The unsolved riddle of international constitutionalism

International Community Law Review

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 81-110

  Moral, Ignacio De La Rasilla Del ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Constitutionalism; Fragmentation; Hierarchy of norms; International community; Legitimacy

Indexed keywords

EID: 77749280177     PISSN: 18719740     EISSN: 18719732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187197410X12631788215873     Document Type: Article

References (233)

1. NicholasTsagourias, "Introduction - Constitutionalism: A Theoretical Roadmap" in N. Tsagourias (ed.), Transnational Constitutionalism. International and European Perspectives (2007), pp. 1-13, 1 [hereinafter Transnational Constitutionalism].
2. David Kennedy, "The Mystery of Global Governance" 34 Ohio Northern University Law Review (2008). pp. 827-860, at 858.
3. See also David Kennedy "The Mystery of Global Governance", in J.L. Dunoff and J.P. Trachman (eds.) Constitutionalism, International Law and Global Governance (2009) 37.
4. Martti Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia. The Structure of International Legal Structure. Reissue with New Epilogue (2005), p. 71.
5. H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law, 1961.
6. Bardo Fassbender, "The Meaning of International Constitutional Law" in Transnational Constitutionalism, pp. 307-328.
7. Ibid., at 308.
8. Brun-Otto Bryde, "International Democratic Constitutionalism" in R. St-.J. Macdonald and D.M. Johnston (eds.), Towards World Constitutionalism: Issues in the Legal Ordering of the World Community (2005) 103, at 105.
9. Fassbender, supra note 5, at 320.
10. Armin Von Bogdandy, "The Telos of International Law: Christian Tomuschat's General Course and the Evolution of the Universalist Tradition" in P.-M. Dupuy et al. (eds.), Common Values in International Law, Festschrift Christian Tomuschat (2006) 703, at 721.
11. Robert Kolb, Les cours généraux de droit international public de l'Académie de la Haye (2004), 31.
12. Von Bogdandy, supra note 9, at 705.
13. Armin Von Bodagny, "Constitutionalism in International Law: Comment on a Proposal from Germany" 47 Harvard International Law Journal (2006), 223.
14. Martti Koskenniemi, "Why History of International Law Today?" 4 Rechtsgeschichte (2004), 61.
15. See also Ignacio de la Rasilla del Moral, "International Law in the Historical Present Tense", 22 Leiden Journal of International Law 3 (2009) 629.
16. Fassbender, supra note 5, at 320.
17. Ibid., at 317.
18. Ibid. at 322.
19. Koskenniemi, supra note 3, p. 159.
20. David Kennedy, "The Move to Institutions", 8 Cardozo Law Review (1987) 841.
21. Ignacio de la Rasilla del Moral, "The Zero Years of Spanish International Law, 1939-1953", in Emmanuelle Jouannet and Iulia Motoc (eds.), Les doctrines internationalistes durant les années du communisme réel en Europe (forthcoming, 2010).
22. Bardo Fassbender, UN Security Council Reform and the Right of Veto. A Constitutional Perspective (1998), p. 38.
23. Gordon J. Schochet, "Introduction: Constitutionalism, Liberalism, and the Study of Politics" in J. Roland Pennock and J.W. Chapman (eds.) Constitutionalism (1979) pp. 1-15, at 5.
24. Martti Koskenniemi, "History of International Law, World War I to World War II", Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, at 10-12.
25. Immanuel Kant, "Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose", in I. Kant, Political Writings (1991) 41.
26. Christian Tomuschat, "International Law: Ensuring the Survival of Mankind on the Eve of a New Century: General Course on Public International Law", 281 Récueil de Cours de l'Academie de Droit International (1999) 9, at 43.
27. J. Frowein, "Reactions by Not Directly Affected States to Breaches of Public International Law", 248 Récueil de Cours de l'Academie de Droit International (1994) 345.
28. Bruno Simma, "From Bilateralism to Community Interest in International Law", Récueil de Cours de l'Academie de Droit International, tome 250 (1994), 345.
29. Pierre-Marie Dupuy, "L'Unité de l'ordre juridique international: cours général de droit international public", Récueil de Cours de l'Academie de Droit International (2000).
30. Fassbender, supra note 5, at 321-328.
31. Andreas L. Paulus, "The International Legal System as a Constitution" in J.L. Dunoff and J.P. Trachman (eds.), Constitutionalism, International Law and Global Governance (2009) p. 69, at 77.
32. Gowlland-Debbas, "Introduction", in Gowlland-Debbas (ed.) United Nations Sanctions and International Law (2001), 27.
33. See also, C. Tomuschat and J.M. Thounevin (eds.) The Fundamental Rules of the International Legal Order (2006).
34. Paulus, supra note 29, at 81.
35. J. Combacau, « Le droit international : bric-à-brac ou système ? », 31 Archives de Philosophie du Droit 1986, pp. 85-105.
36. Prosper Weil, Towards Relative Normativity in International Law?, 77 American Journal of International Law 413 (1983).
37. See, introductorily, Deborah Cass, "Navigating the Newstream: Recent Critical Scholarship in International Law", 65 Nordic Journal of International Law (1996), 341.
38. Ignacio de la Rasilla del Moral, "Apuntes críticos para una teoría neoconservadora del Derecho internacional" in 20 Révue québécoise de droit international (2008) pp. 165-197.
39. See in English, Alejandro Lorite Escoriuhela, "Cultural Relativism the American Way: The Nationalist School of International Law in the United States", 5 Global Jurist (2005) 1, at 70.
40. Tsagourias, supra note 1, at 10.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., at 2.
43. Ibid., at 1.
44. Ibid., at 2.
45. Ibid., at 6.
46. Ibid., at 5.
47. Ibid., at 4.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Tsagourias, supra note 1, at 7.
51. Thomas Cottier and Maja Hertig, "The Prospects of 21st Century Constitutionalism", 7 Max Planck Yearbook of the United Nations (2003) 261, at 271.
52. Tsagourias, supra note 1, at 9.
53. Kennedy, supra note 2.
54. Ibid.
55. This furthermore corresponds to the purpose of the book as explained by the editor "it is not our aim to devise a single or comprehensive model but to generate knowledge and offer the reader an intelectual framework for making sense of the political and legal phenomena beyond the state" Tsagourias, supra note 1, at 9.
56. Thomas and Maja Hertig, supra note 47, at 283.
57. J.H.H. Weiler and M. Wind (eds.) European Constitutionalism Beyond the State (2003).
58. Before and after the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, finally recanted (after its 31 May and 1 June 2005 respective rejections by French and Dutch referenda) in the 2007 Treaty of Lisbon.
59. Cris Shore, "Government Without Statehood? Anthropological Perspectives on Governance and Sovereignty in the European Union" 12 European Law Journal (2006) 709, at 717.
60. Fassbender, supra note 5, at 310.
61. Anne Peters, "Compensatory Constitutionalism: the Function and Potential of Fundamental International Norms and Structures", 19 Leiden Journal of International Law (2006) 579, at 595.
62. Tsagourias, supra note 1, at 9.
63. Nicholas Tsagourias, "The Constitutional Role of General Principles of Law in International Law and European Jurisprudence" in Transnational Constitutionalism, 71, at 85.
64. Ibid., at 76.
65. Ibid., at 77.
66. Ibid., at 78.
67. Ibid., at 79.
68. Vid, at 79-82.
69. Ibid., at 106.
70. Ignacio de la Rasilla del Moral "Nihil Novum Sub Sole Since the West-Africa Cases? On Ius Standi, the ICJ and Community Interests", 10 International Community Law Review (2008), 171.
71. Anne Marie Slaughter, "A Global Community of Courts", 44 Harvard International Law Journal (2003), 191.
72. Roland Hirschl, Towards Juristocracy. The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism (2004).
73. Julian Rivers, "Proportionality and Discretion in International and European Law" in Transnational Constitutionalism, 107, at 107.
74. Ibid., at 108.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., at 113.
77. Robert Alexy, A Theory of Constitutional Rights (2002).
78. Ibid., at 116.
79. Ibid., at 108.
80. Ignacio de la Rasilla del Moral, "The Increasingly Marginal Appreciation of the Margin-of-Appreciation-Doctrine", 7 German Law Journal (2006) 641.
81. See: Preamble ECHR.
82. Tsagourias, supra note 59, at 103.
83. Tania Novitz, "Challenges to International Law and European Corporatism presented by Deliberative Trends in Governance", in Transnational Constitutionalism, 269.
84. Peters, supra note 57, at 595.
85. Novitz, supra note 78 at 270-280.
86. Ibid., at 302.
87. Ibid., at 270.
88. Ibid., at 303.
89. Tsagourias, supra note 1, at 9. They also serve to highlight the scholarly credentials at the cross-roads scholarly fore between the EU and the international legal orders of the Bristol's biannual EU/International Law Forum of which this volume constitutes the fourth published offspring.
90. Pavlos Eleftheriadis, "The Standing of states in the European Union", in Transnational Constitutionalism, 44, at 45.
91. Ibid., at 70.
92. Ibid., at 46.
93. Ibid., at 50-51.
94. Ibid., at 69.
95. Ibid.
96. In Spanish, Carmela Pérez Bernárdez (ed.), La proyección exterior de la Unión Europea: desafíos y realidad (2007).
97. Ramses A. Wessel, "The Multilevel Constitution of European Foreign Relations", in Transnational Constitutionalism 160, at 165.
98. Ibid., at 166.
99. Ibid., at 178-189.
100. Ibid., at 206.
101. Ibid., at 175-178.
102. Cottier and Hertig, supra note 47, at 272.
103. Tsagourias, supra note 1, at 7.
104. Erika De Wet, «The International Constitutional Order», 55 International Comparative Law Quarterly 51, at 53.
105. Ibid., at 52-53.
106. Cottier and Hertig, supra note 47, at 272.
107. Paulus, supra note 29.
108. W. Friedmann, The Changing Structure of International Law (1964), at 153-159.
109. C.F. Amerasinghe, Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations (2005) at 33.
110. Ibid.
111. Dupuy, supra note 27, at 228.
112. Nigel White, "Hierarchy in Organisations: Regional Bodies and the United Nations" in Transnational Constitutionalism, 135.
113. Ibid., at p. 136.
114. Ibid., at 138.
115. Ibid., at 144.
116. Ibid., at 145.
117. Ibid., at 149.
118. Ibid., at 147.
119. Ibid., at 154.
120. Anne- Charlotte Martineau, "The Rhetoric of Fragmentation: Fear and Faith in International Law", 22 Leiden Journal of International Law (2009), pp. 1-28.
121. M. Koskenniemi and P. Leino, "Fragmentation of International Law? Postmodern Anxieties, 15 Leiden Journal of International Law (2002) 553.
122. supra note 52, at 587.
123. Jan Klabbers, "Constitutionalism Lite," 1 International Organization Law Review 31, at 49.
124. See "Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law", Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission, International Law Commission, fifty-eight session, UN General Assembly, A/ CN.4/ L.682, 4 April 2006, specially, pp. 152-173.
125. Martti Koskenniemi, "International Law: Constitutionalism, Managerialism and the Ethos of Legal Education", 1 European Journal of Legal Studies (2007) 1, at 10.
126. Ibid., at 11.
127. Paulus, supra note at 29.
128. Klabbers, supra note 118.
129. Klabbers, "Introduction" in J. Klabbers (ed.), International Organisations (2005), at xv.
130. Ibid., at xvi.
131. Peters, supra note 57.
132. Ibid.
133. For an overview of the debate, see: Cottier and Hertig, supra note 47, at 272-275.
134. Achilles Skordas, "Self-Determination of Peoples and Transnational Regimes: A Foundational Principle of Global Governance", in Transnational Constitutionalism (2007), 207.
135. Ibid., at 207-208.
136. Ibid., at 210-212.
137. Ibid., at 212-215.
138. Ibid., at 215-220.
139. Ibid., at 220-224.
140. Ibid., at 224-238.
141. Ibid., at 238-267.
142. Ibid., at 268.
143. Armin Von Bogdandy and Sergio Lavalle, "Universalism Renewed: Habermas' Theory of International Order in Light of Competing Paradigms", 10 German Law Journal (2009) 1, at 17.
144. Gunther Teubner, "Societal Constitutionalism: Alternatives to State-Centred Constitutional Theory?", in C. Joerges et al. (eds.) Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism, (2004) 2, at 8.
145. Andreas Fischer-Lescano and G. Teubner, "Regime-Collissions: The Vain Search for Legal Unity in the Fragmentation of Global Law", 25 Michigan Journal of International Law (2003-2004) 999, at 1037.
146. Ibid., at 1045.
147. Ibid., at 1037.
148. De Wet, supra note 99, at 53.
149. Wouter Werner, "The Never Ending Closure: Constitutionalism and International Law", in Transnational Constitutionalism 329, at 330.
150. Ibid., at 366.
151. Ibid., at 329.
152. Ibid., at 330
153. Ibid., at 334-340.
154. Ibid., at 333.
155. Ibid., at 340.
156. Ibid., at 340-348.
157. Ibid., at 353-356.
158. Ibid., at 357-362.
159. Ibid., at 348-353.
160. José Alvarez, "The Move from Institutions", American Society of International Law Proceedings. (2006) 287, at 287.
161. De Wet, supra note 99, at 53.
162. Ibid., at 62.
163. Klabbers, supra note 118 at 36.
164. Fassbender, supra note 5 at 331.
165. Jürgen Habermas, "Does the Constitutionalization of International Law Still Have a Chance?" in J. Habermas (ed.), The Divided West (transl. by Ciaran Cronin) (2006), 115, at 116.
166. Patrick Capps, "The Rejection of the Universal State", in Transnational Constitutionalism, p. 17.
167. Ibid., at 18-28.
168. Ibid., at 29-31.
169. Gerry Simpson, Great Powers and Outlaw States Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order (2004).
170. Capps, supra note 161, at 32-39.
171. Ibid., at 39-40.
172. Ibid., at 43.
173. Ibid.
174. Fassbender, supra note 5, at 312.
175. Ibid., at 322.
176. Ibid., at 324.
177. Wolfgang Friedman, The Changing Structure of International Law (1964).
178. Koskenniemi, supra note 120, at 15.
179. Alvarez, supra note, at 110.
180. Ibid., at 109.
181. Ibid., at 110.
182. Ibid.
183. Gaetano Arangio Ruiz, "The "Federal Analogy" and the UN Charter Interpretation: A Crucial Issue", 1 European Journal of International Law (1997).
184. Susan Marks and Andrew Clapham, Human Rights Lexicon (2006).
185. Tsagourias, supra note 1, at 4.
186. Neil Walker, "Taking Constitutionalism Beyond the State" RECON Online Working Paper 2007/5, at 1-3 http://econpapers.repec.org/ paper/erpreconx/ (last visited 24 March 2008).
187. Douglas M. Johnston, "World Constitutionalism in the Theory of International Law", in R.St-.J. Macdonald and D.M. Johnston (eds.), Towards World Constitutionalism Issues in the Legal Ordering of the World Community (2005) 3, at 18.
188. Ibid., at 18. This triad is identified with the "paramount legal status of the UN Charter", "the difficulty (or near-impossibility) of achieving significant amendment of the Charter" and "the existence of an ethical core in the system by virtue of a 'bill of rights' nucleus".
189. De Wet, supra note 99, at 54.
190. James Crawford, "The Charter of the United Nations as Constitution", in H. Fox (ed.), The Changing Constitution of the United Nations (1997) 3, at 15-16.
191. B.S. Chimni, "International Institutions Today: An Imperial Global State in the Making", 15 European Journal of International Law (2004) 1.
192. Johnston, supra note 182, at 20.
193. Philip Allott, "The Emerging International Aristocracy" 35 New York Journal of International Law and Politics (2003) 309, at 336.
194. Daniele Archibugi et al. (eds.) Reimagining Political Community (1998).
195. Kennedy, supra note 2, at 22.
196. Ibid., supra note 2, at 23.
197. N. Krisch and B. Kingsbury, "Introduction; Global Governance and Global Administrative Law in the International Order", 17 European Journal of International Law (2006) 1.
198. Cottier and Hertig, supra note 47, at 268-269.
199. Peters, note 57, at 579. Ibid., at 589.
200. Ibid., p. 63
201. De Wet, supra note 99, at 53.
202. Bryde, supra note 7.
203. James Crawford, "Democracy and the Body of international law" in G.H. Fox and B.R. Roth (eds.), Democratic Governance and International Law (2000) 91, at 97.
204. For a similar conclusion, see in fine Ignacio de la Rasilla del Moral, "Nihil Novum Sub Sole Since the West-Africa Cases? On Ius Standi, the ICJ and Community Interests", 10 International Community Law Review (2008) 171-197;
205. or Ignacio de la Rasilla del Moral, "The Swan Song of Universal Jurisdiction in Spain", 11 International Criminal Law Review (2009) 777-808.
206. T.M. Franck, The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations (1990).
207. J. Donoho, "Democratic Legitimacy in Human Rights: The Future of International Law Making", 21 Wisconson Law Journal (2003) 1, at 16.
208. Anderson Kenneth, "The Ottawa Convention Banning Landmines, the Role of International NonGovernmental Organisations and the Idea of International Civil Society", 11 European Journal of International Law, (2000) 91 at 104.
209. For a critical response, see: Hathaway, "America, Defender of Democratic Legitimacy", 11 European Journal of International Law (2000) 121.
210. Peter Spiro, "The New Sovereignists: American Exceptionalism and Its False Prophets", 79 Foreign Affairs (2000) 9.
211. Gerhard Hafner, "Accountability of International Organizations - A Critical View", in R. St. J. Macdonald and D.M. Johnston (eds.), Towards World Constitutionalism, (2005) 585, at 591.
212. J.L. Goldsmith, and E.A. Posner, The Limits of International Law, (2005), at 205-244.
213. José Alvarez, International Organizations as Law Makers (2006).
214. Ibid., at 288.
215. Ibid.
216. Martti Koskenniemi, "International Law and Hegemony: A Reconfi guration" 17 Cambridge Review of International Affairs (2004) 197.
217. Von Bodagny, "Constitutionalism in International Law: Comment on a Proposal from Germany" 47 Harvard International Law Journal (2006) 223.
218. Lorite, supra note 35.
219. Ignacio de la Rasilla del Moral "Apuntes críticos para una teoría neoconservadora del Derecho internacional" in 20 Révue québécoise de droit international No. 1, 2008, pp. 165-197.
220. Guglielmo Verdirame, "The Divided West : International Lawyers in Europe and America" 18 European Journal of International Law (2007) 553, at 566. This author calls this strand as the "pragmatist-rule sceptics".
221. Ibid., at p. 29.
222. Martti Koskenniemi, "Legitimacy, Rights and Ideology: Notes Towards a Critique of the New Moral Internationalism", 7 Associations Journal for Legal and Social Theory (2003) 349.
223. Martti Koskenniemi, "Formalismo, fragmentación y libertad: temas kantianos en el derecho internacional", 2 Revista internacional de Pensamiento Político (2007) 209.
224. Goldsmith and Posner, "A New International Law Scholarship: A Response", 34 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, (2006) 463, at 464.
225. Martti Koskenniemi, "Perceptions de la justice: des murs et des ponts entre L'Europe et les Etats Unis", in M. Koskenniemi (Présentation critique de E. Jouannet) La politique du droit international (2007).
226. M. Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia; reissued with a new epilogue (2006), at 616.
227. Koskenniemi, supra note 209.
228. Ibid.
229. Ibid.
230. Spiro, supra note 203.
231. Verdirame, supra note 213, at 558-561.
232. Michel Foucault, "Truth and Juridical Form", in M. Foucault, Power (2000), at 10.
233. Susan Marks, The Riddle of All Constitutions: Internacional Law, Democracy and the Critique of Ideology (2000).