Clinical features and pathogenesis of severe malaria

Trends in Parasitology

Volumn 20, Issue 12, 2004, Pages 597-603

  MacKintosh, Claire L ^a   Beeson, James G ^b   Marsh, Kevin ^a  

^a KENYA MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Kenya)

^b WALTER AND ELIZA HALL INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; KYNURENINE; NITRIC OXIDE;

ADHESION; ANEMIA; BRAIN MALARIA; CELL DESTRUCTION; CELL INFILTRATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ERYTHROCYTE; ERYTHROPOIESIS; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HOST; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; MALARIA; MEDIATOR; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULE; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; REVIEW; SYNDROME; VASCULARIZATION;

PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PROTOZOA;

EID: 7444266246     PISSN: 14714922     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.09.006     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. R.W. Snow Estimating mortality, morbidity and disability due to malaria among Africa's non-pregnant population Bull. World Health Organ. 77 1999 624 640
2. Snow, R.W. et al. (2003) The public health burden of Plasmodium falciparum in Africa: deriving the numbers. Working Paper 11, Disease Control Priorities Project. Bethesda, MD: Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, http://www.fic.nih.gov/dcpp
3. T.E. Taylor Acid-base status in paediatric Plasmodium falciparum malaria Q. J. Med. 86 1993 99 109
4. K. Marsh Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children N. Engl. J. Med. 332 1995 1399 1404
5. M. English Deep breathing in children with severe malaria: indicator of metabolic acidosis and poor outcome Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55 1996 521 524
6. K. Maitland Severe P. falciparum malaria in Kenyan children: evidence for hypovolaemia Q. J. Med. 96 2003 427 434
7. I.A. Clark, and W.B. Cowden The pathophysiology of falciparum malaria Pharmacol. Ther. 99 2003 221 260
8. T.E. Taylor Differentiating the pathologies of cerebral malaria by postmortem parasite counts Nat. Med. 10 2004 143 145
9. G.E. Grau Tumor necrosis factor and disease severity in children with falciparum malaria N. Engl. J. Med. 320 1989 1586 1591
10. D. Kwiatkowski TNF concentration in fatal cerebral, non-fatal cerebral, and uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria Lancet 336 1990 1201 1204
11. H. Brown Cytokine expression in the brain in human cerebral malaria J. Infect. Dis. 180 1999 1742 1746
12. G.E. Grau Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) as an essential mediator in murine cerebral malaria Science 237 1987 1210 1212
13. R. Lucas Respective role of TNF receptors in the development of experimental cerebral malaria J. Neuroimmunol. 72 1997 143 148
14. M. Fried Malaria elicits type 1 cytokines in the human placenta: IFN-γ and TNF-α associated with pregnancy outcomes J. Immunol. 160 1998 2523 2530
15. A.M. Moorman Malaria and pregnancy: placental cytokine expression and its relationship to intrauterine growth retardation J. Infect. Dis. 180 1999 1987 1993
16. C.R. Engwerda Locally up-regulated lymphotoxin alpha, not systemic tumor necrosis factor alpha, is the principle mediator of murine cerebral malaria J. Exp. Med. 195 2002 1371 1377
17. G.E. Grau Tumor necrosis factor and disease severity in children with falciparum malaria N. Engl. J. Med. 320 1989 1586 1591
18. D. Kwiatkowski Tumour necrosis factor, fever and fatality in falciparum malaria Immunol. Lett. 25 1990 213 216
19. N.P. Day The prognostic and pathophysiologic role of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in severe malaria J. Infect. Dis. 180 1999 1288 1297
20. A.J. Luty Interferon-gamma responses are associated with resistance to reinfection with Plasmodium falciparum in young African children J. Infect. Dis. 179 1999 980 988
21. D.S. Hansen Regulation of murine cerebral malaria pathogenesis by CD1d-restricted NKT cells and the natural killer complex Immunity 18 2003 391 402
22. V. Amani Involvement of IFN-gamma receptor-medicated signaling in pathology and anti-malarial immunity induced by Plasmodium berghei infection Eur. J. Immunol. 30 2000 1646 1655
23. N.M. Anstey Nitric oxide in Tanzanian children with malaria: inverse relationship between malaria severity and nitric oxide production/nitric oxide synthase type 2 expression J. Exp. Med. 184 1996 557 567
24. M.R. Hobbs A new NOS2 promoter polymorphism associated with increased nitric oxide production and protection from severe malaria in Tanzanian and Kenyan children Lancet 360 2002 1468 1475
25. J.F. Kun Regulation of nitrogen monoxide production in human malaria Redox Rep. 8 2003 289 291
26. B.K. Lopansri Low plasma arginine concentrations in children with cerebral malaria and decreased nitric oxide production Lancet 361 2003 676 678
27. I.A. Clark Tissue distribution of migration inhibitory factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase in falciparum malaria and sepsis in African children Malar. J. 2 2003 6
28. I.A. Clark Possible central role of nitric oxide in conditions clinically similar to cerebral malaria Lancet 340 1992 894 896
29. M. Dobbie Cerebrospinal fluid studies in children with cerebral malaria: an excitotoxic mechanism? Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 62 2000 284 290
30. I.M. Medana Metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid of Malawian children with malaria J. Infect. Dis. 188 2003 844 849
31. I.M. Medana The clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites and lactate in severe malaria J. Infect. Dis. 185 2002 650 656
32. + T lymphocytes mediate experimental cerebral malaria pathogenesis J. Immunol. 170 2003 2221 2228
33. D.M. Yanez Participation of lymphocyte subpopulations in the pathogenesis of experimental murine cerebral malaria J. Immunol. 157 1996 1620 1624
34. L. Xiao Role of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60 1999 668 673
35. H.J. Ball Cyclooxygenase-2 in the pathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria J. Infect. Dis. 189 2004 751 758
36. D.J. Perkins Inverse relationship of plasma prostaglandin E2 and blood mononuclear cell cyclooxygenase-2 with disease severity in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria J. Infect. Dis. 183 2001 113 118
37. L. Schofield, and F. Hackett Signal transduction in host cells by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol toxin of malaria parasites J. Exp. Med. 177 1993 145 153
38. L. Schofield Synthetic GPI as a candidate anti-toxic vaccine in a model of malaria Nature 418 2002 785 789
39. G.D. Turner An immunohistochemical study of the pathology of fatal malaria. Evidence for widespread endothelial activation and a potential role for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in cerebral sequestration Am. J. Pathol. 145 1994 1057 1069
40. G.G. MacPherson Human cerebral malaria. A quantitative ultrastructural analysis of parasitized erythrocyte sequestration Am. J. Pathol. 119 1985 385 401
41. M.M. Oo Human cerebral malaria: a pathological study J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 46 1987 223 231
42. P.R. Walter Placental pathologic changes in malaria. A histologic and ultrastructural study Am. J. Pathol. 109 1982 330 342
43. M. Yamada Plasmodium falciparum associated placental pathology: a light and electron microscopic and immunohistologic study Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 41 1989 161 168
44. R.W. Steketee The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64 2001 28 35
45. C.E. Shulman, and E.K. Dorman Importance and prevention of malaria in pregnancy Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 97 2003 30 35
46. C. Raventos-Suarez Membrane knobs are required for the microcirculatory obstruction induced by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 82 1985 3829 3833
47. C.R. Newton Brain swelling and ischaemia in Kenyans with cerebral malaria Arch. Dis. Child. 70 1994 281 287
48. K. Silamut A quantitative analysis of the microvascular sequestration of malaria parasites in the human brain Am. J. Pathol. 155 1999 395 410
49. J.G. Beeson Selective accumulation of mature asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes in the placenta Infect. Immun. 70 2002 5412 5415
50. D.D. Roberts Thrombospondin binds falciparum malaria parasitized erythrocytes and may mediate cytoadherence Nature 318 1985 64 66
51. J.W. Barnwell A human 88-kD membrane glycoprotein (CD36) functions in vitro as a receptor for a cytoadherence ligand on Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes J. Clin. Invest. 84 1989 765 772
52. A.R. Berendt Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is an endothelial cell adhesion receptor for Plasmodium falciparum Nature 341 1989 57 59
53. C.F. Ockenhouse Human vascular endothelial cell adhesion receptors for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes: roles for endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 J. Exp. Med. 176 1992 1183 1189
54. S.J. Rogerson Chondroitin sulfate A is a cell surface receptor for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes J. Exp. Med. 182 1995 15 20
55. C.J. Treutiger PECAM-1/CD31, an endothelial receptor for binding Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes Nat. Med. 3 1997 1405 1408
56. J.G. Beeson Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to hyaluronic acid in placental malaria Nat. Med. 6 2000 86 90
57. I.J. Udeinya Falciparum malaria-infected erythrocytes specifically bind to cultured human endothelial cells Science 213 1981 555 557
58. S.M. Handunnetti Uninfected erythrocytes form 'rosettes' around Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 40 1989 115 118
59. A. Pain Platelet-mediated clumping of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes is a common adhesive phenotype and is associated with severe malaria Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 2001 1805 1810
60. D.J. Roberts Autoagglutination of malaria-infected red blood cells and malaria severity Lancet 355 2000 1427 1428
61. G.D. Turner Systemic endothelial activation occurs in both mild and severe malaria. Correlating dermal microvascular endothelial cell phenotype and soluble cell adhesion molecules with disease severity Am. J. Pathol. 152 1998 1477 1487
62. C. Newbold Cytoadherence, pathogenesis and the infected red cell surface in Plasmodium falciparum Int. J. Parasitol. 29 1999 927 937
63. S.J. Rogerson Cytoadherence characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes from Malawian children with severe and uncomplicated malaria Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61 1999 467 472
64. C. Newbold Receptor-specific adhesion and clinical disease in Plasmodium falciparum Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 57 1997 389 398
65. A. Pain A non-sense mutation in CD36 gene is associated with protection from severe malaria Lancet 357 2001 1502 1503
66. T.J. Aitman Malaria susceptibility and CD36 mutation Nature 405 2000 1015 1016
67. G.E. Grau Platelet accumulation in brain microvessels in fatal pediatric cerebral malaria J. Infect. Dis. 187 2003 461 466
68. S.C. Wassmer Platelets reorient Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte cytoadhesion to activated endothelial cells J. Infect. Dis. 189 2004 180 189
69. S.J. Allen Prevention of cerebral malaria in children in Papua New Guinea by southeast Asian ovalocytosis band 3 Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60 1999 1056 1060
70. A. Rowe Plasmodium falciparum rosetting is associated with malaria severity in Kenya Infect. Immun. 63 1995 2323 2326
71. F. al-Yaman Human cerebral malaria: lack of significant association between erythrocyte rosetting and disease severity Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89 1995 55 58
72. I.A. Cockburn A human complement receptor 1 polymorphism that reduces Plasmodium falciparum rosetting confers protection against severe malaria Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 2004 272 277
73. D.I. Baruch Cloning the P. falciparum gene encoding PfEMP1, a malarial variant antigen and adherence receptor on the surface of parasitized human erythrocytes Cell 82 1995 77 87
74. X.Z. Su The large diverse gene family var encodes proteins involved in cytoadherence and antigenic variation of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes Cell 82 1995 89 100
75. J.D. Smith Switches in expression of Plasmodium falciparum var genes correlate with changes in antigenic and cytoadherent phenotypes of infected erythrocytes Cell 82 1995 101 110
76. J.P. Rubio The var genes of Plasmodium falciparum are located in the subtelomeric region of most chromosomes EMBO J. 15 1996 4069 4077
77. M.J. Gardner Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum Nature 419 2002 498 511
78. D.S. Peterson Isolation of multiple sequences from the Plasmodium falciparum genome that encode conserved domains homologous to those in erythrocyte-binding proteins Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92 1995 7100 7104
79. A.T. Jensen Plasmodium falciparum associated with severe childhood malaria preferentially expresses PfEMP1 encoded by group A var genes J. Exp. Med. 199 2004 1179 1190
80. J.G. Beeson Plasmodium falciparum isolates from infected pregnant women and children are associated with distinct adhesive and antigenic properties J. Infect. Dis. 180 1999 464 472
81. M. Fried, and P.E. Duffy Adherence of Plasmodium falciparum to chondroitin sulfate A in the human placenta Science 272 1996 1502 1504
82. J.C. Reeder The adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to chondroitin sulfate A is mediated by P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96 1999 5198 5202
83. C.H. Ricke Plasma antibodies from malaria-exposed pregnant women recognize variant surface antigens on Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes in a parity-dependent manner and block parasite adhesion to chondroitin sulfate A J. Immunol. 165 2000 3309 3316
84. A. Salanti Selective upregulation of a single distinctly structured var gene in chondroitin sulphate A-adhering Plasmodium falciparum involved in pregnancy-associated malaria Mol. Microbiol. 49 2003 179 191
85. F. Nosten Effects of Plasmodium vivax malaria in pregnancy Lancet 354 1999 546 549
86. C. Menendez Malaria-related anaemia Parasitol. Today 16 2000 469 476
87. R.E. Phillips The importance of anaemia in cerebral and uncomplicated falciparum malaria: role of complications, dyserythropoiesis and iron sequestration Q. J. Med. 58 1986 305 323
88. J.A. Stoute Loss of red blood cell-complement regulatory proteins and increased levels of circulating immune complexes are associated with severe malarial anemia J. Infect. Dis. 187 2003 522 525
89. D.V. Devine The regulation of complement on cell surfaces Transfus. Med. Rev. 5 1991 123 131
90. A.C. Sexton Transcriptional profiling reveals suppressed erythropoiesis, up-regulated glycolysis, and interferon-associated responses in murine malaria J. Infect. Dis. 189 2004 1245 1256
91. G.D. Burchard Increased erythropoietin production in children with severe malarial anemia Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53 1995 547 551
92. A.M. el Hassan Decreased erythropoietin response in Plasmodium falciparum malaria-associated anaemia Eur. J. Haematol. 59 1997 299 304