The role of fat, fatty acids, and total energy intake in the etiology of human colon cancer

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 66, Issue 6 SUPPL., 1997, Pages

  Giovannucci, Edward ^a   Goldin, Barry ^b  

^a CHANNING LABORATORY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Colonic neoplasms; Fat consumption; Fatty acids; Human studies; Malignancy

Indexed keywords

FAT; FATTY ACID;

CALORIC INTAKE; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER RISK; CASE CONTROL STUDY; COHORT ANALYSIS; COLON CANCER; COLON CARCINOGENESIS; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIETARY INTAKE; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; LIPID COMPOSITION; MEAT; OBESITY;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0030667878     PISSN: 00029165     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/66.6.1564S     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (104)

1. Willett WC. The search for the causes of breast and colon cancer. Nature 1989;338:389-94.
2. Boyle P, Zaridze DG, Smans M. Descriptive epidemiology of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 1985;36:9-18.
3. Armstrong B, Doll R. Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices. Int J Cancer 1975;15:617-31.
4. Rose DP, Boyer AP, Wynder EL. International comparisons of mortality rates for cancer of the breast, ovary, prostrate, and colon, and per capita food consumption. Cancer 1986;58:2363-71.
5. Aoki K, Hayakawa N, Kurihara M, Suzuki S. Death rates for malignant neoplasms for selected sites by sex and five-year age groups in 33 countries, 1953-57 to 1983-87. Nagoya, Japan: University of Nagoya Press, 1992.
6. Haenszel W, Kurihara M. Studies of Japanese migrants. I. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 1968;40:43-68.
7. Phillips RL, Garfinkel L, Kuzma JW, Beeson WL, Lotz T, Brin B. Mortality among California Seventh-Day Adventists for selected cancer sites. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980;65:1097-107.
8. Willett W, Stampfer MJ. Total energy intake: implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124:17-27.
9. Potter JD, Slattery ML, Bostick RM, Gapstur SM. Colon cancer: a review of the epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15:499-545.
10. Jain M, Cook GM, Davis FG, Grace MG, Howe GR, Miller AB. A case-control study of diet and colo-rectal cancer. Int J Cancer 1980;26:757-68.
11. Potter JD, McMichael AJ. Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986;76:557-69.
12. Lyon JL, Mahoney AW, West DW, Gardner KR, Smith AW, Sorenson AW, Stanish W. Energy intake: its relationship to colon cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;78:853-61.
13. Graham S, Marshall J, Haughey B, et al. Dietary epidemiology of cancer of the colon in western New York. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:490-503.
14. Bristol JB, Emmett PM, Heaton KW, Williamson RC. Sugar, fat, and the risk of colorectal cancer. Br Med J 1985;291:1467-70.
15. Kune GA, Kune S. The nutritional causes of colorectal cancer: an introduction to the Melbourne Study. Nutr Cancer 1987;9:1-4.
16. West DW, Slattery ML, Robison LM, et al. Dietary intake and colon cancer: sex and anatomic site-specific associations. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:883-94.
17. Peters RK, Pike MC, Garabrandt D, Mack TM. Diet and colon cancer in Los Angeles County, California. Cancer Causes Control 1992;3: 457-73.
18. Whittemore AS, Wu-Williams AH, Lee M, et al. Diet, physical activity, and colorectal cancer among Chinese in North America and China. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:915-26.
19. Macquart-Moulin G, Riboli E, Cornee J, Charnay B, Berthezene P, Day N. Case-control study on colorectal cancer and diet in Marseilles. Int J Cancer 1986;38:183-91.
20. Berta JL, Coste T, Rautureau J, Guilloud-Bataille M, Pequignot G. Diet and rectocolonic cancers. Results of a case-control study, Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1985;9:348-53.
21. Tuyns AJ, Haelterman M, Kaaks R. Colorectal cancer and the intake of nutrients: oligosaccharides are a risk factor, fats are not. A case-control study in Belgium. Nutr Cancer 1987;10:181-96.
22. Meyer F, White E. Alcohol and nutrients in relation to colon cancer in middle-aged adults. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:225-36.
23. Howe GR, Aronson KJ, Benito E, et al. The relationship between dietary fat intake and risk of colorectal cancer: evidence from the combined analysis of 13 case-control studies. Cancer Causes Control 1997;8:215-28.
24. Stemmermann GN, Nomura AM, Heilbrun LK. Dietary fat and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1984;44:4633-7.
25. Garland C, Shekelle RE, Barrett-Connor E, Criqui MH, Rossof AH, Paul O. Dietary vitamin D and calcium and risk of colorectal cancer: a 19-year prospective study in men. Lancet 1985;1:307-9.
26. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Speizer FE. Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1664-72.
27. Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, van't Veer P, et al. A prospective cohort study on the relation between meat consumption and the risk of colon cancer. Cancer Res 1994;54:718-23.
28. Bostick RM, Potter JD, Kushi LH, et al. Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1994;5:38-52.
29. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. Intake of fat, meat and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res 1994;54:2390-7.
30. Hirayama T. A large-scale study on cancer risks by diet - with special reference to the risk reducing effects of green-yellow vegetable consumption. In: Hayashi Y, Magao M, Sugimura T, et al, eds. Diet, nutrition, and cancer. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press, 1986:41-53.
31. Phillips RL, Snowdon DA. Association of meat and coffee use with cancers of the large bowel, breast, and prostate among Seventh-day Adventists: preliminary results. Cancer Res 1983;43(suppl):2403-8.
32. Thun MJ, Calle EE, Namboodiri MM, et al. Risk factors for fatal cancer in a large prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84: 1491-500.
33. Jain M, Howe GR, Johnson KC, Miller AB. Evaluation of a diet history questionnaire for epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111:212-9.
34. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. A comparison of prospective and retrospective assessments of diet in the study of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1993;137:502-11.
35. Friedenreich CM, Howe GR, Miller AB. The effect of recall bias on the association of calorie-providing nutrients and breast cancer. Epidemiology 1991;2:424-9.
36. Slattery ML, Schumacher MC, Smith KR, et al. Physical activity, diet and risk of colon cancer in Utah. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:989-99.
37. Miller AB, Howe GR, Jain M, Craib KJP, Harrison L. Food items and food groups as risk factors in a case-control study of diet and colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 1983;32:155-61.
38. Young TB, Wolf TB. Case-control study of proximal and distal colon cancer and diet in Wisconsin. Int J Cancer 1988;42:167-75.
39. Benito E, Obrador A, Stiggelbout A, et al. A population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in Majorca. Int J Cancer 1990;45:69-76.
40. Bidoli E, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Barra S, LaVecchia C Food consumption and cancer of the colon and rectum in north-eastern Italy. Int J Cancer 1992;50:223-9.
41. Iscovich JM, L'Abbe KA, Castelleto R, et al. Colon cancer in Argentina. I: Risk from intake of dietary items. Int J Cancer 1992;51:851-7.
42. Gerhardsson de Verdier M, Hagman U, Peters RK, Steineck G, Overik E. Meat, cooking methods and colorectal cancer: a case-referent study in Stockholm. Int J Cancer 1991;49:520-5.
43. Manousos O, Day NE, Trichopoulos D, Gerovassilis F, Tzonou A, Polychronopoulou A. Diet and colorectal cancer: a case-control study in Greece. Int J Cancer 1983;32:1-5.
44. La Vecchia C, Negri E, DeCarli A, et al. A case-control study of diet and colorectal cancer in Northern Italy. Int J Cancer 1988;41:492-8.
45. Lee HP, Gourley L, Duffy SW, Esteve J, Lee J, Day NE. Colorectal cancer and diet in an Asian population - a case-control study among Singapore Chinese. Int J Cancer 1989;43:1007-16.
46. Tuyns AJ, Kaaks R, Haelterman M. Colorectal cancer and consumption of foods: a case-control study in Belgium. Nutr Cancer 1988;11:189-204.
47. Phillips RL. Role of life-style and dietary habits in risk of cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists. Cancer Res 1975;35:3513-22.
48. Giovannucci E, Willett WC. Dietary lipids and colon cancer. Principles Pract Oncol Updates 1995;9:1-12.
49. Gerhardsson M, Floderus B, Norell SE. Physical activity and colon cancer risk. Int J Epidemiol 1988;7:743-6.
50. Hill MJ, Caygill CPJ. Fish n - 3 fatty acids and human colorectal and breast cancer mortality. Eur J Cancer 1995;4:329-32.
51. Morson B. President's address. The polyp-cancer sequence in the large bowel. Proc R Soc Med 1974;67:451-7.
52. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Relationship of diet to risk of colorectal adenoma in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:91-8.
53. Neugut AI, Garbowski GC, Lee WC, et al. Dietary risk factors for the incidence and recurrence of colorectal adenomatous polyps. A casecontrol study. Ann Intern Med 1993;11:91-5.
54. Little J, Logan RFA, Hawtin PG, Hardcastle JD, Turner ID. Colorectal adenomas and diet: a case-control study of subjects participating in the Nottingham faecal occult blood screening programme. Br J Cancer 1993;67:177-84.
55. Sandler RS, Lyles CM, Peipins LA, McAuliffe CA, Woosley JT, Kupper LL. Diet and the risk of colorectal adenomas: macronutrients, cholesterol and fiber. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:875-84.
56. Benito E, Cabeza E, Moreno V, Obrador A, Bosch FX. Diet and colorectal adenomas: a case-control study in Majorca. Int J Cancer 1993;55:213-9.
57. Macquart-Moulin G, Riboli E, Cornee J, Kaaks R, Berthezene P. Colorectal polyps and diet: a case-control study in Marseilles. Int J Cancer 1987;40:179-88.
58. Hill MJ. The role of unsaturated bile acids in the etiology of large bowel cancer. In: Hiatt HH, Watson JD, Winsten JA, eds. Origins of human cancer. Cold Spring Harbor, NY Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1977:1627-40.
59. Reddy BS. Diet and excretion of bile acids. Cancer Res 1981;41: 3766-8.
60. Reddy BS, Wynder EL. Large-bowel carcinogenesis: fecal constituents of populations with diverse incidence rates of colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1973;50:1437-42.
61. Chomchai C, Bhadrachari N, Nigro ND. The effect of bile on the induction of experimental intestinal tumors in rats. Dis Colon Rectum 1974;17:310-2.
62. Narisawa T, Magadia NE, Weisburger JH, Wynder EL. Promoting effects of bile acids on colon carcinogenesis after intrarectal instillation of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoquanidine in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 1974;53:1093-97.
63. Mastromarino A, Reddy BS, Wynder EL. Metabolic epidemiology of colon cancer: enzymatic activity of fecal flora. Am J Clin Nutr 1976;29:1455-60.
64. Broitman SA. Dietary cholesterol, serum cholesterol, and colon cancer: a review. Adv Exp Med Biol 1986;206:137-52.
65. Oliver MF. Serum cholesterol: the knave of heart and the joker. Lancet 1981;2:1090-5.
66. Winawer SJ, Flehinger BJ, Buchalter J, Herbert E, Shike M. Declining serum cholesterol levels prior to the diagnosis of colon cancer. JAMA 1990;263:2083-5.
67. Trichopolou A, Tzonou A, Hsieh CC, Toupaki N, Manousos O, Trichopoulos D. High protein, saturated fat and cholesterol diet, and low levels of serum lipids in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 1992;51:386-9.
68. Newmark HL, Wargovich MJ, Bruce WR. Colon cancer and dietary fat, phosphate, and calcium: a hypothesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984;72:1323-5.
69. Alder RJ, McKeown-Eyssen G, Bright-See E. Randomized trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on fecal risk factors for colorectal cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:804-14.
70. Friedman E, Isaksson P, Rafter J, Marian B, Winawer S, Newmark H. Fecal diglycerides as selective endogenous mitogens for premalignant and malignant human colonic epithelial cells. Cancer Res 1989;49:544-54.
71. Clausen MR, Bonnen H, Mortensen PB. Colonic fermentation of dietary fibre to short chain fatty acids in patients with adenomatous polyps and colonic cancer. Gut 1991;32:923-8.
72. Suzuki K, Mitsuoka T. Effect of low-fat, high fat and fiber supplementation on colon cancer risk factors in feces of healthy subjects. Nutr Cancer 1992;18:63-71.
73. Giovannucci E. Insulin and colon cancer. Cancer Causes Control 1995;6:164-79.
74. McKeown-Eyssen G. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer revisited: are serum triglycerides and/or plasma glucose associated with risk? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994;3:687-95.
75. Yorek M, Leeney E, Dunlap J, Ginsberg B. Effect of fatty acid composition on insulin and IGF-I binding in retinoblastoma cells. Invest Ophthamol Vis Sci 1989;30:2087-92.
76. Ginsberg BH, Chaterjee P, Yorek M. Increased membrane fluidity is associated with greater sensitivity to insulin. Diabetes 1987;36(suppl 1):51 (abstr).
77. Ginsberg BH, Jabour J, Spector AA. Effect of alterations in membrane lipid unsaturation on the properties of the insulin receptor of Ehrlich ascites cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981;103: 219-26.
78. Field CJ, Ryan EA, Thomson ABR, Clandinin MT. Dietary fat and the diabetic state alter insulin binding and the fatty acyl composition of the adipocyte plasma membrane. Biochem J 1988;253:417-24.
79. Field CJ, Ryan EA, Thomson ABR, Clandinin MT. Dietary fat composition alters membrane phospholipid composition, insulin binding, and glucose metabolism in adipocytes from control and diabetic animals. J Biol Chem 1990;265:11143-50.
80. Pelikanova T, Kohout M, Valek J, Base J, Kazdova L. Insulin secretion and insulin action related to the serum phospholipid fatty acid pattern in healthy men. Metabolism 1989;38:188-92.
81. Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Stifel P, Villar J, Garcia-Donas MA, Acosta D, Carneado J. Cell membrane fatty acid composition in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients: relationship with sodium transport abnormalities and metabolic control. Diabetologia 1993;36:850-6.
82. Borkman M, Storlien LH, Pan DA, et al. The relation between insulin sensitivity and the fatty-acid composition of skeletal-muscle phospholipids. N Engl J Med 1993;328:238-44.
83. Linscheer WG, Vergroesen AJ. Lipids. In: Shils ME, Young, VR, eds. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1988:72-107.
84. Bennett A, Tacca MD, Stamford IF, Zebro T. Prostaglandins from tumors of human large bowel. Br J Cancer 1977;35:881-4.
85. Nicholson ML, Neoptolemos JP, Clayton HA, Talbot IC, Bell PRF. Increased cell membrane arachidonic acid in experimental colorectal tumors. Gut 1991;32:413-8.
86. Anti M, Marra G, Franco A, Bartoli GM, Ficonelli R. Effect of n - 3 fatty acids on rectal mucosal cell proliferation in subjects at risk for colon cancer. Gastroenterology 1992;103:883-91.
87. Puraisiri P, Ashby J, Heys SD, Eremin O. Effect of essential fatty acids on circulating T cells subsets in patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994;39:217-22.
88. Mainou-Fowler, Eremin O. Tumor associated proliferative responses in vitro of regional lymph nodes draining solid cancer in man. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1989;30:300-6.
89. 2. Prostaglandins 1984;27:725-35.
90. Puraisiri P, Ashby J, Heys SD, Eremin O. Effect of essential fatty acids on natural cytotoxicity in patients with colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 1995;21:254-60.
91. Puraisiri P, Murray A, Richardson S, Heys SD, Horrobin D, et al. Modulation of cytokine production in vitro by dietary essential fatty acids in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Sci (Colch) 1994;87: 711-7.
92. Meterission SH, Armour Forse R, Steele GD, Thomas P. Effect of membrane free fatty acid alteration on the adhesion of human colorectal carcinoma cells to liver macrophages and extra cellular matrix proteins. Cancer Lett 1995;89:145-52.
93. Sugimura T, Sato S. Mutagens-carcinogens in foods. Cancer Res 1983;43(suppl):2415-21.
94. Turesky RJ, Lang N, Butler MA, et al. Metabolic activation of carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines by human liver and colon. Carcinogenesis 1991;12:1417-21.
95. Beland FA, Kadlubar FF. Formation and persistence of arylamine DNA adducts in vivo. Environ Health Perspect 1985;62:19-30.
96. de Mester C, Gerber GB. The role of cooked food mutagens as possible etiological agents in human cancer. A critical appraisal of recent epidemiological investigations. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1995;43:147-61.
97. Sinha R, Rothman N, Brown ED, et al. High concentrations of the carcinogen 2-amino-l-methyl-6-phenylimidazo-[4,5]pyridine (PhIP) occur in chicken but are dependent on the cooking method. Cancer Res 1995;55:4516-9.
98. Babbs CF. Free radicals and the etiology of colon cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 1990;8:191-200.
99. Younes M, Trepkau HD, Siegers CP. Enhancement of dietary iron peroxidation in mouse colon. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1990;70:349-54.
100. Siegers CP, Bumann D, Baretton G, Younes M. Dietary iron enhances the tumor rate in dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Lett 1988;41:251-6.
101. Nelson RL, Yoo SJ, Tanure JC, Andrianpoulos G, Misumi A. The effect of iron on experimental colorectal carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res 1989;9:1477-82.
102. Stevens RG, Jones DY, Micozzi MS. Body iron stores and the risk of cancer. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1047-52.
103. Knekt P, Reunanen A, Takkunen H, et al. Body iron stores and risk of cancer. Int J Cancer 1994;56:379-82.
104. Bingham SA, Pignatelli B, Pollock JRA, et al. Does increased endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the human colon explain the association between red meat and colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 1996;17:515-23.