Prevention and therapy of colorectal cancer

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 89, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 85-110

  Hawk, Ernest T ^a   Umar, Asad ^a   Richmond, Ellen ^a   Viner, Jaye L ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ASCORBIC ACID; BEVACIZUMAB; CALCIUM CARBONATE; CAPECITABINE; CELECOXIB; CETUXIMAB; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN PLUS MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; FLUOROPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; IRINOTECAN; LEVAMISOLE; LYSINE ACETYLSALICYLATE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OXALIPLATIN; ROFECOXIB; SELENIUM; SULINDAC; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ADENOMATOUS POLYP; ADHESION; BLEEDING; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BRADYCARDIA; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER THERAPY; CARCINOGENESIS; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CYSTITIS; CYTOPENIA; DEHYDRATION; DIAPHORESIS; DIARRHEA; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG SAFETY; DYSESTHESIA; DYSURIA; ENTERITIS; FEVER; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INTESTINE INJURY; KIDNEY FAILURE; LACRIMATION; LAPAROSCOPY; LUNG DISEASE; LUNG EMBOLISM; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; NAUSEA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PARESTHESIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; REVIEW; SALIVATION; SENSORY NEUROPATHY; SEPSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SKIN TOXICITY; SMALL INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; THROMBOEMBOLISM; WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT;

CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; NEOPLASM STAGING;

EID: 7444248985     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2004.08.003     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. A. Jemal, R.C. Tiwari, T. Murray, A. Ghafoor, A. Samuels, and E. Ward Cancer statistics, 2004 CA Cancer J Clin 54 2004 8 29
2. D. Hanahan, and R.A. Weinberg The hallmarks of cancer Cell 100 2000 57 70
3. T. Takayama, M. Ohi, T. Hayashi, K. Miyanishi, A. Nobuoka, and T. Nakajima Analysis of K-ras, APC, and beta-catenin in aberrant crypt foci in sporadic adenoma, cancer, and familial adenomatous polyposis Gastroenterology 121 2001 599 611
4. M. Ilyas, J. Straub, I.P. Tomlinson, and W.F. Bodmer Genetic pathways in colorectal and other cancers Eur J Cancer 35 1999 1986 2002
5. E.T. Hawk, P.J. Limburg, and J.L. Viner Epidemiology and prevention of colorectal cancer Surg Clin North Am 82 2002 905 941
6. P. Lichtenstein, N.V. Holm, P.K. Verkasalo, A. Iliadou, J. Kaprio, and M. Koskenvuo Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer: analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland N Engl J Med 343 2000 78 85
7. M.B. Sporn Approaches to prevention of epithelial cancer during the preneoplastic period Cancer Res 36 7 pt 2 1976 2699 2702
8. H.J. Bussey, J.J. DeCosse, E.E. Deschner, A.A. Eyers, M.L. Lesser, and B.C. Morson A randomized trial of ascorbic acid in polyposis coli Cancer 50 1982 1434 1439
9. A. Schatzkin, E. Lanza, D. Corle, P. Lance, F. Iber, and B. Caan Lack of effect of a low-fat, high-fiber diet on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. Polyp Prevention Trial Study Group N Engl J Med 342 2000 1149 1155
10. R. MacLennan, F. Macrae, C. Bain, D. Battistutta, P. Chapuis, and H. Gratten Randomized trial of intake of fat, fiber, and beta carotene to prevent colorectal adenomas. The Australian Polyp Prevention Project J Natl Cancer Inst 87 1995 1760 1766
11. J.J. DeCosse, H.H. Miller, and M.L. Lesser Effect of wheat fiber and vitamins C and E on rectal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis J Natl Cancer Inst 81 1989 1290 1297
12. B. Hofstad, K. Almendingen, M. Vatn, S.N. Andersen, R.W. Owen, and S. Larsen Growth and recurrence of colorectal polyps: a double-blind 3-year intervention with calcium and antioxidants Digestion 59 1998 148 156
13. D.S. Alberts, M.E. Martinez, D.J. Roe, J.M. Guillen-Rodriguez, J.R. Marshall, and J.B. van Leeuwen Lack of effect of a high-fiber cereal supplement on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. Phoenix Colon Cancer Prevention Pysicians' Network N Engl J Med 342 2000 1156 1162
14. J. Faivre, and C. Bonithon-Kopp Effect of fibre and calcium supplementation on adenoma recurrence and growth IARC Sci Publ 156 2002 457 461
15. E.R. Greenberg, J.A. Baron, T.D. Tosteson, D.H. Freeman Jr., G.J. Beck, and J.H. Bond A clinical trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent colorectal adenoma. Polyp Prevention Study Group N Engl J Med 331 1994 141 147
16. N. Malila, J. Virtamo, M. Virtanen, D. Albanes, J.A. Tangrea, and J.K. Huttunen The effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on colorectal adenomas in middle-aged male smokers Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8 1999 489 493
17. D. Albanes, N. Malila, P.R. Taylor, J.K. Huttunen, J. Virtamo, and B.K. Edwards Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer: results from a controlled trial (Finland) Cancer Causes Control 11 2000 197 205
18. P.H. Gann, J.E. Manson, R.J. Glynn, J.E. Buring, and C.H. Hennekens Low-dose aspirin and incidence of colorectal tumors in a randomized trial J Natl Cancer Inst 85 1993 1220 1224
19. J.A. Baron, B.F. Cole, R.S. Sandler, R.W. Haile, D. Ahnen, and R. Bresalier A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas N Engl J Med 348 2003 891 899
20. D.S. Alberts, M.E. Martinez, D. Roe, J.G. Einspahr, J. Guillen, and M. Clouser Proving the bile acid hypothesis for colon carcinogenesis: mature results from a phase III chemoprevention trial of ursodeoxycholic acid versus placebo to prevent colorectal adenoma recurrence ASCO Proceedings 2003 363
21. G. Steinbach, P.M. Lynch, R.K. Phillips, M.H. Wallace, E. Hawk, and G.B. Gordon The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis N Engl J Med 342 2000 1946 1952
22. R.J. Shamberger, S.A. Tytko, C.E. Willis, and Antioxidants and cancer. Part VI Selenium and age-adjusted human cancer mortality Arch Environ Health 31 1976 231 235
23. P. Knekt, A. Aromaa, J. Maatela, G. Alfthan, R.K. Aaran, and L. Teppo Serum vitamin E, serum selenium and the risk of gastrointestinal cancer Int J Cancer 42 1988 846 850
24. P. Knekt, A. Aromaa, J. Maatela, G. Alfthan, R.K. Aaran, and M. Hakama Serum selenium and subsequent risk of cancer among Finnish men and women J Natl Cancer Inst 82 1990 864 868
25. L.C. Clark, L.J. Hixson, G.F. Combs Jr., M.E. Reid, B.W. Turnbull, and R.E. Sampliner Plasma selenium concentration predicts the prevalence of colorectal adenomatous polyps Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2 1993 41 46
26. R.L. Nelson, F.G. Davis, E. Sutter, J.W. Kikendall, L.H. Sobin, and J.A. Milner Serum selenium and colonic neoplastic risk Dis Colon Rectum 38 1995 1306 1310
27. L.C. Clark, G.F. Combs Jr., B.W. Turnbull, E.H. Slate, D.K. Chalker, and J. Chow Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin: a randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group JAMA 276 1996 1957 1963 [published erratum appears in JAMA 1997;277:1520]
28. E. Giovannucci, and B. Goldin The role of fat, fatty acids, and total energy intake in the etiology of human colon cancer Am J Clin Nutr 66 Suppl 6 1997 1564S 1571S
29. T. Narisawa, N.E. Magadia, J.H. Weisburger, and E.L. Wynder Promoting effect of bile acids on colon carcinogenesis after intrarectal instillation of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rats J Natl Cancer Inst 53 1974 1093 1097
30. D. Bautista, A. Obrador, V. Moreno, E. Cabeza, R. Canet, and E. Benito Ki-ras mutation modifies the protective effect of dietary monounsaturated fat and calcium on sporadic colorectal cancer Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6 1997 57 61
31. J.A. Baron, M. Beach, J.S. Mandel, R.U. van Stolk, R.W. Haile, and R.S. Sandler Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group N Engl J Med 340 1999 101 107
32. J.A. Baron, B.F. Cole, and L.A. Mott Group FtPPS: aspirin chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas Proc AACR 43 2002 669
33. C. Bonithon-Kopp, O. Kronborg, A. Giacosa, U. Rath, and J. Faivre Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: a randomised intervention trial. European Cancer Prevention Organization Study Group Lancet 356 2000 1300 1306
34. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study The Women's Health Initiative Study Group Control Clin Trials 19 1998 61 109
35. L. Borgelt, and E. Umland Benefits and challenges of hormone replacement therapy J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 40 5 Suppl 1 2000 S30 S31
36. F. Grodstein, M.E. Martinez, E.A. Platz, E. Giovannucci, G.A. Colditz, and M. Kautzky Postmenopausal hormone use and risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma Ann Intern Med 128 1998 705 712
37. E.E. Calle, H.L. Miracle-McMahill, M.J. Thun, and C.W.J. Heath Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of fatal colon cancer in a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women J Natl Cancer Inst 87 1995 517 523
38. J.Y. Guo, X. Li, J.D. Browning Jr., G.E. Rottinghaus, D.B. Lubahn, and A. Constantinou Dietary soy isoflavones and estrone protect ovariectomized ERalphaKO and wild-type mice from carcinogen-induced colon cancer J Nutr 134 2004 179 182
39. J.E. Rossouw, G.L. Anderson, R.L. Prentice, A.Z. LaCroix, C. Kooperberg, and M.L. Stefanick Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial JAMA 288 2002 321 333
40. S.C. MacLennan, A.H. MacLennan, and P. Ryan Colorectal cancer and oestrogen replacement therapy: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies Med J Aust 162 1995 491 493
41. K. Nanda, L.A. Bastian, V. Hasselblad, and D.L. Simel Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis Obstet Gynecol 93 5 Pt 2 1999 880 888
42. E.T. Hawk, J.L. Viner, A. Umar, W.F. Anderson, C.C. Sigman, and K.Z. Guyton Cancer and the cyclooxygenase enzyme: implications for the treatment and prevention Am J Cancer 2 2003 27 55
43. K.M. Sheehan, K. Sheahan, D.P. O'Donoghue, F. MacSweeney, R.M. Conroy, and D.J. Fitzgerald The relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 expression and colorectal cancer JAMA 282 1999 1254 1257
44. A. Ristimaki, A. Sivula, J. Lundin, M. Lundin, T. Salminen, and C. Haglund Prognostic significance of elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in breast cancer Cancer Res 62 2002 632 635
45. D.K. Gaffney, J. Holden, M. Davis, K. Zempolich, K.J. Murphy, and M. Dodson Elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with diminished survival in carcinoma of the cervix treated with radiotherapy Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49 2001 1213 1217
46. C.J. Buskens, B.P. Van Rees, A. Sivula, J.B. Reitsma, C. Haglund, and P.J. Bosma Prognostic significance of elevated cyclooxygenase 2 expression in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus Gastroenterology 122 2002 1800 1807
47. F.R. Khuri, H. Wu, J.J. Lee, B.L. Kemp, R. Lotan, and S.M. Lippman Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression is a marker of poor prognosis in stage I non-small cell lung cancer Clin Cancer Res 7 2001 861 867
48. L.J. Marnett, and R.N. DuBois COX-2: a target for colon cancer prevention Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 42 2002 55 80
49. J.M. Lehmann, J.M. Lenhard, B.B. Oliver, G.M. Ringold, and S.A. Kliewer Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma are activated by indomethacin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs J Biol Chem 272 1997 3406 3410
50. A.L. Hsu, T.T. Ching, D.S. Wang, X. Song, V.M. Rangnekar, and C.S. Chen The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib induces apoptosis by blocking Akt activation in human prostate cancer cells independently of Bcl-2 J Biol Chem 275 2000 11397 11403
51. C. Waskewich, R.D. Blumenthal, H. Li, R. Stein, D.M. Goldenberg, and J. Burton Celecoxib exhibits the greatest potency amongst cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors for growth inhibition of COX-2-negative hematopoietic and epithelial cell lines Cancer Res 62 2002 2029 2033
52. E. Hawk, R. Lubet, and P. Limburg Chemoprevention in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes Cancer 86 1999 2551 2563
53. M. Cruz-Correa, L.M. Hylind, K.E. Romans, S.V. Booker, and F.M. Giardiello Long-term treatment with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis: a prospective cohort study Gastroenterology 122 2002 641 645
54. A.T. Chan, E.L. Giovannucci, E.S. Schernhammer, G.A. Colditz, D.J. Hunter, and W.C. Willett A prospective study of aspirin use and the risk for colorectal adenoma Ann Intern Med 140 2004 157 166
55. F.M. Giardiello, V.W. Yang, L.M. Hylind, A.J. Krush, G.M. Petersen, and J.D. Trimbath Primary chemoprevention of familial adenomatous polyposis with sulindac N Engl J Med 346 2002 1054 1059
56. J. Burn, P.D. Chapman, D.T. Bishop, R. Dixon, F. Turner, and J. Coaker Results of the CAPP1 Study: aspirin and resistant starch are beneficial in familial adenomatous polyposis Familial Cancer 2 Suppl 1 2003 42
57. R.S. Sandler, S. Halabi, J.A. Baron, S. Budinger, E. Paskett, and R. Keresztes A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas in patients with previous colorectal cancer N Engl J Med 348 2003 883 890
58. R. Benamouzig, J. Deyra, A. Martin, B. Girard, E. Jullian, and B. Piednoir Daily soluble aspirin and prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: one-year results of the APACC trial Gastroenterology 125 2003 328 336
59. Muir K, Logan R, Armitage N. The United Kingdom colorectal adenoma prevention trial (ukCAP): trial description and recruited patient characteristics. In: Frontiers in cancer prevention research. Boston: 2002.
60. K.M. Rexrode, I.M. Lee, N.R. Cook, C.H. Hennekens, and J.E. Buring Baseline characteristics of participants in the Women's Health Study J Womens Health Gend Based Med 9 2000 19 27
61. R.K. Phillips, M.H. Wallace, P.M. Lynch, E. Hawk, G.B. Gordon, and B.P. Saunders A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, on duodenal polyposis in familial adenomatous polyposis Gut 50 2002 857 860
62. F.A. Sinicrope, E.O. Half, J.S. Morris, P.M. Lynch, J.D. Morrow, and B. Levin Cell proliferation and apoptotic indices predict adenoma regression in a placebo-controlled trial of celecoxib in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13 2004
63. Z. Xiao, B.T. Luke, G. Izmirlian, A. Umar, P.M. Lynch, and R.K. Phillips Serum proteomic profiles suggest celecoxib-modulated targets and response predictors Cancer Res 64 2004 2904 2909
64. A. Hallak, L. Alon-Baron, R. Shamir, M. Moshkowitz, B. Bulvik, and E. Brazowski Rofecoxib reduces polyp recurrence in familial polyposis Dig Dis Sci 48 2003 1998 2002
65. J. Maurel, G. Launoy, P. Grosclaude, M. Gignoux, P. Arveux, and H. Mathieu-Daude Lymph node harvest reporting in patients with carcinoma of the large bowel: a French population-based study Cancer 82 1998 1482 1486
66. J.H. Wong, R. Severino, M.B. Honnebier, P. Tom, and T.S. Namiki Number of nodes examined and staging accuracy in colorectal carcinoma J Clin Oncol 17 1999 2896 2900
67. J.H. Wong Improved methods to stage cancer: the evolving role of sentinel node staging in solid malignancies Hawaii Med J 61 2002 260
68. N.S. Goldstein, W. Sanford, M. Coffey, and L.J. Layfield Lymph node recovery from colorectal resection specimens removed for adenocarcinoma: trends over time and a recommendation for a minimum number of lymph nodes to be recovered Am J Clin Pathol 106 1996 209 216
69. T.E. Le Voyer, E.R. Sigurdson, A.L. Hanlon, R.J. Mayer, J.S. Macdonald, and P.J. Catalano Colon cancer survival is associated with increasing number of lymph nodes analyzed: a secondary survey of intergroup trial INT-0089 J Clin Oncol 21 2003 2912 2919
70. D.C. Hodgson, C.S. Fuchs, and J.Z. Ayanian Impact of patient and provider characteristics on the treatment and outcomes of colorectal cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 93 2001 501 515
71. D. Hahnloser, and H. Nelson Laparoscopic colectomy for colon cancer Minerva Chir 58 2003 431 438
72. A comparison of laparoscopically assisted and open colectomy for colon cancer N Engl J Med 350 2004 2050 2059
73. L.L. Gunderson, and H. Sosin Areas of failure found at reoperation (second or symptomatic look) following "curative surgery" for adenocarcinoma of the rectum: clinicopathologic correlation and implications for adjuvant therapy Cancer 34 1974 1278 1292
74. T. Rich, L.L. Gunderson, R. Lew, J.J. Galdibini, A.M. Cohen, and G. Donaldson Patterns of recurrence of rectal cancer after potentially curative surgery Cancer 52 1983 1317 1329
75. W.M. Mendenhall, R.R. Million, and W.W. Pfaff Patterns of recurrence in adenocarcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid treated with surgery alone: implications in treatment planning with adjuvant radiation therapy Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 9 1983 977 985
76. Prolongation of the disease-free interval in surgically treated rectal carcinoma Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group N Engl J Med 312 1985 1465 1472
77. N. Wolmark, H.S. Wieand, D.M. Hyams, L. Colangelo, N.V. Dimitrov, and E.H. Romond Randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy for carcinoma of the rectum: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol R-02 J Natl Cancer Inst 92 2000 388 396
78. Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial N Engl J Med 336 1997 980 987
79. B.D. Minsky, A.M. Cohen, N. Kemeny, W.E. Enker, D.P. Kelsen, and B. Reichman Combined modality therapy of rectal cancer: decreased acute toxicity with the preoperative approach J Clin Oncol 10 1992 1218 1224
80. J.F. Bosset, G. Calais, A. Daban, C. Berger, L. Radosevic-Jelic, and P. Maingon Preoperative chemoradiotherapy versus preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients: assessment of acute toxicity and treatment compliance. Report of the 22921 randomised trial conducted by the EORTC Radiotherapy Group Eur J Cancer 40 2004 219 224
81. A. Vigliotti, T.A. Rich, M.M. Romsdahl, H.R. Withers, and M.J. Oswald Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13 1987 999 1006
82. M.J. Johnston, G.M. Robertson, and F.A. Frizelle Management of late complications of pelvic radiation in the rectum and anus: a review Dis Colon Rectum 46 2003 247 259
83. H.M. Pinedo, and G.F. Peters Fluorouracil: biochemistry and pharmacology J Clin Oncol 6 1988 1653 1664
84. T.R. Buroker, M.J. Oconnell, H.S. Wieand, J.E. Krook, J.B. Gerstner, and J.A. Mailliard Randomized comparison of 2 schedules of fluorouracil and leucovorin in the treatment of advanced colorectal-cancer J Clin Oncol 12 1994 14 20
85. Efficacy of intravenous continuous infusion of fluorouracil compared with bolus administration in advanced colorectal cancer Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer J Clin Oncol 16 1998 301 308
86. P.M. Hoff, R. Ansari, G. Batist, J. Cox, W. Kocha, and M. Kuperminc Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase III study J Clin Oncol 19 2001 2282 2292
87. E. Van Cutsem, C. Twelves, J. Cassidy, D. Allman, E. Bajetta, and M. Boyer Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a large phase III study J Clin Oncol 19 2001 4097 4106
88. L.B. Saltz, J.V. Cox, C. Blanke, L.S. Rosen, L. Fehrenbacher, and M.J. Moore Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. Irinotecan Study Group N Engl J Med 343 2000 905 914
89. T. Tashiro, Y. Kawada, Y. Sakurai, and Y. Kidani Antitumor-activity of a new platinum complex, oxalato (trans-L- 1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(Ii): new experimental data Biomed Pharmacother 43 1989 251 260
90. C.G. Willett, Y. Boucher, E. di Tomaso, D.G. Duda, L.L. Munn, and R.T. Tong Direct evidence that the VEGF-specific antibody bevacizumab has antivascular effects in human rectal cancer Nat Med 10 2004 145 147
91. R.K. Jain Normalizing tumor vasculature with anti-angiogenic therapy: a new paradigm for combination therapy Nat Med 7 2001 987 989
92. H. Hurwitz, L. Fehrenbacher, W. Novotny, T. Cartwright, J. Hainsworth, and W. Heim Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer N Engl J Med 350 2004 2335 2342
93. J. Mendelsohn Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor for cancer therapy J Clin Oncol 20 Suppl 18 2002 1S 13S
94. J. Baselga The EGFR as a target for anticancer therapy: focus on cetuximab Eur J Cancer 37 Suppl 4 2001 S16 S22
95. D. Cunningham, Y. Humblet, S. Siena, D. Khayat, H. Bleiberg, and A. Santoro Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer N Engl J Med 351 2004 337 345
96. C.G. Moertel, T.R. Fleming, J.S. Macdonald, D.G. Haller, J.A. Laurie, and P.J. Goodman Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma N Engl J Med 322 1990 352 358
97. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in B2 colon cancer International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of B2 Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT B2) Investigators J Clin Oncol 17 1999 1356 1363
98. E. Mamounas, S. Wieand, N. Wolmark, H.D. Bear, J.N. Atkins, and K. Song Comparative efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Dukes' B versus Dukes' c colon cancer: results from four national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project adjuvant studies (C-01, C-02, C-03, and C-04) J Clin Oncol 17 1999 1349 1355
99. S. Gill, C.L. Loprinzi, D.J. Sargent, S.D. Thome, S.R. Alberts, and D.G. Haller Pooled analysis of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy for stage II and III colon cancer: who benefits and by how much? J Clin Oncol 2004
100. A. Figueredo, M.L. Charette, J. Maroun, M.C. Brouwers, and L. Zuraw Adjuvant therapy for stage II colon cancer: a systematic review from the Cancer Care Ontario Program in Evidence-Based Care's Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group J Clin Oncol 2004
101. C.G. Moertel, T.R. Fleming, J.S. Macdonald, D.G. Haller, J.A. Laurie, and C.M. Tangen Intergroup study of fluorouracil plus levamisole as adjuvant therapy for stage II/Dukes' B2 colon cancer J Clin Oncol 13 1995 2936 2943
102. Local recurrence rate in a randomised multicentre trial of preoperative radiotherapy compared with operation alone in resectable rectal carcinoma Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial Eur J Surg 162 1996 397 402
103. Reappraisal of hepatic arterial infusion in the treatment of nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 88 1996 252 258
104. Randomised trial of surgery alone versus surgery followed by radiotherapy for mobile cancer of the rectum Medical Research Council Rectal Cancer Working Party Lancet 348 1996 1610 1614
105. P.R. Thomas, and A.S. Lindblad Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy in rectal carcinoma: a review of the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group experience Radiother Oncol 13 1988 245 252
106. J.E. Krook, C.G. Moertel, L.L. Gunderson, H.S. Wieand, R.T. Collins, and R.W. Beart Effective surgical adjuvant therapy for high-risk rectal carcinoma N Engl J Med 324 1991 709 715
107. M.J. O'Connell, J.A. Martenson, H.S. Wieand, J.E. Krook, J.S. Macdonald, and D.G. Haller Improving adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer by combining protracted-infusion fluorouracil with radiation therapy after curative surgery N Engl J Med 331 1994 502 507
108. NIH consensus conference Adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer JAMA 264 1990 1444 1450
109. Haller DG, Catalano PJ, Macdonald JS, Mayer RJ. Fluorouracil (FU), leucovorin (LV) and levamisole (LEV) adjuvant therapy for colon cancer: five year final report of INT-0089. Presented at the Annual Meeting of American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1998.
110. F. Maindrault-Goebel, C. Tournigand, T. Andre, E. Carola, M. Mabro, and P. Artru Oxaliplatin reintroduction in patients previously treated with leucovorin, fluorouracil and oxaliplatin for metastatic colorectal cancer Ann Oncol 15 2004 1210 1214
111. T. Andre, C. Louvet, E. Raymond, C. Tournigand, and A. de Gramont Bimonthly high-dose leucovorin, 5-fluorouracil infusion and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX3) for metastatic colorectal cancer resistant to the same leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil regimen Ann Oncol 9 1998 1251 1253
112. M.J. O'Connell Current status of adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer Oncology (Huntingt) 18 2004 751 755 [discussion: 5-8]
113. D.J. Sargent, R.M. Goldberg, S.D. Jacobson, J.S. Macdonald, R. Labianca, and D.G. Haller A pooled analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy for resected colon cancer in elderly patients N Engl J Med 345 2001 1091 1097
114. M. Oconnell, J.A. Martenson, H.S. Wieand, J.E. Krook, J.S. Macdonald, and D.G. Haller Improving adjuvant therapy for rectal-cancer by combining protracted-infusion fluorouracil with radiation-therapy after curative surgery N Engl J Med 331 1994 502 507
115. M. Mohiuddin, W.F. Regine, G.J. Marks, and J.W. Marks High-dose preoperative radiation and the challenge of sphincter-preservation surgery for cancer of the distal 2 cm of the rectum Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40 1998 569 574
116. V. Valentini, C. Coco, N. Cellini, A. Picciocchi, D. Genovesi, and G. Mantini Preoperative chemoradiation for extraperitoneal T3 rectal cancer: acute toxicity, tumor response, and sphincter preservation Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 40 1998 1067 1075
117. K.E. Harmon, J.A. Ryan Jr., T.R. Biehl, and F.T. Lee Benefits and safety of hepatic resection for colorectal metastases Am J Surg 177 1999 402 404
118. M.M. Kemeny, S. Adak, B. Gray, J.S. Macdonald, T. Smith, and S. Lipsitz Combined-modality treatment for resectable metastatic colorectal carcinoma to the liver: surgical resection of hepatic metastases in combination with continuous infusion of chemotherapy-an intergroup study J Clin Oncol 20 2002 1499 1505
119. A. Oshowo, A. Gillams, E. Harrison, W.R. Lees, and I. Taylor Comparison of resection and radiofrequency ablation for treatment of solitary colorectal liver metastases Br J Surg 90 2003 1240 1243
120. T.K. Sotsky, and T.S. Ravikumar Cryotherapy in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer Semin Oncol 29 2002 183 191
121. N. Petrelli, L. Herrera, Y. Rustum, P. Burke, P. Creaven, and J. Stulc A prospective randomized trial of 5-fluorouracil versus 5-fluorouracil and high-dose leucovorin versus 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate in previously untreated patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma J Clin Oncol 5 1987 1559 1565
122. N. Petrelli, H.O. Douglass Jr., L. Herrera, D. Russell, D.M. Stablein, and H.W. Bruckner The modulation of fluorouracil with leucovorin in metastatic colorectal carcinoma: a prospective randomized phase III trial. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group J Clin Oncol 7 1989 1419 1426
123. W. Scheithauer, H. Rosen, G.V. Kornek, C. Sebesta, and D. Depisch Randomised comparison of combination chemotherapy plus supportive care with supportive care alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer BMJ 306 1993 752 755
124. Expectancy or primary chemotherapy in patients with advanced asymptomatic colorectal cancer: a randomized trial. Nordic Gastrointestinal Tumor Adjuvant Therapy Group J Clin Oncol 10 1992 904 911
125. M.L. Rothenberg, J.R. Eckardt, J.G. Kuhn, H.A. Burris III, J. Nelson, and S.G. Hilsenbeck Phase II trial of irinotecan in patients with progressive or rapidly recurrent colorectal cancer J Clin Oncol 14 1996 1128 1135
126. P. Rougier, E. Van Cutsem, E. Bajetta, N. Niederle, K. Possinger, and R. Labianca Randomised trial of irinotecan versus fluorouracil by continuous infusion after fluorouracil failure in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer Lancet 352 1998 1407 1412
127. J.Y. Douillard, D. Cunningham, A.D. Roth, M. Navarro, R.D. James, and P. Karasek Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial Lancet 355 2000 1041 1047
128. A. de Gramont, J.F. Bosset, C. Milan, P. Rougier, O. Bouche, and P.L. Etienne Randomized trial comparing monthly low-dose leucovorin and fluorouracil bolus with bimonthly high-dose leucovorin and fluorouracil bolus plus continuous infusion for advanced colorectal cancer: a French intergroup study J Clin Oncol 15 1997 808 815
129. S. Giacchetti, B. Perpoint, R. Zidani, N. Le Bail, R. Faggiuolo, and C. Focan Phase III multicenter randomized trial of oxaliplatin added to chronomodulated fluorouracil-leucovorin as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer J Clin Oncol 18 2000 136 147
130. R.M. Goldberg, D.J. Sargent, R.F. Morton, C.S. Fuchs, R.K. Ramanathan, and S.K. Williamson A randomized controlled trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin combinations in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer J Clin Oncol 22 2004 23 30
131. J. Cassidy, J. Tabernero, C. Twelves, R. Brunet, C. Butts, and T. Conroy XELOX (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin): active first-line therapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer J Clin Oncol 22 2004 2084 2091
132. R.J. Mayer Two steps forward in the treatment of colorectal cancer N Engl J Med 350 2004 2406 2408
133. J.L. Viner, A. Umar, and E.T. Hawk Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: problems, progress, and prospects Gastroenterol Clin North Am 31 2002 971 999
134. B. Towler, L. Irwig, P. Glasziou, J. Kewenter, D. Weller, and C. Silagy A systematic review of the effects of screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, hemoccult BMJ 317 1998 559 565
135. J. Faivre, V. Dancourt, C. Lejeune, M.A. Tazi, J. Lamour, and D. Gerard Reduction in colorectal cancer mortality by fecal occult blood screening in a French controlled study Gastroenterology 126 2004 1674 1680
136. J. Faivre, C. Couillault, O. Kronborg, U. Rath, A. Giacosa, and H. De Oliveira Chemoprevention of metachronous adenomas of the large bowel: design and interim results of a randomized trial of calcium and fibre. ECP Colon Group Eur J Cancer Prev 6 1997 132 138