.1    Hallam, S.2
  • 40
    • 0002626614 scopus 로고
    • A critical appraisal of individualism and collectivism: Toward a new formulation
    • Kim U, Triandis H, Kagitcibasi C, Choi S, Yoon G. (Eds.), Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications
    • Kagitcibasi C. A critical appraisal of individualism and collectivism: Toward a new formulation. Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications 1994, 52-65. Kim UTriandis HKagitcibasi CChoi SYoon G. In, (Eds.), pp, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications
    • (1994) Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications , pp. 52-65
    • Kagitcibasi, C.1
  • 44
    • 84937266073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceived school climate and difficulties in the social adjustment of middle school students
    • Kuperminc GP, Leadbeater BJ, Emmons C, Blatt SJ. Perceived school climate and difficulties in the social adjustment of middle school students. Applied Developmental Science 1997, 1(2):76-88.
    • (1997) Applied Developmental Science , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 76-88
    • Kuperminc, G.P.1    Leadbeater, B.J.2    Emmons, C.3    Blatt, S.J.4
  • 45
    • 0001828209 scopus 로고
    • The role of peer relationships in the development of disorders
    • Asher SR, Cole JD. (Eds.), New York, Cambridge University Press
    • Kupersmidt JB, Cole JD, Dodge KA. The role of peer relationships in the development of disorders. Peer rejection in childhood 1990, 274-305. Asher SR, Cole JD, In, (Eds.), pp, New York, Cambridge University Press
    • (1990) Peer rejection in childhood , pp. 274-305
    • Kupersmidt, J.B.1    Cole, J.D.2    Dodge, K.A.3
  • 46
    • 0034343360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • School size in Chicago elementary schools: Effects on teachers' attitudes and students' achievements
    • Lee VE, Loeb S. School size in Chicago elementary schools: Effects on teachers' attitudes and students' achievements. American Educational Research Journal 2000, 37(1):3-31.
    • (2000) American Educational Research Journal , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-31
    • Lee, V.E.1    Loeb, S.2
  • 47
    • 0039007441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative effects of principal and teacher sources of leadership on student engagement with school
    • Leithwood K, Janzti D. The relative effects of principal and teacher sources of leadership on student engagement with school. Educational Administration Quarterly 1999, 35(4):679-706.
    • (1999) Educational Administration Quarterly , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 679-706
    • Leithwood, K.1    Janzti, D.2
  • 48
    • 0002432850 scopus 로고
    • Young, middle, and late adolescents' comparisons of the functional importance of five significant relationships
    • Lempers JD, Clark-Lempers DS. Young, middle, and late adolescents' comparisons of the functional importance of five significant relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1992, 21(1):53-96.
    • (1992) Journal of Youth and Adolescence , vol.21 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-96
    • Lempers, J.D.1    Clark-Lempers, D.S.2
  • 49
    • 0031092946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children's relationships with adults and peers: An examination of elementary and junior high school students
    • Lynch M, Cicchetti D. Children's relationships with adults and peers: An examination of elementary and junior high school students. Journal of School Psychology 1997, 35(1):81-99.
    • (1997) Journal of School Psychology , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. 81-99
    • Lynch, M.1    Cicchetti, D.2
  • 50
    • 0041738021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sense of belonging to school: Can schools make a difference?
    • Ma X. Sense of belonging to school: Can schools make a difference? Journal of Educational Research 2003, 96(6):340-349.
    • (2003) Journal of Educational Research , vol.96 , Issue.6 , pp. 340-349
    • Ma, X.1
  • 51
    • 0013118140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling
    • MacCallum RC, Browne MW, Sugawara HM. Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods 1996, 1(2):130-149.
    • (1996) Psychological Methods , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 130-149
    • MacCallum, R.C.1    Browne, M.W.2    Sugawara, H.M.3
  • 54
    • 0034400645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incorporating economic context into educational psychology: Methodological and conceptual challenges
    • Murdock TB. Incorporating economic context into educational psychology: Methodological and conceptual challenges. Educational Psychologist 2000, 35(2):113-124.
    • (2000) Educational Psychologist , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 113-124
    • Murdock, T.B.1
  • 55
    • 33746817881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat, identification with academics, and withdrawal from school: Why the most successful students of color might be most likely to withdraw
    • Osborne JW, Walker C. Stereotype threat, identification with academics, and withdrawal from school: Why the most successful students of color might be most likely to withdraw. Educational Psychology 2006, 26(4):563-577.
    • (2006) Educational Psychology , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 563-577
    • Osborne, J.W.1    Walker, C.2
  • 56
    • 0034560831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Students' need for belonging in the school community
    • Osterman KF. Students' need for belonging in the school community. Review of Educational Research 2000, 70(3):323-367.
    • (2000) Review of Educational Research , vol.70 , Issue.3 , pp. 323-367
    • Osterman, K.F.1
  • 57
    • 77949591446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation of the extent of bullying among primary school students Paper presented at the Violence in Schools Symposium
    • Istanbul, Turkey
    • Piskin M. An investigation of the extent of bullying among primary school students Paper presented at the Violence in Schools Symposium. 2006, Istanbul, Turkey
    • (2006)
    • Piskin, M.1
  • 59
    • 0242595913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bullies and victims in the peer ecology: Four questions for psychological and school professionals
    • Rodkin PC, Hodges E. Bullies and victims in the peer ecology: Four questions for psychological and school professionals. School Psychology Review 2003, 32(3):384-400.
    • (2003) School Psychology Review , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 384-400
    • Rodkin, P.C.1    Hodges, E.2
  • 60
    • 0001709319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On schooling and mental health: Introduction to the special issue
    • Roeser RW. On schooling and mental health: Introduction to the special issue. Educational Psychologist 1998, 33:129-133.
    • (1998) Educational Psychologist , vol.33 , pp. 129-133
    • Roeser, R.W.1
  • 61
    • 0030504149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of the psychological environment and early adolescents' psychological and behavioral functioning in school: The mediating role of goals and belonging
    • Roeser RW, Midgley C, Urdan T. Perceptions of the psychological environment and early adolescents' psychological and behavioral functioning in school: The mediating role of goals and belonging. Journal of Educational Psychology 1996, 88:408-422.
    • (1996) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 408-422
    • Roeser, R.W.1    Midgley, C.2    Urdan, T.3
  • 62
    • 2342497726 scopus 로고
    • School effects on pupil progress: Research findings and policy implications
    • Shulman L, Sykes G. (Eds.), New York, Longman
    • Rutter M. School effects on pupil progress: Research findings and policy implications. Handbook of teaching and policy 1983, 3-41. Shulman LSykes G. In, (Eds.), pp, New York, Longman
    • (1983) Handbook of teaching and policy , pp. 3-41
    • Rutter, M.1
  • 63
    • 84965708148 scopus 로고
    • Representations of relationships to teachers, parents, and friends as predictors of academic motivation and self-esteem
    • Ryan RM, Stiller JD. Representations of relationships to teachers, parents, and friends as predictors of academic motivation and self-esteem. Journal of Early Adolescence 1994, 14(2):226-249.
    • (1994) Journal of Early Adolescence , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 226-249
    • Ryan, R.M.1    Stiller, J.D.2
  • 65
    • 77949269089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population and development indicators
    • Available from:
    • Population and development indicators. 2007, http://nkg.die.gov.tr/en/goster.asp?aile=3, Available from:
    • (2007)
  • 66
    • 0001856460 scopus 로고
    • Collectivism and development
    • Sinha D, Kao HSR. (Eds.), Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications
    • Triandis HC. Collectivism and development. Social values and development: Asian perspectives 1988, 285-303. Sinha DKao HSR. In, (Eds.), pp, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications
    • (1988) Social values and development: Asian perspectives , pp. 285-303
    • Triandis, H.C.1
  • 67
    • 77949628585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved on 26 January 2009
    • 2008, http://www.meb.gov.tr/, Retrieved on 26 January 2009
    • (2008)
  • 68
    • 34548855134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National center for education statistics
    • Available from
    • National center for education statistics. 2003, http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2003/tech_schools/chapter6_2.asp, Available from
    • (2003)
  • 69
    • 0033466594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States
    • Vandello JA, Cohen D. Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999, 77(2):279-292.
    • (1999) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.77 , Issue.2 , pp. 279-292
    • Vandello, J.A.1    Cohen, D.2
  • 71
    • 0030508190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring students' identification with school
    • Voelkl KE. Measuring students' identification with school. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1996, 56(5):760-770.
    • (1996) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.56 , Issue.5 , pp. 760-770
    • Voelkl, K.E.1
  • 73
    • 0004115808 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press
    • Vygotsky LS. Mind in society 1978, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press
    • (1978) Mind in society
    • Vygotsky, L.S.1
  • 74
    • 33144454478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification with academics, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy as predictors of cognitive engagement
    • Walker C, Greene BA, Mansell RA. Identification with academics, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy as predictors of cognitive engagement. Learning and Individual Differences 2006, 16:1-12.
    • (2006) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.16 , pp. 1-12
    • Walker, C.1    Greene, B.A.2    Mansell, R.A.3
  • 75
    • 84970515247 scopus 로고
    • The physical environment of the school: A review of the research.
    • Weinstein CS. The physical environment of the school: A review of the research. Review of Educational Research 1979, 49(4):577-610.
    • (1979) Review of Educational Research , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 577-610
    • Weinstein, C.S.1
  • 76
    • 58149230509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socialization in school settings
    • Grusec JE, Hastings PD. (Eds.), New York, Guilford Press
    • Wentzel KR, Looney L. Socialization in school settings. Handbook of socialization: Theory and research 2007, 382-403. Grusec JE, Hastings PD. In, (Eds.), pp, New York, Guilford Press
    • (2007) Handbook of socialization: Theory and research , pp. 382-403
    • Wentzel, K.R.1    Looney, L.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.