Aloe vera as a Functional Ingredient in Foods

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 305-326

  Rodríguez, Elena Rodríguez ^a   Martín, Jacinto Darias ^a   Romero, Carlos Díaz ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Aloe vera; Bioactive compounds; Functional foods; Gel; Legal aspects; Therapeutic properties

Indexed keywords

ACEMANNAN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; COSMETIC; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENT; IMMUNOLOGICAL ADJUVANT; MANNAN; PLANT EXTRACT;

ALOE; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; GEL; HUMAN; MEDICINAL PLANT; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT LEAF; RISK ASSESSMENT; SAFETY;

ADJUVANTS, IMMUNOLOGIC; ALOE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; COSMETICS; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS; GELS; HUMANS; MANNANS; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANT LEAVES; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ALOE; ALOE VERA;

EID: 77949560826     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: 15497852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408390802544454     Document Type: Article

References (268)

1. Afzal, M., Ali, M., Hassan, R. A. H., Sweedam, N., and Dhami, M. S. I. (1991). Identification of some prostanoids in Aloe vera extracts. Planta Med. 57(1):38-40.
2. Agarwal, O. P. (1985). Prevention of atheromatous heart disease. Angiology 36(8):485-492.
3. Agarwala, O. P. (1997). Whole leaf aloe gel vs. Standard aloe gel. Drug Cosmet. Ind. 160(2):22-28.
4. Ajabnoor, M. A. (1990). Effect of aloes of blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan diabetic mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 28(2):215-220.
5. Akev, N., and Can, A. (1999). Separation and some properties of Aloe vera L. leaf pulp lectins. Phytother. Res. 13(6):489-493.
6. Akev, N., Turkay, G., Can, A., Gurel, A., Yildiz, F., Yardibi, H., Ekiz, E. E., and Uzun, H. (2007). Tumor preventive effect of Aloe vera leaf pulp Lectin (Aloctin I) on Ehrlich ascites tumors in mice. Phytother. Res. 21:1070-1075.
7. Akinmoladun, A.C. and Akinloye, O. (2007). Prevention of the onset of hyperglycaemia by extracts of Aloe barbadensis in rabbits treated with alloxan. African J. Biotechnol. 6(8):1028-1030.
8. Anderson, B. C. (1983). Aloe vera juice: A veterinary medicament? Comp. Cont. Educ. Pract. 5:S364-S368.
9. Atherton, P. (1998). Aloe vera revisited. Brit. J. Phytother. 4(4):176-183.
10. Averbeck, B. and Reeh, P. W. (2001). Interactions of inflammatory mediators stimulating release of calcitonin gene-related peptide substance P and prostaglandin E-2 from isolated rat skin. Neuropharmacology 40(3):416-423.
11. Avila, H., Rivero, J., Herrera, F., and Fraile, G. (1997). Cytotoxicity of a low molecular weight fraction from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) gel. Toxicon 35(9):1423-1430.
12. Bautista-Pérez, R., Segura-Cobos, D., and Vázquez-Cruz, B. (2004). In vitro antibradykinin activity of Aloe barbadensis gel. J. Ethnopharmacol. 93(1):89-92.
13. Beppu, H., Koike, T., Shimpo, K., Chihara, T., Hoshino, M., Ida, C., and Kuzuya, H. (2003). Radical-scavenging effects of Aloe arborescens Miller on prevention of pancreatic islet B-cell destruction in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 89:37-45.
14. Beppu, H., Kwai, K., Shimpo, K., Chihara, T., Tamai, I., Ida, C., Ueda, M., and Kuzuya, H. (2004). Studies on the components of Aloe arborescens from Japan - monthly variation and differences due to part and position of the leaf. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 32:783-795.
15. Beppu, H., Nagamura, Y., and Fujita, K. (1993). Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects of Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger. Phytother. Res. 7: S37-S42.
16. Beppu, H., Shimpo, K., Chihara, T., Tamai, I., Nomoto-Yamaji, S., Ozaki, S., Ito, S., and Kuzuya, H. (2006a). Inhibitory effects of aloe carboxypeptidase fraction on streptomycin-induced enhancement of vascular permeability in the pancreatic islets. Phytomedicine 13(1-2):49-60.
17. Beppu, H., Shimpo, K., Chihara, Kaneko, T., Tamai, I., Yamaji, S., Ozaki, S., Kuzuya, H. and Sonoda, S. (2006b). Antidiabetic effects of dietary administration of Aloe arborescens Miller components on multiple low-dose streptomycin-induced diabetes in mice: investigatioin on hypoglycemic action and systemic absorption dynamics of aloe components. J. Ethnopharmacol. 103(3)468-477.
18. Blitz, J. J., Smith, J. W., and Gerard, J. R. (1963). Aloe vera gel in peptic ulcer therapy: preliminary report. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 62:731-735.
19. Blumenthal, M.,and Milot, B.(2004).Bioassays for testing activity and bioavailability of botanical products. HerbalGram 63:48-51.
20. Bottenberg, M. M., Wall, G. C., Harvey, R. L., and Habib, S. (2007). Oral Aloe vera-induced hepatitis. Ann. Pharmacother. 41(10):1740-1943.
21. Bozzi, A., Perrin, C., Austin, S., Vera, F. A. (2007). Quality and authenticity of commercial aloe vera gel powders. Food Chem. 103(1):22-30.
22. Briggs, C. (1995). Herbal medicine: Aloe. Can. Pharm. J. 128:48-50.
23. Buenz, E. J. (2008). Aloin induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Toxicol. in vitro 22(2):422-429.
24. Bunyapraphatsara, N., Chansrakaew, W., Pornchirasilp, S., Peungvicha, P., and Chokechaijaroenporn, O. (1995). Antidiabetic effect of fresh and preserved aloe gel. Thai. J. Phytopharmacy 2(2):9-15.
25. Bunyapraphatsara, N., Yongchaiyudha, S., Rungpitarangsi, V., and Chokechai-jaroenporn, O. (1996). Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera juice. II Clinical trial in diabetes mellitus patients in combination with glibenclamide. Phytomedicine 3(3):245-248.
26. Bush, T. M., Rayburn, K. S., Holloway, S. W., Sánchez-Yamamoto, D. S., Allen, B. L., Lam, T. et al. (2007). Adverse interactions between herbal and dietary substances and prescription medications: a clinical survey. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 13:30-35.
27. Canigueral, S., and Vila, R. (1993). Aloe. Brit. J. Phytother. 3:67-75.
28. Cao, X. L., Huang, D. F., Dong, Y. M., Zhao, H., and Ito, Y. (2007). Separation of aloins A and B from Aloe vera exudates by high speed countercurrent chromatography. J. Liquid Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 30(9-12):1657-1668.
29. Capasso, F., Borrelli, F., Capasso, R., Di Carlo, G., Izzo, A. A., Pinto, L., Mascolo, N., Castaldo, S., and Longo, R. (1998). Aloe in its therapeutic use. Phytother. Res. 12: S124-S127.
30. Capasso, F., Izzo, A. A., Pinto, L., Bifulco, T., Vitobello, C., and Mascolo, N. (2000). Phytotherapy and quality of herbal medicines. Fitoterapia 71:S58-S65.
31. Cerqueira, L., McKnight, L. S., Rodriguez, S., and Turner, C. E. (1999). Bifurcated method to process Aloe whole leaf. US Patent 5,923,357.
32. Chalaprawat, M.(1997).The hypoglycaemic effects of Aloeverain Thaidiabetic patients. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 50:3.
33. Chen, S. H., Lin, K. Y., Chang, C. C., Fang, C. L., and Lin, C. P. (2007). Aloeemodin-induced apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45(11):2296-2303.
34. Chithra, P., Sajithlal, G. B., and Chandrakasan, G. (1998a). Influence of Aloe vera on the glycosaminoglycans in the matrix of healing dermal wounds in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 59(3):179-186.
35. Chithra, P., Sajithlal, G. B., and Chandrakasan, G. (1998b). Influence of Aloe vera on the healing of dermal wounds in diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 59(3):195-201.
36. Chithra, P., Sajithlal, G. B., and Chandrakasan, G. (1998c). Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 181(1-2):71-76.
37. Choi, S. W., Son, B. W., Son, Y. S., Park, Y.I., Lee, S. K. and Cheng, M. H. (2001). The wound-healing effect of a glycoprotein fraction isolated from Aloe vera. Brit. J. Dermatol. 145(4):535-545.
38. Chow, J. T. N., Williamson, D. A., Yates, K. M., and Goux, W. J. (2005). Chemical characterization of the immunomodulating polysaccharide of Aloe vera L. Carbohyd. Res. 340(6):1131-1142.
39. Coats, B. C. (1979). Hypoallergenic stabilized Aloe vera gel. US Patent 4,178,372.
40. Coats, B. C. (1994). Method of processing stabilized Aloe vera gel obtained from the whole Aloe vera leaf. US Patent 5,356,811.
41. Cobble, H. H. (1975). Stabilized Aloe vera gel. US Patent 3,892,853.
42. Committee Herbal Medicional Products (HMPC). (2007). Assessment report on Aloe Barbadensis Miller and Aloe (various species, mainly Aloe Ferox Miller and its hybrids). (Doc. Ref: EMEA/HMPC/76313/2006). Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use.European Medicines Agency(EMEA),London.
43. Cordella, C., Moussa, I., Martel, A.-C., Sbirrazzuoli, N., and Lizzani-Cuvelier, L. (2002). Recent developments in food characterization and adulteration detection: Technique-oriented perspectives. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:1751-1764.
44. Corsi, M.M., Bertelli, A.A., Gaja, G., Fulgenzi, A. and Ferrero, M.E. (1998). The therapeutic potential of Aloe vera in tumor-bearing rats. Int. J. Tissue Ract. 20:115-118.
45. Danof, I. E. (1987). Aloe in cosmetics - does it do anything?. Cosmet. Toiletries 102:62-63.
46. Danof, I. E. (1993). Potential reversal of chronological and photo-aging of the skin by topical application of natural substances. Phytother. Res. 7:S53-S56.
47. Danof, I. E., and McAnalley, B. H. (1983). Stabilized Aloe vera - effect on human skin cells. Drug Cosmet. Ind. 133:52, 54, 105-106.
48. Davies, P., Bailey, P. J., Goldenberg, M. M., and Fordhutchinson, A. W. (1984). The role of arachidonic-acid oxygenation products in pain and inflammation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2:335-357.
49. Davis, R. H., Agnew, P. S., and Shapiro, E. (1986). Antiarthritic activity of anthraquinones found in Aloe for pedriatic medicine. J. Am. Podiat. Med. Assn. 76(2):61-66.
50. Davis, R. H., Donato, J. J., Hartman, G. M., and Haas, R. C. (1994). Antiinflammatory and wound healing activity of a growth substance in Aloe vera. J. Am. Podiat. Med. Assn. 84(2):77-81.
51. Davis, R. H., Kabbani, J. M., and Maro, N. P. (1987). Aloe vera and wound healing. J. Am. Podiat. Med. Assn. 77(4):165-169.
52. Davis, R. H., Leitner, M. G., Russo, J. M., and Byrne, M. E. (1989a). Wound healing. Oral and topical activity of Aloe vera. J. Am. Podiat. Med. Assn. 79(11):559-562.
53. Davis, R. H., Leitner, M. G., Russo, J. M., and Byrne, M. E. (1989b). Antiinflammatory activity of Aloe vera against a spectrum of irritants. J. Am. Podiat. Med. Assn. 79(6):263-276.
54. Davis, R. H., Rosenthal, K. Y., Cesario, L. R., and Rouw, G. A. (1989c). Processed Aloe vera administered topically inhibits inflammation. J. Am. Podiat. Med. Assn. 79(8):395-397.
55. De Smet, P. A. G. M. (2002). Drug therapy - Herbal remedies. N. Engl. J. Med. 347(25):2046-2056.
56. De Smet, P. A. G. M. (2004). Health risks of herbal remedies: An update. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 76(1):1-17.
57. Diehl, B., and Teichmüller, E. E. (1998). Aloe vera, quality inspection and identification. Agro Food Ind. Hi-Tech 9:14-16.
58. Dominguez-Soto, L. (1992). Photodermatitis to Aloe vera. Int. J. Dermatol. 31(5):372.
59. Eberendu, A. R. (2004). An industry view of the importance of assay development and validation. Inside Lab. Manag. 4(4):3.
60. Ernst, E.(2000).Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology. Br. J.Dermatol. 143:923-929.
61. Eshun, K., and He, Q. (2004). Aloe vera: A valuable ingredient for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries - A review. CRC Cr. Rev. Food Sci. 44:91-96.
62. Esteban, A., Zapata, J. M., Casano, L., Martín, M., and Sabater, B. (2000). Peroxidase activity in Aloe barbadensis commercial gel: Probable role in skin protection. Planta Med. 66(8):724-727.
63. Esua, M. F., and Rauwald, J. W. (2006). Novel bioactive maloyl glucans from Aloe vera gel: isolation, structure elucidation and in vitro bioassays. Carbohydr. Res. 341:355-364.
64. o88/388 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to flavourings for use in foodstuffs and to source materials for their production. Official J. Eur. Communities L188:61-66.
65. o95/2/EC on food additives other than colours and sweeteners. Official J. Eur. Communities L61:1-40.
66. Federici, E., Multari, G., Callo, F. R., and Palazzino, G. (2005). Herbal drug: from traditional use to regulation. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita 41:49-51.
67. Femenia, A., García-Pascual, P., Simal, S., and Rosselló, C. (2003). Effects of heat treatment and dehydration on bioactive polysaccharide acemannan and cell wall polymers from Aloe barbadensis Miller. Carbohyd. Polym. 51:397-405.
68. Femenia, A., Sánchez, E. S., Simal, S., and Rosselló, C. (1999). Compositional features of polysaccharides from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) plant tissues. Carbohyd. Polym. 39:109-117.
69. Flaster, T. and Lassiter, J. (2004). Quality control in herbal preparations: using botanical reference standards for proper identification. HerbalGram 63:32-37.
70. Fogleman, R. W., Chapdelaine, J. M., Carpenter, R. H., and McAnalley, B. H. (1992). Toxicologic evaluation of injectable acemannan in the mouse, rat and dog. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 34(3):201-205.
71. Fox, T. R. (1990). Aloe vera Revered, mysterious healer. Health Food Business, 45-46.
72. Franz, G. (1989). Polysaccharides in pharmacy: current applications and future concepts. Planta Med. 55:493-497.
73. Freytag, E. (1954). Suggested role of traumatic acid in Aloe wound healing. Pharmazie 9:705.
74. Frumkin, A. (1989). Aloe vera, salicylic acid and aspirin for burns. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 83(1):196.
75. Fujita, K., Teradaira, R., and Nagatsu, H. (1976). Bradykininase activity of Aloe extract. Biochem. Pharmacol. 25:205-206.
76. Fujita, K., Ito, S., Teradaira, R., and Beppu, H. (1979). Properties of a carboxypeptidase from aloe. Biochem. Pharmacol. 28:1261-1262.
77. Fulton, J. F. Jr. (1990). The stimulation of postdermabrasion wound healing with stabilized Aloe vera gel-polyethylene oxide dressing. J. Dermatol. Surg. Onc. 16(5):460-467.
78. Garifallidi, P., Hiskia, A., and Calokerinos, A. C. (2004). Determination of adulterationin Aloevera comercial products.In:4th Aegean Analytical Chemistry Days, Kusadasi, Turkey.
79. Ghannam, N., Kingston, M., Al-Meshaal, I. A., Tariq, M., Parman, N. S., and Woodhouse, N. (1986). The antidiabetic activity of aloes: Preliminary clinical and experimental observations. Horm. Res. 24:288-294.
80. Gjerstad, G. (1971). Chemical studies of Aloe vera juice. I: Amino acid analysis. Advancing Frontiers Plant Sci. 28:311-315.
81. Gowda, D. C. (1980). Structural studies of polysaccharides from Aloe saponaria and Aloe vanbalenii. Carbohyd. Res. 83:402-405.
82. Gowda, D.C.,Neelisiddaiah, B.,and Anjaneyalu, Y.V.(1979).Structuralstudies of polysaccharides from Aloe vera. Carbohyd. Res. 72:201-205.
83. Griggs, B. (1996). Aloe, aloe. Country Living, 122-124.
84. Grindlay, D., and Reynolds, T. (1986). The Aloe vera phenomenon: a review of the properties and modern uses of the leaf parenchyma gel. J. Ethnopharmacol. 16(2-3):117-151.
85. Gutterman, Y., and Chauser-Volfson, E. (2000). The distribution of the phenolic metabolites barbaloin, aloeresin and aloenin as a peripheral defense strategy in the succulent leaf parts of Aloe arborescens. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 28(9):825-838.
86. Haddad, P., Samsami, S., Ali Oghabian, M., Amouzgar-Hashemi, F., and Tigmaghz, Z. (2007). A clinical trial of Aloe vera for prophylaxis of radiationinduced dermatitis. Radiother. Oncol. 84:S81-S81.
87. Hale, G. (2003). Scope of products containing aloe has broadened. International Aloe Science Council Website (http://www.iasc.org/productscope.html).
88. He, Q., Changhong, L., Kojo, E., and Tian, Z. (2005). Quality and safety assurance in the processing of aloe vera gel juice. Food Control 16:95-104.
89. Heggers, J. P., Kucukcelebi, A., Listengarten, D., Stabenau, J., Ko, F., Broemeling, L. D., Robson, M. C., and Winters, W. D. (1996). Beneficial effect of Aloe on wound healing in an excisional wound model. J. Altern. Complem. Med. 2(2):271-277.
90. Heggers, J. P., Kucukcelebi, A., Stabenau, C. J., Ko, F., Broemeling, L. D., Robson, M. C., and Winters, W. D. (1995). Wound healing effects of Aloe gel and other topical antibacterial agents on rat skin. Phytother. Res. 9:455-457.
91. Heggers, J.P., Pelley, R.P., and Robson, M.C. (1993). Beneficial effects of Aloe in wound healing. Phytother. Res. 7:S48-S52.
92. Heggie, S., Bryant, G. P., Tripcony, L., Keller, J., Rose, P., Glendennig, M., and Heath, J. (2002). A Phase III study on the efficacy of topical Aloe vera gel on irradiated breast tissue. Cancer Nurs. 25(6):442-451.
93. Herlihy, J. T., Kim, J. D., Kalu, D. N., Nelson, J. F., Ward, W. F., Ikeno, Y., and Yu, B. P. (1998). Effects of Aloe vera ingestion in the rat. II. Hormonal and metabolic characteristics. Phytother. Res. 12(5):355-360.
94. Hogan, D. J. (1988). Widespread dermatitis after topical treatment of chronic leg ulcers and statis dermatitis. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 138(4):336-338.
95. Hu, Q.H., Hu, Y., and Xu, J.(2005).Free radical-scavenging activity of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) extracts by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Food Chem. 91(1):85-90.
96. Hu, Y., Xu, J., and Hu, Q. (2003). Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51(26):7788-7791.
97. Hunter, D., and Frumkin, A. (1991). Adverse reactions to vitamin E and Aloe vera preparations after dermabrasion and chemical peel. Cutis 47(3):193-196.
98. Hutter, J. A., Salman, M., Stavinoha, W. B., Satsangi, N., Williams, R. F., Streeper, R. T., and Weintraub, S. T. (1996). Antiinflammatory C-glucosyl chromone from Aloe barbadensis. J. Nat. Prod. 59(5):541-543.
99. Ikeno, Y., Cox, R. J., Uchida, K., and Reddick, R. L. (1998). Immunohisto-chemical analysis of lipid peroxidation products and glycated endproducts in aging fischer 344 rat kidneys and modulation by dietary restriction. Free Radical Bio. Med. 25:S84.
100. Ikeno, Y., Hubbard, G. B., Lee, S., Yu, B. P., and Herlihy, J. T. (2002). The influence of long-term Aloe vera ingestion on age-related disease in male Fischer 344 rats. Phytother. Res. 16(8):712-718.
101. Im, S. A., Oh, S. T., Song, S., Kim, M. R., Kim, D. S., Woo, S. S., Jo, T. H., Park, Y. I., and Lee, C. K. (2005). Identification of optimal molecular size of modified Aloe polysaccharides with maximum immunomodulatory activity. Int. J. Immunopharmaco. 5(2):271-279.
102. Imanishi, K., and Suzuki, I. (1984). Augmentation of natural cell-mediated cytotoxic reactivity of mouse lymphoid cells by Aloctin A. Int. J. Immunopharmaco. 6:539-543.
103. Imanishi, K., Ishiguro, T., Saito, H., and Suzuki, I. (1981). Pharmacological studies on a plant lectin, Aloctin A. Part I.Growth inhibition of mouse methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma (Meth A) in ascites form by Aloctin A. Experientia 37(11):1186-1187.
104. International Aloe Science Council (IASC). (2004). Aloe vera certification criteria. International Aloe Science Council Website (http://www.iasc.org/certcriteria.html).
105. Ishii, Y., Tanizawa, H., and Takino, Y. (1990). Studies of Aloe III. Mechanism of cathartic effect. (2). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(1):197-200.
106. Kar, A., Panda, S., and Bharti, S. (2002). Relative efficacy of three medicinal plant extracts in the alteration of thyroid hormone concentrations in male mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 81(2):281-285.
107. Kaufman, T., Kalderon, N., Ullman, Y., and Berger, J. (1988). Aloe vera gel hindered wound healing of experimental second-degree burns: A quantitative controlled study. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 9(2):156-159.
108. Kim, H. S., and Lee, B. M. (1997). Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene DNA adduct formation by Aloe barbadensis Miller. Carcinogenesis 18(4):771-776.
109. Kim, H. S., Kacew, S., and Lee, B. M. (1999). In vitro chemopreventive effect of plant polysaccharides (Aloe barbadensis Miller, Lentinis edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and Coriolus versicolor). Carcinogenesis 20(8):1637-1640.
110. Kim, K.H., Lee, J.G, Kim, D.C., Kim, M.K., Park, J.H., Shin, Y.G., Lee, S.K., Jo, T.H., and Oh, S.T. (1998). The development of a new method to detect the adulteration of commercial Aloe gel powders. Arch. Pharm. Res. 21(5):514-520.
111. Klein, A. D., and Penneys, N. S. (1988). Aloe vera. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 18(4):714-720.
112. Kodym, A. (1991). The main chemical component contained in fresh leaves and in a dry extract from three years old Aloe arborescens Mill. grown in hothouses. Pharmazie 46:216-219.
113. Kodym, A., Marcinkowski, A., and Kukula, H. (2003). Technology of eye drops containing aloe (Aloe arborescens Mill.Liliaceae) and eye drops containing both aloe and neomycin sulphate. Acta Pol. Pharm. 60(1):319.
114. Koike, T., Beppu, H., Kuzuya, H., Maruta, K., Shimpo, K., Suzuki, M., Titani, K., and Fujita, K. (1995). A 35 kDa mannose-binding lectin with hemagglutinating and mitogenic activities from 'Kidachi Aloe' (Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger). J. Biochem. 118(6):1205-1210.
115. Koo, M. W. L. (1994). Aloe vera: antiulcer and antidiabetic effects. Phytother. Res. 8:461-464.
116. Kupchan, S. M., and Karim, A. (1976). Tumor inhibitor. 114. Aloe emodin: antileukemic principle isolated from Rhamnus frangulaL.Lloydia 39 (4):223-224.
117. Lachenmeier, K., Kuepper, U., Musshoff, F., Madea, B., Reusch, H., and Lachenmeier, D. W. (2005). Quality control of Aloe vera beverages. Electronic J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem. 4(4):1-12. http://ejeafche.uvigo.es/4(4)2005/010442005F.htm.
118. Langmead, L., Makins, R. J., and Rampton, D. S. (2004). Anti-inflammatory effects of Aloe vera gel in human colorectal mucosa in vitro. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 19:521-527.
119. Lawless, J., and Allan, J. (2000). Aloe vera - Natural wonder cure. Harper Collins Publihers, Hammersmith, London.
120. Lee, A., Chui, P. T., Aun, C. S. T., Gin, T., and La, A. S. C. (2004). Possible interaction between sevoflurane and Aloe vera. Ann. Pharmacother. 38(10):1651-1654.
121. Lee, B. M., and Park, K.-K. (2003). Beneficial and adverse effects of chemopreventive agents. Mutat. Res. 523-524:265-278.
122. Lee, K. Y., Weintraub, S. T., and Yu, B. P. (2000). Isolation and identification of a phenolic antioxidany from Aloe barbadensis. Free Radical Bio. Med. 28(2):261-265.
123. Lee, M. J., Lee, O. H., Yoon, S. H., Lee, S. K., Chung, M. H., Park, Y. I., Sung, C. K, Choi, J. S., and Kim, K. W. (1998). In vitro angiogenic activity of Aloe vera gel on calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cell. Arch. Pharm. Res. 21(3):260-265.
124. Leung, A. Y. (1977). Aloe vera in cosmetics. Drug Cosmet. Ind. 120(6):34.
125. Leung, M. Y. K., Liu C., Zhu, L. F., Hui, Y. Z., Yu, B., and Fung, K. P. (2004). Chemical and biological characterization of a polysaccharide biological response modifier from Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berg. Glycobiology 14(6):501-510.
126. Li, H.M.,Su, L.H.,and Chen, R.Z.(2004).Simultaneousdeterminationoftrace amounts of iron (II), copper (II) and cobalt (II) in aloe by second derivative peak area spectrophotometry. Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 24(4):463-465.
127. Li, J. Y., Wang, T. X., Shen, Z. G., and Hu, Z. H. (2003). Relationship between leaf structure and aloin content in six species of Aloe L. Acta Bot. Sin. 45(5):594-600.
128. Lim, B. O., Seong, N. S., Choue, R. W., Kim, J. D., Lee, H. Y., Kim, S. Y., Yu, B. P., Jeon, T. I., and Park, D. K. (2003). Efficacy of dietary Aloe vera supplementation on hepatic cholesterol and oxidative status in aged rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 49(4):292-296.
129. Liu, C. H., Wang, C. H., Xu, Z. L., and Wang, Y. (2007). Isolation, chemical characterization and antioxidant activities of two polysaccharides from the gel and the skin of Aloe barbadensis Miller irrigated with sea water. Proc. Biochem. 42(6):961-970.
130. Loots, D. T., van der Westhuizen, F. H., and Botes, L. (2007). Aloe ferox leaf gel phytochemical content, antioxidant capacity, and possible health benefits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55(17):6891-6896.
131. Luta, G., and McAnalley, B. H. (2005). Aloe vera: Chemical composition and methods used to determine its presence in comercial products. Glycoscience and Nutrition 6(4):1-12.
132. Luyckx, V. A., Ballantine, R., Claeys, M., Cuyckens, F., van den Heuvel, H., and Cimanga, R. K., Vlietinck, A. J., De Broe M. E., Katz, I. J. (2002). Herbal remedy-associated acute renal failure secondary to Cape aloes. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 39(3):E13.
133. Mabusela, W. T., Stephen, A. M., and Botha, M. C. (1990). Carbohyd. Polym. from Aloe ferox leaves. Phytochemistry 29:3555-3558.
134. Maenthaisong, R., Chaiyakunapruk, N., Niruntraporn, S. and Kongkaew, C. (2007). The efficacy of Aloe vera used for burn wound healing: A systematic review. Burns 33:713-718.
135. Mandal, G., and Das, A. (1980). Structure of the glucomannan isolated from Aloe barbadensis Miller. Carbohyd. Res. 87:249-256.
136. Manna, S., and McAnalley, B. H. (1993). Determination of the position of the O-acetyl group in a beta (1-4) mannan (Acemannan) from Aloe barbadensis Miller. Carbohyd. Res. 17(241):317-319.
137. Marshall, G. D., and Druck, J. P. (1993). In vitro stimulation of NK activity by Acemannan. J. Immunol. 150:241A.
138. Marshall, G. D., Gibbon, A. S., and Parnell, L.S. (1993). Human cytokines induced by Acemannan. J. Allergy Clin. Immun. 91:241A.
139. Marshall, J. M. (1990). Aloe vera gel: what is the evidence? Pharm. J., 244: 360-362.
140. McAnalley, B. H. (1988). Process for preparation of Aloe products, produced thereby and composition thereof. US Patent 4,735,935.
141. McAnalley, B. H. (1990). Process for preparation of Aloe products. US Patent No. 4,957,907.
142. McAuliffe, J. C., and Hindsgaul, O. (1997). Carbohydrate drugs-an ongoing challenge. Chem. Ind., 170-174.
143. McCauley, R. L., Heggers, J. P., and Robson, M. C. (1990). Frostbite. Methods to minimize tissue loss. Postgrad. Med. 88(8):67-68, 73-77.
144. McConaughy, S. D., Stroud, P. A., Boudreaux, B., Hester, R. D., and McCormick, C. L. (2008). Structural characterization and solution properties of galacturonate polysaccharide derived from Aloe vera capable of in situ gelation. Biomacromolecules 9:472-480.
145. McDaniel, H. R. (1987). A clinical pilot study using Carrsyn (Aloe vera concentrate) in the treatment of AIDS patients. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 88:68.
146. McDaniel, H. R., Perkins, S., and McAnalley, B. H. (1987). A clinical pilot study using Carrsyn in the treatment of aquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 88:534.
147. McKeown, E. (1987). Aloe vera. Cosmet. Toiletries 102:64-65.
148. McKeown, E. C. (1983). Aloe Vera - The quest for the curative missing link. Drug Cosmet. Ind., 32-33.
149. Meadows, T. P. (1980). Aloe as a humectant in new skin preparations. Cosmet. Toiletries 95(11):51-56.
150. Merriam, E. A., Campbell, B. D., Flood, L. P., Welsh, C. J. R., McDaniel, H. R., and Busbee, D. L. (1996). Enhancement of immune function in rodents using a complex plant carbohydrate which stimulates macrophage secretion of immunoreactive cytokines. In: Advances in Anti-Aging Medicine. Vol. 1, pp. 181-203. Klatz, R. M., Ed. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., Larchmont, New York.
151. Montaner, J. K., Gill, J., Singer, J., Raboud, J., Arseneau, R., McLean, B. D., Schechter, M. T., and Ruedy, J. (1996). Double blind placebo-controlled pilot trial of Acemannan in advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 12, 153-157.
152. Moon, E.-J., Lee, Y. M., Lee, O.-H., Lee, M.-J., Lee, S.-K., Chung, M.-H., Park, Y.-I., Sung, C.-K., Choi, J.-S., and Kim, K.-W. (1999). A novel angiogenic factor derived from Aloe vera gel:β-sitosterol, a plant sterol. Angiogenesis 3(2):117-123.
153. Morton, J. F. (1961). Folk uses and commercial exploitation of Aloe leaf pulp. Econ. Bot. 15:311-319.
154. Mossa, J. S. (1985). A study on the crude antidiabetic drugs used in Arabian folk medicine. Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 23:137-145.
155. Mueller, S. O., and Stopper, H. (1999). Characterization of the genotoxicity of anthraquinones in mammalian cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1428(2-3):406-414.
156. Mueller, S. O., Stopper, H., and Dekant, W. (1998). Biotransformation of the anthraquinones emodin and chrysophanol by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Bioactivation to genotoxic metabolites. Drug Metab. Dispos. 26(6):540-546.
157. Natow, A. J. (1986). Aloe vera, fiction or fact. Cutis 37(2):106-108.
158. Newton, L. E. (1987). On the suitability of Kenyan aloes for commercial cultivation. East Africa Nat. Hist. Soc. Bull. 17:5-8.
159. Ni, Y., Turner, D., Yates, K. M., and Tizard, I. (2004). Isolation and characterization of structural components of Aloe vera L. leaf pulp. Int. Immunopharmacol. 4(14):1745-1755.
160. Niciforovic, A., Adzic, M., Spasic, S. D., and Radojcic, M. B. (2007). Antitumor effects of a natural anthracycline analog (Aloin) involve altered activity of antioxidant enzymes in HeLaS3 cells. Cancer Biol. Ther. 6(8):1200-1205.
161. Northway, R. B. (1975). Experimental uses of Aloe vera extract in clinical practice. Vet. Med. Sm. Anim. Clin. 70(1):89.
162. Norton, S. J., Talesa, V., Yuan, W. J., and Principato, G. B. (1990). Glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II from Aloe vera: purification, characterization and comparison with animal glyoxalases. Biochem. Int. 22(3):411-418.
163. Okamura, N., Asai, M., Hine, N., and Yagi, A. (1996). High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic compounds in Aloe species. J. Chromatogr. A 746:225-231.
164. Okyar, A., Can, A., Akev, N., Baktir, G., and Sutlupinar, N. (2001). Effect of Aloe vera leaves on blood glucose level in type I and type II diabetic rat models. Phytother. Res. 15(2):157-161.
165. Ovodova, R. G., Lapchik, V. F., and Ovodov, Y. S. (1975). Polysaccharides in Aloe arborescens. Khim. Prir. Soedin. 11:3-5.
166. Paez, A., Gebre, G. M., Gonzalez, M. E., and Tschaplinski, T. J. (2000). Growth, soluble carbohydrates, and aloin concentration of Aloe vera plants exposed to three irradiance levels. Environ. Exp. Bot. 44(2):133-139.
167. Park, M. K., Park, J. H., Kim, N. Y., Shin, Y. G., Choi, Y. S., Lee, J. G., Kim, K. H., and Lee, S. K. (1998). Analysis of 13 phenolic compounds in aloe species by high performance liquid chromatography. Phytochem. Analysis 9(4):186-191.
168. Paulsen, B. S., Fagerheim, E., and Overbye, E. (1978). Structural studies of the polysaccharides from Aloe plicatilis Miller. Carbohyd. Res. 60:345-351.
169. Payne, J. M. (1970). Tissue response to Aloe vera gel following periodontal surgery. Thesis submitted to Faculty of Baylor University for the Degree of Master of Science.
170. Pecere, T., Gazzola, M. V., Mucignat, C., Parolin, C., Vecchia, F. D., Cavaggioni, A., Basso, G., Diaspro, A., Salvato, B., Carli, M., and Palu, G. (2000). Aloeemodin is a new type of anti-cancer agent with selective activity against neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer Res. 60(11):2800-2804.
171. Pelley, R. P. (1992). Aloe quality control: current of HPLC in the quality control of aloe barbadensis extracts, Aloe Today, (Autumn), 19-26.
172. Pelley, R. P., Wang, Y.-T., and Waller, T. A. (1993). Current status of quality control of Aloe barbadensis extracts. SOFW Journal 25(1):255-268.
173. Pelley, R. P., Martini, W. J., Liu, D. Q., Yang, Z., Rachui, S., Li, K. M., Waller, T. A., and Strickland, F. M. (1998). Multiparameter analysis of commercial "Aloe vera" materials and comparison of Aloe barbadensis Miller extracts. Subtrop. Plant Sci. 50:1-14.
174. Penneys, N. S. (1982). Inhibition of arachidonic acid oxidation in vitro by vehicle components. Acta Derm.-Venereol. 62:59-61.
175. Pérez, Y. Y., Jiménez-Ferrer, E., Zamilpa, A., Hernández-Valencia, M., Alarcón- Aguilar, F. J., Tortoriello, J., and Román-Ramos, R. (2007). Effect of polyphenol-rich extract from Aloe vera gel on experimentally induced insulin resistance in mice. Am. J. Chin. Med. 36(6):1037-1046.
176. Pugh, N., Ross, S. A., ElSohly, M. A., and Pasco, D. S. (2001). Characterization of Aloeride, a new high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Aloe vera with potent immunostimulatory activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49(1):1030-1034.
177. Qiu, Z., Jones, K., Wylie, M., Jia, Q., and Orndorff, S. (2000). Modified Aloe barbadensis polysaccharide with inmunoregulatory activity. Planta Med. 66(2):152-156.
178. Rabe, C., Musch, A., Schirmacher, P., Kruis, W., and Hoffmann, R. (2005). Acute hepatitis induced by an Aloe vera preparation: A case report. World J. Gastroenterol.,11(2):303-304.
179. Rajasekaran, S., Sivagnanam, K., and Subramanian, S. (2005). Mineral contents of Aloe vera leaf gel and their role on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 108(1-3):185-196.
180. Ralamboranto, L., Rakotovao, L. H., Le Deaut, J. Y., Chaussoux, D., Salomon, J. C., Fournet, B., Montreuil, J., Rakotonirina-Randriambeloma, P. J., Dulat, C., and Coulanges, P. (1982). Immunomodulating properties of an extract isolated and partially purified from Aloe vahombe. 3. Study of antitumoral properties and contribution to the chemical nature active principle. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Madagascar 50(1):227-256.
181. Rebecca, W., Kayser, O., Hagels, H., Zessin, K.-H., Madundo, M., and Gamba, N. (2003). The phytochemical profile and identification of main phenolic compounds from the leaf exudate of Aloe secundiflora by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phytochem. Analysis 14(2):83-86.
182. o 258/1997, de 27 de enero (DOCE L 43, de 14 de febrero), sobre nuevos alimentos y nuevos ingredientes alimentarios. Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentación. Subdirección General de Planificación Alimentaria.
183. Reif, K., Sievers, H., and Steffen, J.-P. (2004). The role of chemical reference standards as analytical tools in the quality assessment of botanical materials - An European perspective. HerbalGram 63:38-43.
184. Reynolds, T. (1985). The compounds of Aloe leaf exudates: a review. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 90:157-77.
185. Reynolds, T. (1998). Aloe vera: what are the active ingredients? Proceeding of the Active Ingredients Conference. pp. 85-93. Paris.
186. Reynolds, T., and Dweck, A. C. (1999). Aloe vera leaf: a review update. J. Ethnopharmacol. 68(1-3):3-37.
187. Robson, M. C., Heggers, J. P., and Hagstrom, W. J. (1982). Myth, magic, withchcraft or fact? Aloe vera revisited. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 3:157-163.
188. Rodriguez, S. (2004). How large is the aloe market? International Aloe Science Council Website (http://www.iasc.org/aloemarket.html).
189. Rodríguez-Fragoso, L., Reyes-Esparza, J., Burchiel, S. W., Herrera-Ruiz, D., and Torres, E. (2008). Risks and benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in Mexico. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 227:125-135.
190. Román-Ramos, R., Flores-Saenz, J. L., Partida-Hernández, G., Lara-Lemus, A., and Alarcón-Aguilar, F. (1991). Experimental study of the hypoglycemic effect of some antidiabetic plants. Arch. Invest. Med. 22(1):87-93.
191. Rosca-Casian, O., Parvu, M., Vlase, L., and Tamas, M. (2007). Antifungal activity of Aloe vera leaves. Fitoterapia 78:219-222.
192. Ross, S. A., ElSohly, M. A., and Wilkins, S. P. (1997). Quantitative analysis of Aloe vera mucilaginous polysaccharide in commercial Aloe vera products. J. AOAC Int. 80(2):455-457.
193. Rubel, B. L. (1983). Possible mechanisms of the healing actions of aloe gel. Cosmet. Toiletries 98:109-114.
194. Sabeh, F., Wright, T., and Norton, S. J. (1993). Purification and characterization of a glutathione-peroxidase from the Aloe vera plant. Enzyme Protein 47(2):92-98.
195. Sabeh, F., Wright,T., and Norton, S. J. (1996). Isozymes of superoxide dismutase from Aloe vera. Enzyme Protein 49(4):212-221.
196. Saccù, D., Bogoni, P., and Procida, G. (2001). Aloe exudate: Characterization by reversed phase HPLC and headspace GC-MS. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49(10):4526-4530.
197. Sahito, S. R., Kazi, T. G., Kazi, G. H., Memon, M. A., Shaikh, Q., Jakhrani, M. A., and Shar, G. Q. (2003). Comparison of sample preparation methods for the determination of essential and toxic elements in important indigenous medicinal plant Aloe barbadensis. J. Chem. Soc. Pakistan 25(3):201-205.
198. Saito, H. (1993). Purification and active substances of Aloe arborescens Miller and their biological and pharmacological activity. Phytother. Res. 7:S14-S19.
199. Saito, H., Ishiguro, T., Imanishi, K., and Suzuki, I. (1982). Pharmacological studies on a plant lectin Aloctin A. II. Inhibitory effect of Aloctin A on experimental models of inflammation in rats. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 32(1):139-142.
200. Sakai, R. (1989). Epidemiologic survey on lung cancer with respect to cigarette smoking and plant diet. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 80(6):513-520.
201. Schechter, S. R. (1994). Aloe vera: the healing plant. Health Foods Business, 23-24.
202. Schorkhuber, M., Richter, M., Dutter, A., Sontag, G., and Marian, B. (1998). Effect of anthraquinone-laxatives on the proliferation and urokinase secretion of normal, premalignant and malignant colonic epithelial cells. Eur. J. Cancer 34(7):1091-1098.
203. Segal, A., Taylor, J. A., and Eoff, J. C. (1968). A re-investigation of polysaccharide material form Aloe vera mucilage. Lloydia 31:423-424.
204. Shahnaz, A. M. A., Kalhonoz, Z., and Badar, Y. (1993). Aloe a biologically active and potencial medicinal plant. Hamdard Medicus 36(1):108-115.
205. Shapiro, K., and Gong, W. C. (2002). Natural products used for diabetes. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 42:217-226.
206. Shaw, D., León, C., Kolev, S., and Murray, V. (1997). Traditional remedies and food supplements: a 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Safety 17:342-356.
207. Shelton, R. M. (1991). Aloe vera. Its chemical and therapeutic properties. Int. J. Dermatol. 30(10):679-683.
208. Shoji, A. (1982). Contact dermatitis to Aloe arborescens. Contact Dermatitis 8:164-167.
209. Silano, M., De Vicenzi, M., De Vicenzi, A., and Silano, V. (2004). The new European legislation on tradicional herbal medicines: man features and perspectivas. Fitoterapia 75:107-116.
210. Simal, S., Femenía, A., Llull, P., and Rosselló, C. (2000). Dehydration of Aloe vera: simulation of drying curves and evaluation of functional properties. J. Food Eng. 43:109-114.
211. Spoerke, D. G., and Elkins, B. R. (1980). Aloe vera-fact or quackery. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 22(6):418-424.
212. Steemkamp, V., and Stewart, M. J. (2007). Medical applications and toxicological activities of Aloe products. Pharm. Biol. 45(5):411-420.
213. Strickland, F. M., Muller, H. K., Stephens, L. C., Bucana, C.D., Donawho, C.K., Sun, Y., and Pelley, R. P. (2000). Induction of primary cutaneous melanomas in C3H mice by combined treatment with ultraviolet radiation, ethanol and aloe emodin. Photochem. Photobiol. 72(3):407-414.
214. Su, H. Y., Cherng, S. H., Chen, C. C., and Lee, H. (1995). Emodin inhibits the mutagenicity and DNA adducts induced by 1-nitropyrene. Mutat. Res. 329(2):205-212.
215. Sultana, B., and Anwar, F.(2008).Flavonols(kaempeferol,quercetin,myricetin) contents of selected fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. Food Chem. 108:879-884.
216. Suvitayavat, W., Sumrongkit, C., Thirawarapan, S. S., and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (2004). Effects of Aloe preparation on the histamine-induced gastric secretion in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 90(2-3):239-247.
217. Suzuki, I., Saito, H., Inoue, S., Migita, S., and Takahashi, T. (1979). Purification and characterization of 2 lectins from Aloe-Arborescens Mill. J. Biochem. 85(1):163-171.
218. Syed, T. A., Ahmad, S. A., Holt, A. H., Ahmad, S. H., Ahmad, S. H., and Afzal, M. (1996). Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-cotrolled, double-blind study. Trop. Med. Int. Health 1(4):505-509.
219. t'Hart, L. A., van den Berg, A. J., Kuis, L., van Dijk, H., and Labadie, R. P. (1989). An anti-complementary polysaccharide with immunological adjuvant activity from the leaf parenchyma gel of Aloe vera. Planta Med. 55(6):509-512.
220. Takeyama, E.,Fukushima, M.,and Tanimura, A.(2002).Effectofheat-treatment on the content and polysaccharide composition of dietary fiber. Food Sci. Technol. Res. 8(2):125-130.
221. Talmadge, J., Chavez, J., Jacobs, L., Munger, C., Chinnah, T., Chow, J. T., Williamson, D., and Yates, K. (2004). Fraction of Aloe vera L. inner gel, purification and molecular profiling of activity. Int. J. Immunopharmaco. 4(14):1757-1773.
222. Tizard, I., Carpenter, R. H., McAnalley, B. H., and Kemp, M. (1989). The biological activity of mannans andrelated complex carbohydrates. Mol. Biother. 1:290-296.
223. Tsuda, H., Ito, M., Hirono, I., Hawai, K., Beppu, H., Fujita, K., and Nagao, M. (1993). Inhibitory effect of Aloe arborescens Miller var. natalensis Berger (Kidachi aloe) on induction of preneoplastic focal lesions in the rat liver. Phytother. Res., Suppl. 7:43-47.
224. Umano, K.,Nakahara, K.,Shoji, A.,and Shibamoto, T.(1999).Aromachemicals isolated and identified from leaves of Aloe arborescens Mill. var. natalensis Berger. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47(9):3702-3705.
225. Urch, D. (1999). Aloe vera - Nature's gift. pp. 7-13. Blackdown Publications, Bristol, England.
226. Valverde, J. M., Valero, D., Martínez-Romero, D., Guillén, F., Castillo, S., and Serrano, M. (2004). Novel edible coating base don Aloe vera gel to maintain table grape quality and safety. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(20):7807-7813.
227. Van Wyk, B. E., van Oudtshoorn, B., and Gericke, N. (1997). Medicinal plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.
228. Van Wyk, B. E., van Rheede van Oudshoorn, M. C. B., and Smith, G. F. (1995). Geographical variation in the major compounds of Aloe ferox leaf exudate. Planta Med. 61(3):250-253.
229. Viljoen, A. M., Van Wyk, B.-E., and Newton, L. E. (2001). The occurrence and taxonomic distribution of the anthrones aloin, aloinoside and microdontin in Aloe. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 29(1):53-67.
230. Vogler, B. K., and Ernst, E. (1999). Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. Brit. J. Gen. Pract. 49(447):823-828.
231. Wagar, W. A., Shaukat, S., and Sohalil, T. (2008). Study of glibenclamide with some traditional herbs used for the treatment of diabetes in Pakistan. J. Chem. Soc. Pakistan,30(1):147-154.
232. Waller, G. R., Mangiafico, S., and Ritchey, C. R. (1978). A chemical investigation of Aloe barbadensis Miller. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 58:69-76.
233. Wang, D. X., Yang, G. L., Wang, L. Y., and Song, X. R. (2000). Determination of the active components in Clinese herb Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berger by capillary zone electrophoresis. Se Pu 18(5):423-425.
234. Wang, W., Cuyckens, F., Van den Heuvel, H., Apers, S., Pieters, L., Steenkamp, V., Stewart, M.J., Luyckx, V.A., and Claeys, M. (2003). Structural characterization of chromone C-glucosides in a toxic herbal remedy. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17(1):49-55.
235. Wang, Y. T. (1993). Bases of Aloe certification. Aloe Today, Winter:27-29.
236. Wang, Y. T., and Strong, K. J. (1993). Monitoring physical and chemical- properties of freshly harvested field-grown Aloe vera leaves - A preliminary report. Phytother. Res. 7:S1-S4.
237. Wang, Y. T., and Strong, K. J. (1995). Two-year study monitoring several physical and chemical properties of field-grown Aloe barbadensis Miller leaves. Subtrop. Plant Sci. 47:34-38.
238. Wang, Y. T. (2007). Severity of leaf harvest, supplemental nutrients, and sulphur application on long-term leaf production of Aloe barbadensis miller. Hortsci. 42(7):1584-1588.
239. Watson, J. B. (1983). Aloe. Fairchild Trop. Gard. Bull. 38:24-28.
240. Westendorf, J., Marquardt, H., Poginskiy, B., Dominiak, M., Schmidt, J., and Marquardt, H. (1990). Genotoxicity of naturally occurring hydroxyanthraquinones. Mutat. Res. 240(1):1-12.
241. Winters, W. D. (1991). Lymphocyte stimulation by newly identified Aloe lectinmitogens. Adv. New Drug Develop., 40:391-397.
242. Winters, W.D. (1993).Immuno reactivelectins in leafgel fromAloe barbadensis Miller. Phytother. Res. 7: S23-S25.
243. Winters, W. D., andYang, P. B. (1996). Polypeptides of the three majormedicinal aloes. Phytother. Res. 10:573-576.
244. Winters, W. D., Benavides, R., and Clouse, W. J., (1981). Effects of aloe extracts on human normal and tumor cells in vitro. Econ. Bot. 35:89-95.
245. Wolfle, D., Schumutte, C., Westendorf, J., and Marquardt, H. (1990). Hydroxyanthraquinones as tumor promoters: enhancement of malignant transformation of C3H mouse fibroblasts and growth stimulation of primary rat hepatocytes. Cancer Res. 50(20):6540-6544.
246. Yagi, A., and Takeo, S. (2003). Antiinflamatory constituents, aloesin and aloemannan in Aloe species and effects of tanshion VI in Salvia miltiorrhiza on heart. Yakugaku Zasshi 123(7):517-532.
247. Yagi, A., Egusa, T., Arase, M., Tanabe, M., and Tsuji, H. (1997). Isolation and characterization of the glycoprotein with a proliferation promoting activity on human and hamster cell in vitro from Aloe vera gel. Planta Med. 63(1):18-21.
248. Yagi, A., Harada, N., Yamada, H., Iwadare, S., and Nishioka, I. (1982). Antibradykinin active material in Aloe saponaria. J Pharm. Sci. 71:1172-1174.
249. Yagi, A., Kabash, A., Mizuno, K., Moustafa, S. M., Khalifa, T. I., and Tsuji, H. (2003). Radical scavenging glycoprotein inhibiting cyclooxygenase 2 and thromboxane A2 synthase from Aloe vera gel. Planta Med. 69(3):269-271.
250. Yagi, A., Kabash, A., Okamura, N., Haraguchi, H., Moustafa, S. M., and Khalifa, T. I. (2002). Antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects of aloesin derivatives in Aloe vera. Planta Med. 68(11):957-960.
251. Yagi, A., Machii, K., Nishimura, H., Shida, T., and Nishioka, I. (1985). Effect of Aloe lectin on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in baby hamster kidney cells. Experientia 41(5):669-671.
252. Yagi, A., Makino, K., Nishioka, I., and Kuchino, Y. (1977). Aloe mannan, polysaccharide,from Aloearborescensvar.natalensis.Planta Med.31(1):17-20.
253. Yagi, A., Nishimura, H., Shida, T., and Nishioka, I. (1986). Structure determination of polysaccharides in Aloe arborescens var. natalensis. Planta Med. 52:213-217.
254. Yamaguchi, I., Mega, N., and Sanada, H. (1993). Components of the gel of Aloe vera (L.) burm.f. Biosci. Biotech. Bioch. 57(8):1350-1352.
255. Yamamoto, M., Ishikawa, M., Masui, T., Nakazawa, H., and Kabasawa, Y. (1985). Liquid chromatographic determination of barbaloin (aloin) in foods. J. Assoc. Off. Ana. Chem. 68(3):493-494.
256. Yang, Y., Hou, X. Y., Wang, S. J., Jia, Q. L., Li, Z., and Guo, Z. K. (2004). Determination of trace zinc, manganese cadmium and lead in aloe by microwave-digestion atomic absorption spectrometry. Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 24(12):1672-1675.
257. Yaron, A. (1991). Aloe vera: chemical and physical properties and stabilization. Israel J. Bot. 40:270.
258. Yaron, A. (1993). Characterisation of Aloe vera gel composition and autodegradation and stabilization of the natural fresh gel. Phytother. Res. 7:S11-S13.
259. Yaron, A., Cohen, E., and Arad, S. M. (1992). Stabilization of Aloe vera gel by interaction with sulphated polysaccharides from red microalgae and with xantha gum. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40(8):1316-1320.
260. Yeh, G. Y., Eisenberg, D. M., Kaptchuk, T. J., and Phillips, R. S. (2003). Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glicemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care 26(4):1277-1294.
261. Yongchaiyudha, S., Rungpitarangsi, V., Bunyapraphatsara, N., and Chokechaijaroenporn, O. (1996). Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L. juice. I Clinical trial in new cases of diabetes mellitus. Phytomedicine 3(3):214-243.
262. Yoshimoto, R., Kondoh, N., Isawa, M., and Hamuro, J. (1987). Plant lectin, ATF1011, on the tumor cell surface augments tumor-specific immunity through activation of cell T specific for the lectin. Cancer Immunol. Immun.: CII 25(1):25-30.
263. Zahn, M., Trinh, T., Lee-Jeong, M., Wang, D., Abeysinghe, P., Jia, Q., and Ma, W. (2008). A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of Aloesin, Aloeresin A and Anthraquinone in Aloe ferox. Phytochem. Anal. 19:122-126.
264. Zawahry, M. E., Hegazy, M. R., and Helal, M. (1973). Use of aloe in treating leg ulcers and dermatoses. Int. J. Dermatol. 12(1):68-73.
265. Zhang, L., and Tizard, I. R. (1996). Activation of a mouse macrophage cell line by acemannan: the major carbohydrate fraction from Aloe vera gel. Inmunopharmacology 35(2):119-128.
266. Zhang, X.-F., Wang, H.-M., Song, Y.-L., Nie, L.-H., Wang, L.-F., Liu, B., Shen, P.-P., and Liu, Y. (2006). Isolation, structure elucidation, antioxidative and immnumodulatory properties of two novel dihydrocoumarins from Aloe vera. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16:949-953.
267. Zhou, Y., Feng, Y., Wang, H., and Yang, H. (2003). 90-day subchronic toxicity study of aloe whole-leaf powder. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 32(6):590-593.
268. Zonta, F., Bogoni, P., Masotti, P., and Micali G. (1995). High-performance liquid chromatographic profiles of aloe constituents and determination of aloin in beverages, with reference to the EEC regulation for flavouring substances. J. Chromatogr. A 718(1):99-106.