The potential of natural products as effective treatments for allergic inflammation: Implications for allergic rhinitis

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 9, Issue 17, 2009, Pages 1611-1624

  Kulka, M ^a  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Allergy; Ephedrine; Gnetuhainin; Inflammation; Isolipquiritigenin; Polyphenols; Proanthocyanidins; Quercetin; Rhinitis; Sesquiterpenes; Synephrine

Indexed keywords

ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; APIGENIN; BAICALEIN; CHRYSIN; CURCUMIN; DECONGESTIVE AGENT; DEXTROMETHORPHAN; EPHEDRA SINICA EXTRACT; EPHEDRINE; FELODIPINE; GALLIC ACID; GNETUHAININ 1; GRAPE SEED EXTRACT; GUAIFENESIN; ISOLIQUIRITIGENIN; KAEMPFEROL; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; LUTEOLIN; MAGNOLIA EXTRACT; MIDAZOLAM; MONTELUKAST; NATURAL PRODUCT; OXEDRINE; PETASIN; PETASITES HYBRIDUS EXTRACT; PLANT EXTRACT; PROCYANIDIN; PYCNOGENOL; QUERCETIN; SESQUITERPENE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALLERGIC ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; GNETUM; GNETUM HAINANENSE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFLAMMATION; LIVER TOXICITY; MAST CELL; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; SINUSITIS; SPIRULINA; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; VEIN OCCLUSION;

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY; RHINITIS;

EID: 74549141727     PISSN: 15680266     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156802609789941898     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Hugg, T.; Ruotsalainen, R.; Jaakkola, M.S.; Pushkarev, V.; Jaakkola, J.J. Comparison of allergic diseases, symptoms and respiratory infections between Finnish and Russian school children. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2008, 23, 123-133.
2. Nelson, E.A.; Tam, J.S.; Yu, L.M.; Li, A.M.; Chan, P.K.; Sung, R.Y. Assessing disease burden of respiratory disorders in Hong Kong children with hospital discharge data and linked laboratory data. Hong Kong Med. J. 2007, 13, 114-121.
3. Chen, C.F.; Wu, K.G.; Hsu, M.C.; Tang, R.B. Prevalence and relationship between allergic diseases and infectious diseases. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2001, 34, 57-62.
4. Man, L.X. Complementary and alternative medicine for allergic rhinitis. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2009, 17, 226-231.
5. Resnick, E.S.; Bielory, B.P.; Bielory, L.Complementary therapy in allergic rhinitis. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2008, 8, 118-125.
6. Passalacqua, G.; Bousquet, P.J.; Carlsen, K.H.; Kemp, J.; Lockey, R.F.; Niggemann, B.; Pawankar, R.; Price, D.; Bousquet, J. ARIA update: I - Systematic review of complementary and alternative medicine for rhinitis and asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006, 117, 1054-1062.
7. Xue, C.C.; Hugel, H.M.; Li, C.G.; Story, D.F. Efficacy, chemistry and pharmacology of Chinese herbal medicine for allergic rhinitis. Curr. Med. Chem. 2004, 11, 1403-1421.
8. Stahl, S.M. Selective histamine H1 antagonism: novel hypnotic and pharmacologic actions challenge classical notions of antihistamines. CNS Spectr. 2008, 13, 1027-1038.
9. Yao, C.S.; Lin, M. Bioactive stilbene dimers from Gnetum cleistostachyum. Nat. Prod. Res. 2005, 19, 443-448.
10. Huang, K.S.; Zhou, S.; Lin, M.; Wang, Y.H. An isorhapontigenin tetramer and a novel stilbene dimer from Gnetum hainanense. Planta Med. 2002, 68, 916-920.
11. Bernstein, D.I.; Bernstein, C.K.; Deng, C.; Murphy, K.J.; Bernstein, I.L.; Bernstein, J.A.; Shukla, R. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of grapeseed extract in the treatment of fall seasonal allergic rhinitis: a pilot study. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002, 88, 272-278
12. Shibata, H.; Minami, E.; Hirata, R.; Mizutani, N.; Nabe, T.; Kohno, S. Immediate inhibition by oral l-ephedrine of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis of rats: indirect inhibition of anaphylactic chemical mediator release from the mast cell. Inflamm. Res. 2000, 49, 553-559
13. Howarth, P.H.; Harrison, K.; Smith, S The influence of terfenadine and pseudo-ephedrine alone and in combination on allergen-induced rhinitis. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 1993, 101, 318-321
14. Faculty, T.R. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database: Stockton, CA, 2009.
15. Corey, J.P.; Kemker, B.J.; Nelson, R.; Gungor, A. Evaluation of the nasal cavity by acoustic rhinometry in normal and allergic subjects. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1997, 117, 22-28.
16. Malhotra, S; Bailey, D.G.; Paine, M.F.; Watkins, P.B. Seville orange juice-felodipine interaction: comparison with dilute grapefruit juice and involvement of furocoumarins. Clin Pharmacol. Ther. 2001, 69, 14-23.
17. Di Marco, M.P.; Edwards, D.J.; Wainer, I.W.; Ducharme, M.P. The effect of grapefruit juice and seville orange juice on the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan: the role of gut CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. Life Sci. 2002, 71, 1149-1160.
18. Kulka, M.; Sheen, C.H.; Tancowny, B.P.; Grammer, L.C.; Schleimer, R.P. Neuropeptides activate human mast cell degranulation and chemokine production. Immunology 2007, 123, 398-410.
19. Sharma, S.C.; Sharma, S.; Gulati, O.P. Pycnogenol inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. Phytother. Res. 2003, 17, 66-69.
20. Arhima, M.H.; Gulati, O.P.; Sharma, S.C. The effect of Pycnogenol® on fluoride induced rat kidney lysosomal damage in vitro. Phytother Res. 2004, 18, 244-246.
21. Hosseini, S.; Pishnamazi, S.; Sadrzadeh, S.M.; Farid, F.; Farid, R.; Watson, R.R. Pycnogenol® in the management of asthma. J. Med. Food 2001, 4, 201-209.
22. Kim, S.H.; Kwon, T.K.; Shin, T.Y. Antiallergic effects of Vitis amurensis on mast cell-mediated allergy model. Exp. Biol. Med. 2008, 233, 192-199.
23. Kondo, K.; Uchida, R.; Tokutake, S.; Maitani, T. Polymeric grape-seed procyanidins, but not monomeric catechins and oligomeric procyanidins, impair degranulation and membrane ruffling in RBL-2H3 cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 641-649.
24. Alexandrakis, M.; Letourneau, R.; Kempuraj, D.; Kandere-Grzybowska, K.; Huang, M.; Christodoulou, S.; Boucher, W.; Seretakis, D.; Theoharides, T.C. Flavones inhibit proliferation and increase mediator content in human leukemic mast cells (HMC-1). Eur. J. Haematol. 2003, 71, 448-454.
25. Alexandrakis, M.G.; Kyriakou, D.S.; Kempuraj, D.; Huang, M.; Boucher, W.; Seretakis, D.; Theoharides, T.C. The isoflavone genistein inhibits proliferation and increases histamine content in human leukemic mast cells. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2003, 24, 373-377.
26. Karkola, S.; Wahala, K. The binding of lignans, flavonoids and coumestrol to CYP450 aromatase: a molecular modelling study. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 2009, 301, 235-44.
27. Kimata, M.; Shichijo, M.; Miura, T.; Serizawa, I.; Inagaki, N.; Nagai, H. Effects of luteolin, quercetin and baicalein on immunoglobulin E-mediated mediator release from human cultured mast cells. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2000, 30, 501-508.
28. Shichijo, M.; Yamamoto, N.; Tsujishita, H.; Kimata, M.; Nagai, H.; Kokubo, T. Inhibition of syk activity and degranulation of human mast cells by flavonoids. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2003, 26, 1685-1690.
29. Cruz, E.A.; Da-Silva, S.A.; Muzitano, M.F.; Silva, P.M.; Costa, S.S.; Rossi-Bergmann, B. Immunomodulatory pretreatment with Kalanchoe pinnata extract and its quercitrin flavonoid effectively protects mice against fatal anaphylactic shock. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2008, 8, 1616-1621.
30. Kalogeromitros, D.; Makris, M.; Chliva, C.; Aggelides, X.; Kempuraj, D.; Theoharides, T.C. A. quercetin containing supplement reduces niacin-induced flush in humans. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2008, 21, 509-514.
31. Ohno, T.; Inoue, M.; Ogihara, Y. Cytotoxic activity of gallic acid against liver metastasis of mastocytoma cells P-815. Anticancer Res. 2001, 21, 3875-3880.
32. Park, B.S.; Baek, S. J.; Song, K.H.; Kim, K. H.; Jeong, S.J.; Jeong, M.H.; Seo, S.Y.; Lee, S.W.; Yoo, K.S.; Yoo, Y.H. Genistein-induced apoptosis of p815 mastocytoma cells is mediated by Bax and augmented by a proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin. Nutr. Cancer 2002, 42, 248-255.
33. Yamashita, K.; Suzuki, Y.; Matsui, T.; Yoshimaru, T.; Yamaki, M.; Suzuki-Karasaki, M.; Hayakawa, S.; Shimizu, K. Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits histamine release from rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells: role of tyrosine phosphorylation pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 274, 603-608.
34. Park, H.H.; Lee, S.; Son, H.Y.; Park, S.B.; Kim, M.S.; Choi, E.J.; Singh, T.S.; Ha, J.H.; Lee, M.G.; Kim, J.E.; Hyun, M.C.; Kwon, T.K.; Kim, Y.H.; Kim, S.H. Flavonoids inhibit histamine release and expression of proinflammatory cytokines in mast cells. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2008, 31, 1303-1311.
35. Passante, E.; Ehrhardt, C.; Sheridan, H.; Frankish, N. RBL-2H3 cells are an imprecise model for mast cell mediator release. Inflamm. Res. 2009 58, 611-618.
36. Min, Y.D.; Choi, C.H.; Bark, H.; Son, H.Y.; Park, H.H.; Lee, S.; Park, J.W.; Park, E.K.; Shin, H.I.; Kim, S.H. Quercetin inhibits expression of inflammatory cytokines through attenuation of NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK in HMC-1 human mast cell line. Inflamm. Res. 2007, 56, 210-215.
37. Kempuraj, D.; Castellani, M.L.; Petrarca, C.; Frydas, S.; Conti, P.; Theoharides, T.C.; Vecchiet, J. Inhibitory effect of quercetin on tryptase and interleukin-6 release, and histidine decarboxylase mRNA transcription by human mast cell-1 cell line. Clin. Exp. Med. 2006, 6, 150-156.
38. Castellani, M.L.; Kempuraj, D.; Frydas, S.; Theoharides, T.C.; Simeonidou, I.; Conti, P.; Vecchiet, J. Inhibitory effect of quercetin on tryptase and MCP-1 chemokine release, and histidine decarboxylase mRNA transcription by human mast cell-1 cell line. Neuroimmunomodulation 2006, 13, 179-186.
39. Alexandrakis, M.G.; Kyriakou, D.S.; Seretakis, D.; Boucher, W.; Letourneau, R.; Kempuraj, D.; Theoharides, T.C. Inhibitory effect of retinoic acid on proliferation, maturation and tryptase level in human leukemic mast cells (HMC-1). Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2003, 16, 43-47
40. Goldberg, D.M.; Yan, J.; Soleas, G.J. Absorption of three wine-related polyphenols in three different matrices by healthy subjects. Clin. Biochem. 2003, 36, 79-87.
41. Lee, J.H.; Kim, J.W.; Ko, N.Y.; Mun, S.H.; Her, E.; Kim, B.K.; Han, J.W.; Lee, H.Y.; Beaven, M.A.; Kim, Y.M.; Choi, W.S. Curcumin, a constituent of curry, suppresses IgE-mediated allergic response and mast cell activation at the level of Syk. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2008, 121, 1225-1231.
42. Baek, O.S.; Kang, O.H.; Choi, Y.A.; Choi, S.C.; Kim, T.H.; Nah, Y.H.; Kwon, D.Y.; Kim, Y.K.; Kim, Y.H.; Bae, K.H.; Lim, J.P.; Lee, Y.M. Curcumin inhibits protease-activated receptor-2 and -4-mediated mast cell activation. Clin. Chim. Acta 2003, 338, 135-141.
43. Yadav, V.R.; Suresh, S.; Devi, K.; Yadav, S. Effect of cyclodextrin complexation of curcumin on its solubility and antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory activity in rat colitis model. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009, 10(3), 752-762.
44. Thamlikitkul, V.; Bunyapraphatsara, N.; Dechatiwongse, T.; Theerapong, S.; Chantrakul, C.; Thanaveerasuwan, T.; Nimitnon, S.; Boonroj, P.; Punkrut, W.; Gingsungneon, V. Randomized double blind study of Curcuma domestica Val. for dyspepsia. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 1989, 72, 613-620.
45. Rasyid, A.; Rahman, A.R.; Jaalam, K.; Lelo, A. Effect of different curcumin dosages on human gall bladder. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 11, 314-318.
46. Raghavendra, R.H.; Naidu, K.A. Spice active principles as the inhibitors of human platelet aggregation and thromboxane biosynthesis. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 2009, 81, 73-78.
47. Kim, H.M.; Lee, E.H.; Cho, H.H.; Moon, Y.H. Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in rats by spirulina. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1998, 55, 1071-1076.
48. Yang, H.N.; Lee, E.H.; Kim, H.M. Spirulina platensis inhibits anaphylactic reaction. Life Sci. 1997, 61, 1237-144.
49. Gilroy, D.J.; Kauffman, K.W.; Hall, R.A.; Huang, X.; Chu, F.S. Assessing potential health risks from microcystin toxins in bluegreen algae dietary supplements. Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108, 435-439.
50. Shen, Y.; Pang, E.C.; Xue, C.C.; Zhao, Z.Z.; Lin, J.G.; Li, C.G. Inhibitions of mast cell-derived histamine release by different Flos Magnoliae species in rat peritoneal mast cells. Phytomedicine 2008, 15, 808-14.
51. Nakano, N.; Nishiyama, C.; Tokura, T.; Nagasako-Akazome, Y.; Ohtake, Y.; Okumura, K.; Ogawa, H. Procyanidin C1 from apple extracts inhibits Fc epsilon RI-mediated mast cell activation. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2008, 147, 213-221.
52. Guo, R.; Pittler, M.H.; Ernst, E. Herbal medicines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007, 99, 483-495.
53. Shimoda, H.; Tanaka, J.; Yamada, E.; Morikawa, T.; Kasajima, N.; Yoshikawa, M. J. Anti type I allergic property of Japanese butterbur extract and its mast cell degranulation inhibitory ingredients. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 2915-2920.
54. Thomet, O.A.; Wiesmann, U.N.; Blaser, K.; Simon, H.U. Differential inhibition of inflammatory effector functions by petasin, isopetasin and neopetasin in human eosinophils. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2001, 31, 1310-1320.
55. Thomet, O.A.; Wiesmann, U.N.; Schapowal, A.; Bizer, C.; Simon, H.U. Role of petasin in the potential anti-inflammatory activity of a plant extract of petasites hybridus. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2001, 61, 1041-1047.
56. Sheykhzade, M.; Smajilovic, S.; Issa, A.; Haunso, S.; Christensen, S.B.; Tfelt-Hansen, J. S-petasin and butterbur lactones dilate vessels through blockage of voltage gated calcium channels and block DNA synthesis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 593, 79-86.
57. Thomet, O.A.; Schapowal, A.; Heinisch, I.V.; Wiesmann, U.N.; Simon, H.U. Anti-inflammatory activity of an extract of Petasites hybridus in allergic rhinitis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2002, 2, 997-1006.
58. Gray, R.D.; Haggart, K.; Lee, D.K.; Cull, S.; Lipworth, B.J. Effects of butterbur treatment in intermittent allergic rhinitis: a placebo-controlled evaluation. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004, 93, 56-60.
59. Lee, D.K.; Carstairs, I.J.; Haggart. K.; Jackson. C.M.; Currie. G.P.; Lipworth, B.J. Butterburz, a herbal remedy, attenuates adenosine monophosphate induced nasal responsiveness in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2003, 33, 882-6.
60. Cao, Y.; Colegate, S.M.; Edgar, J.A. Safety assessment of food and herbal products containing hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids: interlaboratory consistency and the importance of N-oxide determination. Phytochem. Anal. 2008, 19, 526-533.
61. Lu, Z.; Kou, W.; Du, B.; Wu, Y.; Zhao, S.; Brusco, O.A.; Morgan, J.M.; Capuzzi, D.M.; Li, S. Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 2008, 101, 1689-1693.
62. Rininger, J.A.; Kickner, S.; Chigurupati, P.; McLean, A.; Franck, Z. Immunopharmacological activity of Echinacea preparations following simulated digestion on murine macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2000, 68, 503-510.
63. Tamta, H.; Pugh, N.D.; Balachandran, P.; Moraes, R.; Sumiyanto, J.; Pasco, D.S. Variability in in vitro macrophage activation by commercially diverse bulk echinacea plant material is predominantly due to bacterial lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 10552-10556.
64. Pugh, N.D.; Balachandran, P.; Lata, H.; Dayan, F.E.; Joshi, V.; Bedir, E.; Makino, T.; Moraes, R.; Khan, I.; Pasco, D.S. Melanin: dietary mucosal immune modulator from Echinacea and other botanical supplements. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2005, 5, 637-647.
65. Stevenson, L.M.; Matthias, A.; Banbury, L.; Penman, K.G.; Bone, K.M.; Leach, D.L.; Lehmann, R.P. Modulation of macrophage immune responses by Echinacea. Molecules 2005, 10, 1279-1285.
66. Matthias, A.; Banbury, L.; Stevenson, L.M.; Bone, K.M.; Leach, D.N.; Lehmann, R.P. Alkylamides from echinacea modulate induced immune responses in macrophages. Immunol. Invest 2007, 36, 117-130.
67. Matthias, A.; Banbury, L.; Bone, K.M.; Leach, D.N.; Lehmann, R.P. Echinacea alkylamides modulate induced immune responses in T-cells. Fitoterapia 2008, 79, 53-58.
68. Liatsos, G.; Elefsiniotis, I.; Todorova, R.; Moulakakis, A. Severe thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) induced or exacerbated by the immunostimulatory herb Echinacea. Am. J. Hematol. 2006, 81, 224.
69. Heimall, J.; Bielory, L. Defining complementary and alternative medicine in allergies and asthma: benefits and risks. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 2004, 27, 93-103.
70. Bielory, L. Complementary and alternative interventions in asthma, allergy, and immunology. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004, 93, S45-54.
71. Obminska-Mrukowicz, B.; Piekarska, J.; Szczypka, M.; Widyma, A.; Polozowski, A. Modulatory effects of calf thymus extract on the subset of T lymphocytes in Trichinella spiralis-infected mice. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 2002, 5, 243-249.
72. Abdel-Fattah, A.F.; Mohamed, E.H.; Mohamed, E.S.; Ramadan, G. Effect of thymus extract on immunologic reactivity of chicken vaccinated with infectious bursal disease virus. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1999, 61, 811-817.
73. Ernst, E.; Schmidt, K.; Baum, M. Complementary/Alternative therapies for the treatment of breast cancer. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials and a critique of current terminology. Breast J. 2006, 12, 526-530.
74. Skotnicki, A.B. Therapeutic application of calf thymus extract (TFX). Med. Oncol. Tumor Pharmacother. 1989, 6, 31-43.
75. Marzari, R.; Mazzanti, P.; Cazzola, P.; Pirodda, E. Perennial allergic rhinitis. Prophylaxis of acute episodes using thymomodulin. Minerva Med. 1987, 78, 1675-1681.
76. Schulof, R.S. Thymic peptide hormones: basic properties and clinical applications in cancer. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 1985, 3, 309-376.
77. Jaeger, K.H.; Goslar, H.G.; Grigoriadis, P.G.; Back, N. Antithyroid activity of purified thymus gland extract in male Wistar rats. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 1984, 16, 559-577.
78. Badar, V.A.; Thawani, V.R.; Wakode, P.T.; Shrivastava, M.P.; Gharpure, K.J.; Hingorani, L.L.; Khiyani, R.M. Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia in allergic rhinitis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 96, 445-449.
79. Kapil, A.; Sharma, S. Immunopotentiating compounds from Tinospora cordifolia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997, 58, 89-95.
80. Nair, P.K.; Rodriguez, S.; Ramachandran, R.; Alamo, A.; Melnick, S.J.; Escalon, E.; Garcia, P.I, Jr.; Wnuk, S.F.; Ramachandran, C. Immune stimulating properties of a novel polysaccharide from the medicinal plant tinospora cordifolia. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2004, 4, 1645-1659.
81. Cermelli, C.; Fabio, A.; Fabio, G.; Quaglio, P. Effect of eucalyptus essential oil on respiratory bacteria and viruses. Curr. Microbiol. 2008, 56, 89-92.
82. Neher, A.; Gstottner, M.; Thaurer, M.; Augustijns, P.; Reinelt, M.; Schobersberger, W. Influence of essential and fatty oils on ciliary beat frequency of human nasal epithelial cells. Am. J. Rhinol. 2008, 22, 130-134.
83. Coelho-de-Souza, L.N.; Leal-Cardoso, J.H.; de Abreu Matos, F.J.; Lahlou, S.; Magalhaes, P.J. Relaxant effects of the essential oil of Eucalyptus tereticornis and its main constituent 1,8-cineole on guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. Planta Med. 2005, 71, 1173-1135.
84. Juergens, U.R.; Engelen, T.; Racke, K.; Stober, M.; Gillissen, A.; Vetter, H. Inhibitory activity of 1,8-cineol (eucalyptol) on cytokine production in cultured human lymphocytes and monocytes. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004, 17, 281-287.
85. Juergens, U.R.; Stober, M.; Vetter, H. Inhibition of cytokine production and arachidonic acid metabolism by eucalyptol (1.8-cineole) in human blood monocytes in vitro. Eur. J. Med. Res. 1998, 3, 508-510.
86. Juergens, U.R.; Stober, M.; Schmidt-Schilling, L.; Kleuver, T.; Vetter, H. Antiinflammatory effects of euclyptol (1.8-cineole) in bronchial asthma: inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood monocytes ex vivo. Eur. J. Med. Res. 1998, 3, 407-412.
87. Galdi, E.; Perfetti, L.; Calcagno, G.; Marcotulli, M.C.; Moscato, G. Exacerbation of asthma related to Eucalyptus pollens and to herb infusion containing Eucalyptus. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 2003, 59, 220-221.
88. Huggins, J.T.; Kaplan, A.; Martin-Harris, B.; Sahn, S.A. Eucalyptus as a specific irritant causing vocal cord dysfunction. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004, 93, 299-303.
89. Dogne, J.M.; Thiry, A.; Pratico, D.; Masereel, B.; Supuran, C.T. Dual carbonic anhydrase - cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2007, 7, 885-891.
90. Barrager, E.; Veltmann, J.R, Jr.; Schauss, A.G.; Schiller, R.N. A multicentered, open-label trial on the safety and efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2002, 8, 167-173.
91. Nakano, N.; Nakao, A.; Uchida, T.; Shirasaka, N.; Yoshizumi, H.; Okumura, K.; Tsuboi, R.; Ogawa, H. Effects of arachidonic acid analogs on FcepsilonRI-mediated activation of mast cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2005, 1738, 19-28.
92. Calder,P.C. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 2001, 88, 109-116.
93. Mayser, P.; Mrowietz, U.; Arenberger, P.; Bartak, P.; Buchvald, J.; Christophers, E.; Jablonska, S.; Salmhofer, W.; Schill, W.B.; Kramer, H.J.; Schlotzer, E.; Mayer, K.; Seeger, W.; Grimminger, F. Omega-3 fatty acid-based lipid infusion in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1998, 38, 539-547.
94. Bryan, D.L.; Forsyth, K.D.; Hart, P.H.; Gibson, R.A. Polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate cytokine and prostaglandin E2 production by respiratory cells in response to mast cell mediators. Lipids 2006, 41, 1101-1107.
95. Warstedt, K.; Furuhjelm, C.; Duchen, K.; Falth-Magnusson, K.; Fageras, M. Pediatr Res. 2009, 66, 212-217.