THz radiation sensors

Opto-Electronics Review

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 10-36

  Sizov, F ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS   (Ukraine)

Author keywords

Direct and heterodyne THz detectors; Field effect transistor detectors; Hot electron bolometers; Performance limits; Schottky barrier diodes; SIS detectors; Transition edge sensors

Indexed keywords

BOLOMETERS; FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS; HETERODYNING; HOT ELECTRONS; RADIATION SHIELDING; SCHOTTKY BARRIER DIODES;

HETERODYNE DETECTORS; HOT ELECTRON BOLOMETER; HOT ELECTRON MIXERS; OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS; PERFORMANCE LIMITS; TERAHERTZ RADIATION; THZ DETECTORS; TRANSITION-EDGE SENSORS;

TERAHERTZ WAVES;

EID: 72749119212     PISSN: 12303402     EISSN: 18963757     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2478/s11772-009-0029-4     Document Type: Article

References (188)

1. P. H. Siegel and R. J. Dengler, Terahertz heterodyne imaging. Introduction and techniques, Int. J. Infrared Milli. Waves27, 465-480 (2006).
2. G. Chattopadhyay, Submillimeter-wave coherent and incoherent sensors for space applications, in Sensors, Series: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, Vol. 21, p. 387, edited by S. C. Mukhopadhyay and R. Y. M. Huang, Springer, New York, 2008.
3. T. W. Crowe, W. L. Bishop, D. W. Porterfield, J. L. Hesler, and R. M. Weikle, Opening the terahertz window with integrated diode circuits, IEEE J. Solid-St. Circ. 40, 2104-2110 (2005).
4. D. Dragoman and M. Dragoman, Terahertz fields and applications, Prog. Quant. Electron. 28, 1-66 (2004).
5. J. Wei, D. Olaya, B. S. Karasik, S. V. Pereverzev, A. V. Sergeev, and M. E. Gershenzon, Ultrasensitive hot-electron nanobolometers for terahertz astrophysics, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 496-500 (2008).
6. A. W. Blain, I. Smail, R. J. Ivison, J. P. Kneib, and D. T. Frayer, Submillimetre galaxies, Phys. Rep. 369, 111-176 (2002).
7. J. Zmuidzinas and P. L. Richards, Superconducting detectors and mixers for millimeter and submillimeter astrophysics, Proc. IEEE92, 1597-1616 (2004).
8. P. H. Siegel, Terahertz technology, IEEE T. Microw. Theory50, 910-928 (2002).
9. B. Ferguson and X. C. Zhang, Materials for terahertz science and technology, Nature Mater. 1, 26-33 (2002).
10. D. Mittleman, Sensing with Terahertz Radiation, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003.
11. E. R. Brown, Fundamentals of terrestrial millimetre-wave and THz remote sensing, in: Terahertz Sensing Technology, Vol. 2, p. 1, edited by D. L. Woolard, W. R. Loerop, and M. S. Shur, World Scientific, New York, 2003.
12. R. M. Woodward, Terahertz technology in global homeland security, Proc. SPIE5781, 22-31 (2005).
13. D. L. Woolard, R. Brown, M. Pepper, and M. Kemp, Terahertz frequency sensing and imaging: A time of reckoning future applications?, Proc. IEEE93, 1722-1743 (2005).
14. H. Zhong, A. Redo-Sanchez, and X. C. Zhang, Identification and classification of chemicals using terahertz reflective spectroscopic focal-plane imaging system, Opt. Express14, 9130-9141 (2006).
15. M. Tonouchi, Cutting-edge terahertz technology, Nat. Photonics1, 97-105 (2007).
16. D. Grbovic and G. Karunasiri, Fabrication of bi-material MEMS detector arrays for THz imaging, Proc. SPIE7311, 7311-08 (2009).
17. P. V. V. Jayaweera, S. G. Matsik, A. G. U. Perera, Y. Paltiel, A. Sher, A. Raizman, H. Luo, and H. C. Liu, GaSb homo-junctions for far-infrared (terahertz) detection, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 111109 (2007).
18. S. Komiyama, O. Astafiev, V. Antonov, and T. Kutsuwa, Single-photon detection of THz-waves using quantum dots, Microelectron. Eng. 63, 173-178 (2002).
19. Y. Kawano, T. Fuse, S. Toyokawa, T. Uchida, and K. Ishibashi, Terahertz photon-assisted tunneling in carbon nanotube quantum dots, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 034307 (2008).
20. M. Tarasov and L. Kuz'min, Concept of a mixer based on a cold-electron bolometer, JETP Lett. 81, 538-541 (2005).
21. M. Shur, Terahertz technology: devices and applications, Proc ESSDERC'05, 13-22, Grenoble, 2005.
22. A. Lisauskas, D. Glaab, H. G. Roskos, E. U. Oejefors, and R. Pfeiffer, Terahertz imaging with Si MOSFET focal-plane arrays, Proc. SPIE7215, 72150J (2009).
23. J. Grade, P. Haydon, and D. van der Weide, Electronic terahertz antennas and probes for spectroscopic detection and diagnostics, Proc. IEEE95, 1583-1591 (2007).
24. H. M. Manohara, E. W. Wong, E. Schlecht, B. D. Hunt, and P. H. Siegel, Carbon nanotube Schottky diodes using Ti-Schottky and Pt-ohmic contacts for high frequency applications, Nano. Lett. 5, 1469-1474 (2005).
25. M. Tarasov, J. Svensson, J. Weis, L. Kuzmin, and E. Campbell, Carbon nanotube based bolometers, JETP Lett. 84, 267-270 (2006).
26. V. N. Dobrovolsky, F. F. Sizov, Y. E. Kamenev, and A. B. Smirnov, Ambient temperature or moderately cooled hot electron bolometer for mm and sub-mm regions, Opto-Electron. Rev. 16, 172-178 (2008).
27. G. Chattopadhyay, Future of heterodyne receivers at submillimeter wavelengths, Digest IRMMW-THz-2005 Conf., 461-462 (2005).
28. R. Piesiewicz, T. Kleine-Ostmann, N. Krumbholz, D. Mittleman, M. Koch, J. Schoebel, and T. Kuerner, Short-range ultra-broadband terahertz communications: concept and perspectives, IEEE Antenna and Propag. Magazine49, 24-39 (2007).
29. A. H. Lettington, I. M. Blankson, M. Attia, and D. Dunn, Review of imaging architecture, Proc. SPIE4719, 327-340 (2002).
30. L. Kuzmin, Optimal cold-electron bolometer with a super-conductor-insulator-normal tunnel junction and an Andreev contact, 17th Int. Symp. Space THz Techn., 183-186, 10-12 May, Paris, 2006.
31. T. L. Hwang, S. E. Scharz, and D. B. Rutledge, Microbolometers for infrared detection, Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 773-776 (1979).
32. E. N. Grossman and A. J. Miller, Active millimeter-wave imaging for concealed weapons detection, Proc. SPIE5077, 62-70 (2003).
33. W. Knap, F. Teppe, A. El Fatimy, N. Dyakonova, S. Boubanga, D. Coquillat, C. Gaquiere, A. Shchepetov, and S. Bollaert, Room temperature detection and emission of terahertz radiation by plasma oscillations in nanometer size transistors, Digest IRMMW-THz-2007 Conf., 998-999 (2007).
34. D. Leisawitz, W. C. Danchi, M. J. DiPirro, L. D. Feinberg, D. Y. Gezari, M. Hagopian, W. D. Langer, J. C. Mather, S. H. Moseley, M. Shao, R. F. Silverberg, J. G. Staguhn, M. R Swain, H. W. Yorke, and X. Zhang, Scientific motivation and technology requirements for the SPIRIT and SPECS far-infrared/submillimeter space interferometers, Proc. SPIE4013, 36-46 (2000).
35. I. I. Taubkin and M. A. Trishenkov, Information capacity of electronic vision systems, Infrared Phys. Techn. 37, 675-693 (1996).
36. F. Sizov, Photoelectronics for Vision Systems in Invisible Spectral Ranges, Akademperiodika, Kiev, 2008. (in Russian).
37. P. L. Richards, Cosmic microwave background experiments - past, present and future, Digest IRMMW-THz-2007 Conf., 12-15, Cardiff, 2007.
38. S. Hargreaves and R. A. Lewis, Terahertz imaging. Materials and methods, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. El. 18, S299-S303 (2007).
39. N. Karpowicz, H. Zhong, J. Xu, K. I. Lin, J. S. Hwang, and X. C. Zhang, Nondestructive sub. THz imaging, Proc. SPIE5727, 132-142 (2005).
40. A. Dobroiu, M. Yamashita, Y. N. Ohshima, Y. Morita, C. Otani, and K. Rawase, Terahertz imaging system based on a backward oscillator, Appl. Opt. 43, 5637-5646 (2004).
41. A. W. M. Lee, Q. Qin, S. Kumar, B. S. Williams, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, Real-time terahertz imaging over a standoff distance (> 25 m), Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 141125 (2006).
42. B. A. Knyazev, M. A. Dem'yanenko, and D. G. Esaev, Terahertz imaging with a 160×120 pixel microbolometer 90. fps camera, Digest IRMMW-THz-2007 Conf., 360-361, Cardiff, 2007.
43. M. A. Kinch and B. V. Rollin, Detection of millimetre and sub. millimetre wave radiation by free carrier absorption in a semiconductor, Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 14, 672-676 (1963).
44. Y. Nakagawa and H. Yoshinaga, Characteristics of high-sensitivity Ge bolometer, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 9, 125-131 (1970).
45. R. Padman, G. J. White, R. Barker, D. Bly, N. Johnson, H. Gibson, M. Griffin, J. A. Murphy, R. Prestage, J. Rogers, and A. Scivett, A dual-polarization InSb receiver for 461/492 GHz, Int. J. Infrared Milli. Waves13, 1487-1513 (1992).
46. J. E. Huffman, Infrared detectors for 2 to 220 μm astronomy, Proc. SPIE2274, 157-169 (1995).
47. M. Kenyon, P. K. Day, C. M. Bradford, J. J. Bock, and H. G. Leduc, Progress on background-limited membrane-isolated TES bolometers for far-IR/submillimeter spectroscopy, Proc. SPIE6275, 627508 (2006).
48. A. D. Turner, J. J. Bock, J. W. Beeman, J. Glenn, P. C. Hargrave, V. V. Hristov, H. T. Nguyen, F. Rahman, S. Sethuraman, and A. L. Woodcraft, Silicon nitride micromesh bolometer array for submillimeter astrophysics, Appl. Optics40, 4921-4932 (2001).
49. B. S. Karasik, D. Olaya, J. Wei, S. Pereverzev, M. E. Gershenson, J. H. Kawamura, W. R. McGrath, and A. V. Sergeev, Record-low NEP in hot-electron titanium nanobolometers, IEEE T. Appl. Supercon. 17, 293-297 (2007).
50. P. L. Richards, Bolometers for infrared and millimeter waves, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 1-24 (1994).
51. D. J. Benford, Transition edge sensor bolometers for CMB polarimetry, cmbpol. uchicago. edu/.../cmbpol_technologies_ benford_jcps_4. pdf.
52. H. W. Hübers, S. G. Pavlov, K. Holldack, U. Schade, and G. Wustefeld, Long wavelength response of unstressed and stressed Ge: Ga detectors, Proc. SPIE6275, 627505 (2008).
53. A. Poglitsch, R. O. Katterloher, R. Hoenle, J. W. Beeman, E. E. Haller, H. Richter, U. Groezinger, N. M. Haegel, and A. Krabbe, Far-infrared photoconductors for Herschel and SOFIA, Proc. SPIE4855, 115-128 (2003).
54. E. E. Haller, M. R. Hueschen, and P. L. Richards, Ge: Ga photoconductors in low infrared backgrounds, Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 495-497 (1979).
55. N. Kopeika, A System Engineering Approach to Imaging, SPIE Optical Eng. Press, Bellingham, 1998.
56. G. M. Voellmer, C. A. Allen, M. J. Amato, S. R. Babu, A. E. Bartels, D. J. Benford, R. J. Derro, C. D. Dowell, D. A. Harper, M. D. Jhabvala, S. H. Moseley, T. Rennick, P. J. Shirron, W. W. Smith, and J. G. Staguhn, Design and fabrication of two-dimensional semiconducting bolometer arrays for HAWC and SHARC-II, Proc. SPIE4855, 63-72 (2003).
57. J. G. Staguhn, D. J. Benford, F. Pajot, T. J. Ames, J. A. Chervenak, E. N. Grossman, K. D. Irwin, B. Maffei, S. H. Moseley, T. G. Phillips, C. D. Reintsema, C. Rioux, R. A. Shafer, and G. M. Voellmer, Astronomical demonstration of superconducting bolometer arrays, Proc. SPIE4855, 100-107 (2003).
58. P. H. Siegel and R. J. Dengler, Terahertz heterodyne imaging. Instruments, Int. J. Infrared Milli. Waves27, 631-656 (2006).
59. H. W. Hübers, Terahertz heterodyne receivers, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Electron14, 378-391 (2008).
60. C. M. Bradford, B. J. Naylor, J. Zmuidzinas, J. J. Bock, J. Gromke, H. Nguyen, M. Dragovan, M. Yun, L. Earle, J. Glenn, H. Matsuhara, P. A. R. Ade, and L. Duband, WaFIRS: A waveguide far-IR spectrometer: Enabling spectroscopy of high-z galaxies in the far-IR and submillimeter, Proc. SPIE4850, 1137-1148 (2003).
61. J. C. Mather, E. S. Cheng, D. A. Cottingham, R. E. Eplee, D. J. Fixsen, T. Hewagama, R. B. Isaacman, K. A. Jensen, S. S. Meyer, P. D. Noerdlinger, S. M. Read, L. P. Rosen, R. A. Shafer, E. L. Wright, C. L. Bennett, N. W. Boggess, M. G. Hauser, T. Kelsall, S. H. Moseley, R. F. Silverberg, G. F. Smoot, R. Weiss, and D. T. Wilkinson, Measurement of the cosmic microwave background spectrum by the COBE FIRAS instrument, Astrophys. J. 420, 439-444 (1994).
62. J. Dunkley, A. Amblard, C. Baccigalupi, M. Betoule, D. Chuss, A. Cooray, J. Delabrouille, C. Dickinson, G. Dobler, J. Dotson, H. K. Eriksen, D. Finkbeiner, D. Fixsen, P. Fosalba, A. Fraisse, C. Hirata, A. Kogut, J. Kristiansen, C. Lawrence, A. M. Magalhaes, M. A. Miville-Deschenes, S. Meyer, A. Miller, S. K. Naess, L. Page, H. V. Peiris, N. Phillips, E. Pierpaoli, G. Rocha, J. E. Vaillancourt, and L. Verde, A program of technology development and of sub-orbital observations of the cosmic microwave background polarization leading to and including a satellite mission, A Report for the Astro2010 Decadal Committee on Astrophysics, April, 2009.
63. D. P. Neikirk, D. B. Rutledge, and M. S. Mucha, Far-infrared imaging antenna arrays, Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 203-205 (1982).
64. E. R. Brown, A. W. M. Lee, B. S. Navi, and J. E. Bjarnason, Characterization of a planar self-complementary square-spiral antenna in the THz region, Microw. Opt. Techn. Let. 48, 524-529 (2006).
65. J. Grade, P. Haydon, and D. van der Weide, Electronic terahertz antennas and probes for spectroscopic detection and diagnostics, Proc. IEEE95, 1583-1591 (2007).
66. E. R. Brown, K. A. McIntosh, F. W. Smith, K. B. Nichols, M. J. Manfra, C. L. Dennis, and J. P. Mattia, Milliwatt output levels and superquadratic bias dependence in a low-temperature-grown GaAs photomixer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 3311-3313 (1994).
67. M. Tani, K. S. Lee, and X. C. Zhang, Detection of terahertz radiation with low-temperature-grown GaAs based photo-conductive antenna using 1. 55 μm probe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 1396-1398 (2000).
68. M. Suzukia and M. Tonouchi, Fe-implanted InGaAs photoconductive terahertz detectors triggered by 1. 56 μm femtosecond optical pulses, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 163504 (2005).
69. J. Zhang, Y. Hong, S. L. Braunstein, and K. A. Shore, Terahertz pulse generation and detection with LT-GaAs photo-conductive antenna, IEE P. Optoelectron. 151, 98-101 (2004).
70. H. Page, S. Malik, M. Evans, I. Gregory, I. Farrer, and D. Ritchie, Waveguide coupled terahertz photoconductive antennas: Toward integrated photonic terahertz devices, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 163502 (2008).
71. B. B. Hu and M. C. Nuss, Imaging with terahertz waves, Opt. Lett. 20, 1716-1718 (1995).
72. B. Fischer, M. Hoffmann, and H. Helm, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and imaging of artificial RNA, Opt. Express13, 5205-5215 (2005).
73. N. Karpowicz, H. Zhong, J. Xu, K. I. Lin, J. S. Hwang, and X. C. Zhang, Comparison between pulsed terahertz time-domain imaging and continuous wave terahertz imaging, Semicond. Sci. Tech. 20, S293-S299 (2005).
74. T. Matsui, A. Agrawal, A. Nahata, R. Menon, and Z. V. Vardeny, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy studies of subwavelength hole arrays in metallic films, Physica B: Condensed Matter394, 363-367 (2007).
75. V. G. Bozhkov, Semiconductor detectors, mixers, and frequency multipliers for the terahertz band, Radiophys. Quantum. El. 46, 631-656 (2003).
76. T. W. Crowe, R. J. Mattauch, H. P. Roser, W. L. Bishop, W. C. B. Peatman, and X. Liu, GaAs Schottky diodes for THz mixing applications, Proc. IEEE80, 1827-1841 (1992).
77. Microwave Semiconductor Devices and Their Circuit Applications, edited by H. A. Watson, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969.
78. E. J. Becklake, C. D. Payne, and B. E. Pruer, Submillimetre performance of diode detectors using Ge, Si and GaAs, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 3, 473-481 (1970).
79. H.-P. Roeser, H.-W. Hubers, E. Brundermann, and M. F. Kimmitt, Observation of mesoscopic effects in Schottky diodes at 300 K when used as mixers at THz frequencies, Semicond. Sci. Tech. 11, 1328-1332 (1996).
80. I. Mehdi, G. Chattopadhyay, E. Schlecht, J. Ward, J. Gill, F. Maiwald, and A. Maestrini, THz multiplier circuits, IEEE MTT-S Intern. Microwave Symp. Digest, San. Francisco, 341-344 (2006).
81. P. H. Siegel, R. P. Smith, S. Martin, and M. Gaidis, 2. 5 THz GaAs monolithic membrane. diode mixer, IEEE T. Microw. Theory Techn47, 596-604 (1999).
82. D. G. Pavel'ev, N. V. Demarina, Yu. I. Koshurinov, A. P. Vasil'ev, E. S. Semenova, A. E. Zhukov, and V. M. Ustinov, Characteristics of planar diodes on the basis of highly doped GaAs/AlAs superlattices within the THz range of frequency, Semiconductors38, 1105-1110 (2004).
83. K. S. Yngvesson, K. Fu, B. Fu, R. Zannoni, J. Nicholson, S. H. Adams, A. Ouarraoui, J. Donovan, and E. Polizzi, Experimental detection of terahertz radiation in bundles of single wall carbon nanotubes, 19thInt. Symp. Space THz Techn., 304-313, Groningen, April 2008.
84. P. Shiktorov, E. Starikov, V. Gružinskis, S. Pérez, T. González, L. Reggiani, L. Varani, and J. C. Vaissičre, Theoretical investigation of Schottky-barrier diode noise performance in external resonant circuits, Semicond. Sci. Tech. 21, 550-557 (2006).
85. V. I. Piddyachiy, V. M. Shulga, A. M. Korolev, and V. V. Myshenko, High doping density Schottky diodes in the 3 mm wavelength cryogenic heterodyne receiver, Int. J. In. frared Milli. Wavers26, 1307-1315 (2005).
86. E. H. Rhoderick, Metal-Semiconductor Contacts, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1978.
87. J. A. Copeland, Diode edge effects on doping profile measurements, IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 17, 404-407 (1970).
88. F. Maiwald, F. Lewen, B. Vowinkel, W. Jabs, D. G. Paveljev, M. Winnerwisser, and G. Winnerwisser, Planar Schottky diode frequency multiplier for molecular spectroscopy up to 1. 3 THz, IEEE Microw. Guided Wave L. 9, 198-200 (1999).
89. G. Goltsman, Hot electron bolometer mixers, ultrafast detectors and single photon counters for terahertz frequency range, www. univ. montp2. fr/~terapole/GRE/1Juin2007/.
90. Spectroscopic Techniques for Far-infrared, Submillimeter and Millimeter Waves, edited by D. H. Martin, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1967.
91. V. V. Parshin, The precise microwave resonator spectroscopy of gases and condensed media, Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Physics and Engineering of Millimeter and SubMillimeter Waves (MSMW'07), 30-35, Kharkov, 2007.
92. H. Ito, F. Nakajima, T. Ohno, T. Furuta, T. Nagatsuma, and T. Ishibashi, InP-based planar-antenna-integrated Schottky-barrier diode for millimeter- and sub-millimeter-wave detection, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 47, 6256-6261 (2008).
93. C. Wilson, L. Frunzio, and D. Prober, Time-resolved measurements of thermodynamic fluctuations of the particle number in a nondegenerate Fermi gas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 067004 (2001).
94. C. A. Mears, Q. Hu, P. L. Richards, A. H. Worsham, D. E. Prober, and A. V. Raisanen, Quantum limited heterodyne detection of millimeter waves using super conducting tantalum tunnel junctions, Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 2487-2489 (1990).
95. E. Burstein, D. N. Langenberg, and B. N. Taylor, Superconductors as quantum detectors for microwave and sub-millimeter radiation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 92-94 (1961).
96. R. Schoelkopf, S. Moseley, C. Stachle, P. Wahlgren, and P. Delsing, A concept for a sub-millimeter-wave single-photon counter, Trans. Appl. Supercond. 9, 2935-2939 (1999).
97. Ch. Otani, S. Ariyoshi, H. Matsuo, T. Morishima, M. Yamashita, K. Kawase, H. Satoa, and H. M. Shimizu, Terahertz direct detector using superconducting tunnel junctions, Proc. SPIE5354, 86-93 (2004).
98. J. R. Tucker and M. J. Feldman, Quantum detection at millimeter wavelength, Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 1055-1113 (1985).
99. A. Peacock, P. Verhoeve, N. Rando, A. van Dordrecht, B. Taylor, C. Erd, M. Perryman, R. Venn, J. Howlett, D. Goldie, J. Lumley, and M. Wallis, Single optical photon detection with a superconducting tunnel junction, Nature381, 135-137 (1996).
100. P. Verhoeve, N. Rando, A. Peacock, D. Martin, and R. den Hartog, Superconductinjg tunnel junctions as photoncounting imaging spectrometers from the optical to the X-ray band, Opt. Eng. 41, 1170-1184 (2002).
101. H. Matsuo, M. Takeda, T. Noguchi, S. Ariyoshi, and H. Akahori, Development of sub-millimeter-wave camera for the Atacama sub-millimeter telescope experiment, Proc. SPIE4015, 228-236 (2000).
102. H. Matsuo, H. Nagata, Y. Mori, J. Kobayashi, T. Okaniwa, T. Yamakura, C. Otani, and S. Ariyoshi, Performance of SIS photon detectors for superconductive imaging submillimeter-wave camera (SISCAM), Proc. SPIE6275, 627504 (2006).
103. A. Karpov, D. Miller, F. Rice, J. A. Stern, B. Bumble, H. G. LeDuc, and J. Zmuidzinas, Low noise SIS mixer for far infrared radio astronomy, Proc. SPIE5498, 616-621 (2004).
104. J. A. Stern, B. Bumble, H. G. LeDuc, J. W. Kooi, and J. Zmuidzinas, Fabrication and DC-characterization of NbTiN based SIS mixers for use between 600 and 1200 GHz, Proc. 10thIntern. Symp. Space Terahertz Techn. 305-313 (1999).
105. S. V. Shitov, A. V. Markov, B. D. Jakson, A. M. Baryshev, N. N. Iosad, J. R. Gao, and T. M. Klapwijk, THz low-noise SIS mixer with a double-dipole antenna, Techn. Phys. 47, 1152-1157 (2002).
106. H. van de Stadt, J. Mess, Z. Barber, M. Blamire, P. Dieleman, and Th. De Graauw, Sub-mm heterodyne mixing using NbCN/Nb SIS tunnel junctions, Int. J. Infrared Milli. Waves17, 91-104 (1996).
107. J. Kawamura, J. Chen, D. Miller, J. Kooi, and J. Zmuidzinas, Low noise submillimeter wave NbTiN superconducting tunnel junction mixers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 4013-4015 (1999).
108. G. N. Gol'tsman, Hot electron bolometric mixers: new terahertz technology, Infrared Phys. Techn. 40, 199-206 (1999).
109. R. Blundell and K. H. Gundlach, A quasioptical SIN mixer for 230 GHz frequency range, Int. J. Infrared Milli. Waves8, 1573-1579 (1987).
110. M. Nahum and J. Martinis, Ultrasensitive hot-electron microbolometer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 3075-3077 (1993).
111. D. Sandgren, D. Chouvaev, M. Tarasov, and L. Kuzmin, Fabrication and optical characterization of the normal metal hot-electron microbolometer with Andreev mirrors, Physica C372, 444-447 (2002).
112. D. R. Schmidt, K. W. Lehnert, A. M. Clark, W. D. Duncan, K. D. Irwin, N. Miller, and J. N. Ullom, A superconductor-insulator-normal metal bolometer with microwave read-out suitable for large-format arrays, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 053505 (2005).
113. D. Golubev and L. Kuzmin, Nonequilibrium theory of a hot-electron bolometer with normal metal-insulator-super-conductor tunnel junction, J. Appl. Phys. 89, 6464-6472 (2001).
114. L. Kuzmin, I. Devyatov, and D. Golubev, Cold-electron bolometer with electronic microrefrigeration and general noise analysis, Proc. SPIE3465, 193-199 (1998).
115. M. Tarasov and L. Kuz'min, Concept of a mixer based on a cold-electron bolometer, JETP Lett. 81, 538-541 (2005).
116. L. Kuzmin, Array of cold-electron bolometers with SIN tunnel junctions and JFET readout for cosmology experiments, J. Phys.: Confer. Ser. 97, 012310 (2008).
117. E. H. Putley, Thermal detectors, in Optical and Infrared Detectors, pp. 71-100, edited by R. J. Keyes, Springer, Berlin, 1977.
118. A. Rogalski, Infrared Detectors, Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, 2000.
119. J. C. Mather, Bolometers: ultimate sensitivity, optimization, and amplifier coupling, Appl. Optics23, 584-588 (1984).
120. G. Goltsman, O. Minaeva, A. Korneev, M. Tarkhov, I. Rubtsova, A. Divochiy, I. Milostnaya, G. Chulkova, N. Kaurova, B. Voronov, D. Pan, A. Cross, A. Pearlman, I. Komissarov, W. Slysz, M. Wegrzecki, P. Grabiec, and R. Sobolewski, Middle-infrared to visible-light ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector, IEEE T. Appl. Supercon. 17, 246-251 (2007).
121. Yu. B. Vasilyev, A. A. Usikova, N. D. Il'inskaya, P. V. Petrov, and Yu. L. Ivanov, Highly sensitive submillimeter InSb photodetectors, Semiconductors42, 1234-1236 (2008).
122. K. Seeger, Semiconductor Physics, Springer, Wien, 1973.
123. xAs/GaAs heterosructures, Int. J. Infrared Milli. Waves8, 793-802 (1987).
124. J. X. Yang, F. Agahi, D. Dai, C. F. Musante, W. Grammer, K. M. Lau, and K. S. Yngvesson, Wide-bandwidth electron bolometric mixers: a 2DEG prototype and potential for low-noise THz receivers, IEEE T. Microw. Theory Techn. 41, 581-589 (1993).
125. G. N. Gol'tsman and K. V. Smirnov, Electron-phonon interaction in a two-dimensional electron gas of semiconductor heterostructures at low temperatures, JETP Lett. 74, 474-479 (2001).
126. A. A. Verevkin, N. G. Ptitsina, K. V. Smirnov, G. N. Gol'tsman, E. M. Gershenzon, and K. S. Ingvesson, Direct measurements of energy relaxation times on an AlGaAs/GaAs heterointerface in a range 4. 2-50 K, JETP Lett. 64, 404-409 (1996).
127. K. S. Il'in, M. Lindgren, M. Currie, A. D. Semenov, G. N. Gol'tsman, R. Sobolewski, S. I. Cherednichenko, and E. M. Gershenzon, Picosecond hot-electron energy relaxation in NbN superconducting photodetectors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2752-2754 (2000).
128. A. Semenov, G. N. Gol'tsman, and R. Sobolewski, Hot-electron effect in semiconductors and its applications for radiation sensors, LLE Review87, 134-143 (2001).
129. E. M. Gershenzon, M. E. Gershenzon, G. N. Gol'tsman, A. M. Lyul'kin, A. D. Semenov, and A. V. Sergeev, Electron-phonon interaction in ultrathin Nb films, Sov. Phys. JETP70, 505-511 (1990).
130. E. M. Gershenson, M. E. Gershenson, G. N. Goltsman, B. S. Karasik, A. M. Lyul'kin, and A. D. Semenov, Ultra-fast superconducting electron bolometer, J. Tech. Phys. Lett. 15, 118-119 (1989).
131. Y. Gousev, G. Gol'tsman, A. Semenov, E. Gershenzon, R. Nebosis, M. Heusinger, and K. Renk, Broad-band ultrafast superconducting NbN detector for electromagnetic-radiation, J. Appl. Phys. 75, 3695-3697 (1994).
132. A. Korneev, P. Kouminov, V. Matvienko, G. Chulkova, K. Smirnov, B. Voronov, G. N. Gol'tsman, M. Currie, W. Lo, K. Wilsher, J. Zhang, W. Słysz, A. Pearlman, A. Verevkin, and R. Sobolewski, Sensitivity and gigahertz counting performance of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 5338-5340 (2004).
133. G. N. Gol'tsman, Yu. B. Vachtomin, S. V. Antipov, M. I Finkel, S. N. Maslennikiv, K. V. Smirnov, S. L. Poluakov, S. I. Svechnikov, N. S. Kaurova, E. V. Grishina, and B. M. Voronov, NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers, Proc. SPIE5727, 95-106 (2005).
134. J. W. Kooi, J. J. A. Baselmans, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, M. Hajenius, P. Dieleman, A. Baryshev, and G. de Lange, IF impedance and mixer gain of hot-electron bolometers, J. Appl. Phys. 101, 044511 (2007).
135. J. Mees, M. Nahum, and P. Richard, New designs for antenna-coupled superconducting bolometers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 59, 2329-2331 (1991).
136. J. J. A. Baselmans, M. Hajenius, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, P. A. J. de Korte, B. Voronov, and G. Gol'tsman, Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1958-1960 (2004).
137. D. E. Prober, Superconducting terahertz mixer using a transition-edge microbolometer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2119-2121 (1993).
138. P. J. Burke, R. J. Schoelkopf, D. E. Prober, A. Skalare, B. S. Karasik, M. C. Gaidis, W. R. McGrath, B. Bumble, and H. G. LeDuc, Spectrum of thermal fluctuation noise in diffusion and phonon cooled hot-electron mixers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 1516-1518 (1998).
139. D. Wilms Floet, E. Miedema, T. M. Klapwijk, and J. R. Gao, Hotspot mixing: A framework for heterodyne mixing in superconducting hot-electron bolometers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 433-435 (1999).
140. S. Cherednichenko, V. Drakinskiy, T. Berg, P. Khosropanah, and E. L. Kollberg, Hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers for the Herschel space observatory, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 034501 (2008).
141. A. Semenov, H. Richter, K. Smirnov, B. Voronov, G. Gol'tsman, and H. W. Hubers, The development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers, Supercond. Sci. Tech. 17, S436-S439 (2004).
142. E. L. Kollberg and K. S. Yngvesson, Quantum-noise theory for terahertz hot electron bolometer mixer, IEEE T. Microw. Theory Techn. 54, 2077-2089 (2006).
143. G. Gol'tsman, A. Korneev, M. Tarhov, V. Seleznev, A. Divochiy, O. Minaeva, N. Kaurova, B. Voronov, O. Okunev, G. Chulkova, I. Milostnaya, and K. Smirnov, Middle-infra-red ultrafast superconducting single photon detector, Digest IRMMW-THz-2007 Conf., 115-116, Cardiff, 2007.
144. A. J. Kreisler and A. Gaugue, Recent progress in high-temperature superconductor bolometric detectors: from the mid-infrared to the far-infrared (THz) range, Supercond. Sci. Tech. 13, 1235-1245 (2000).
145. M. Lindgren, M. Currie, C. Williams, T. Y. Hsiang, P. M. Fauchet, R. Sobolewsky, S. H. Moffat, R. A. Hughes, J. S. Preston, and F. A. Hegmann, Intrinsic picosecond response times of Y-Ba-Cu-O superconducting photoresponse, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 853-855 (1999).
146. J.-C. Villégier, A. F. Dégardin, B. Guillet, F. Houzé, A. J. Kreisler, and M. Chaubet, Fabrication of high-Tc superconducting hot electron bolometers for terahertz mixer applications, Proc. SPIE5727, 88-94 (2005).
147. V. V. Shirotov and Yu. Ya. Divin, Frequency-selective Josephson detector: Power dynamic range at subterahertz frequencies, Techn. Phys. Lett. 30, 522-524 (2004).
148. 7-δ Josephson detector, Techn. Phys. Lett. 32, 860-862 (2006).
149. K. D. Irwin and G. C. Hilton, Transition-edge sensors, in Cryogenic Particle Detection, pp. 63-149, edited by C. Enss, Springer, Berlin, 2005.
150. D. J. Benford and S. H. Moseley, Astronomy applications of superconducting transition edge sensor bolometer arrays, asd. gsfc. nasa. gov/Dominic. Benford/Benford_Detectors_Paper. pdf.
151. A. D. Brown, D. Chuss, V. Mikula, R. Henry, E. Wollack, Y. Zhao, G. C. Hilton, and J. A. Chervenak, Auxiliary components for kilopixel transition edge sensor arrays, Solid State Electron. 52, 1619-1624 (2008).
152. K. D. Irwin, An application of electrothermal feedback for high resolution cryogenic particle detection, Appl. Phys. Lett. 66 1998-2000 (1995).
153. D. Olaya, J. Wei, S. Pereverzev, B. S. Karasik, J. H. Kawamura, W. R. McGrath, A. V. Sergeev, and M. E. Gershenson, An ultrasensitive hot-electron bolometer for low-background SMM applications, Proc. SPIE6275, 627506 (2006).
154. C. L. Kuo, J. J. Bock, J. A. Bonetti, J. Brevik, G. Chattopadthyay, P. K. Day, S. Golwala, M. Kenyon, A. E. Lange, H. G. LeDuc, H. Nguyen, R. W. Ogburn, A. Orlando, A. Transgrud, A. Turner, G. Wang, and J. Zmuidzinas, Antenna-cupled TES bolometer arrays for CMB polarimetry, Roc. SPIE7020, 70201I (2008).
155. W. Duncan, W. S. Holland, M. D. Audley, M. Cliffe, T. Hodson, B. D. Kelly, X. Gao, D. C. Gostick, M. MacIntosh, H. McGregor, T. Peacocke, K. D. Irwin, G. C. Hilton, S. W. Deiker, J. Beier, C. D. Reintsema, A. J. Walton, W. Parkes, T. Stevenson, A. M. Gundlach, C. Dunare, and P. A. R. Ade, SCUBA-2: Developing the detectors, Proc. SPIE4855, 19-29 (2003).
156. S. Lee, J. Gildemeister, W. Holmes, A. Lee, and P. Richards, Voltage-biased superconducting transition-edge bolometer with strong electrothermal feedback operated at 370 mK, Appl. Optics37, 3391-3397 (1998).
157. M. D. Audley, D. M. Glowacka, D. J. Goldie, A. N. Lasenby, V. N. Tsaneva, S. Withington, P. K. Grimes, C. E. North, G. Yassin, L. Piccirillo, G. Pisano, P. A. R. Ade, G. Teleberg, K. D. Irwin, W. D. Duncan, C. D. Reintsema, M. Halpern, and E. S. Battistellik, Tests of finline-coupled TES bolometers for CLOVER, Digest IRMMW-THz-2007 Conf., 180-181, Cardiff, 2007.
158. H. F. C. Hoevers, A. C. Bento, M. P. Bruijn, L. Gottardi, M. A. N. Korevaar, W. A. Mels, and P. A. J. de Korte, Thermal fluctuation noise in a voltage biased superconducting transition edge thermometer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 4422-4424 (2000).
159. M. Kenyon, P. Day, C. Bradford, J. Bock, and H. Le Duc, Electrical properties of background-limited membrane-isolation transition-edge sensing bolometers for far-IR-submillimeter direct-detection spectroscopy, J. Low Temp. Phys. 151, 112-118 (2008).
160. A. El Fatimy, F. Teppe, N. Dyakonova, W. Knap, D. Seliuta, G. Valusis, A. Shchepetov, Y. Roelens, S. Bollaert, A. Cappy, and S. Rumyantsev, Resonant and voltage-tunable terahertz detection in InGaAs/InP nanometer transistors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 131926 (2006).
161. W. Knap, V. Kachorowskii, Y. Deng, S. Rumyantsev, J. Q. Lu, R. Gaska, M. S. Shur, G. Simin, X. Hu, and M. A. Khan, C. A. Saylor, and L. C. Brunal, Nonresonant detection of terahertz radiation in field effect transistors, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 9346-9353 (2002).
162. Y. M. Meziani, J. Lusakowski, N. Dyakonova, W. Knap, D. Seliuta, E. Sirmulis, J. Deverson, G. Valusis, F. Boeuf, and T. Skotnicki, Non resonant response to terahertz radiation by submicron CMOS transistors, IEICE T. Electron. E89-C, 993-998 (2006).
163. G. C. Dyer, J. D. Crossno, G. R. Aizin, J. Mikalopas, E. A. Shaner, M. C. Wanke, J. L. Reno, and S. J. Allen, A narrowband plasmonic terahertz detector with a monolithic hot electron bolometer, Proc. SPIE7215, 721503 (2009).
164. X. G. Peralta, S. J. Allen, M. C. Wanke, N. E. Harff, J. A. Simmons, M. P. Lilly, J. L. Reno, P. J. Burke, and J. P. Eisenstein, Terahertz photoconductivity and plasmon modes in double-quantum-well field-effect transistors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1627-1630 (2002).
165. F. Teppe, M. Orlov, A. El Fatimy, A. Tiberj, W. Knap, J. Torres, V. Gavrilenko, A. Shchepetov, Y. Roelens, and S. Bollaert, Room temperature tunable detection of subtera-hertz radiation by plasma waves in nanometer InGaAs transistors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 222109 (2006).
166. R. Tauk, F. Teppe, S. Boubanga, D. Coquillat, and W. Knap, Y. M. Meziani, C. Gallon, F. Boeuf, T. Skotnicki, and C. Fenouillet-Beranger, Plasma wave detection of terahertz radiation by silicon field effects transistors. Responsivity and noise equivalent power, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 253511 (2006).
167. V. I. Gavrilenko, E. V. Demidov, K. V. Marem'yanin, S. V. Morozov, W. Knap, and J. Lusakowski, Electron transport and detection of terahertz radiation in a GaN/AlGaN sub-micrometer field-effect transistor, Semiconductors41, 232-234 (2007).
168. Y. M. Meziani, M. Hanabe, A. Koizumi, T. Otsuji, and E. Sano, Self oscillation of the plasma waves in a dual grating gates HEMT device, Int. Conf. Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, 534-537, Matsue, 2007.
169. A. M. Hashim, S. Kasai, and H. Hasegawa, Observation of first and third harmonic responses in two-dimensional AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT devices due to plasma wave interaction, Superlattice Microst. 44, 754-760 (2008).
170. V. Ryzhii, A. Satou, I. Khmyrova, M. Ryzhii, T. Otsuji, V. Mitin, and M. S. Shur, Plasma effects in lateral Schottky junction tunneling transit-time terahertz oscillator, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 38, 228-233 (2006).
171. M. Dyakonov and M. S. Shur, Shallow water analogy for a ballistic field effect transistor: new mechanism of plasma wave generation by the dc current, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 2465-2468 (1993).
172. M. Dyakonov and M. Shur, Plasma wave electronics. Novel terahertz devices using two dimensional electron fluid, special issue on future directions in device science and technologies, IEEE T. Electron. Dev. 43, 1640-1646 (1996).
173. M. Shur and V. Ryzhii, Plasma wave electronics, Int. J. High Speed Electr. Syst. 13, 575-600 (2003).
174. A. Eguiluz, T. K. Lee, J. J. Quinn, and K. W. Chiu, Interface excitations in metal-insulator-semiconductor structures, Phys. Rev. B11, 4989-4993 (1975).
175. S. Kang, P. J. Burke, L. N. Pfeifer, and K. W. West, Resonant frequency response of plasma wave detector, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 213512 (2006).
176. F. Teppe, A. El Fatimy, S. Boubanga, D. Seliuta, G. Valusis, B. Chenaud, and W. Knap, Terahertz resonant detection by plasma waves in nanometric transistors, Acta Phys. Pol. 113, 815-820 (2008).
177. D. Veksler, F. Teppe, A. P. Dmitriev, V. Yu. Kachorovskii, W. Knap, and M. S. Shur, Detection of terahertz radiation in gated two-dimensional structures governed by dc current, Phys. Rev. B73, 125328 (2006).
178. xTe: In films in the terahertz region of the spectrum, Semiconductors40, 164-168 (2006).
179. xTe: In, Ferroelectrics347, 111-119 (2007).
180. xTe(In) far-infrared photodetectors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2835-2837 (2000).
181. K. G. Kristovskii, A. E. Kozhanov, D. E. Dolzhenko, I. I. Ivanchik, D. Watson, and D. R. Khokhlov, Photoconductivity of lead telluride-based doped alloys in the submillimeter wavelength range, Phys. Solid State46, 122-124 (2004).
182. A. G. Milnes, Deep Impurities in Semiconductors, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1973.
183. M.-H. Du and S. B. Zhang, DX centers in GaAs and GaSb, Phys. Rev. B72, 075210 (2005).
184. B. A. Volkov, L. I. Ryabova, and D. R. Khokhlov, Mixed-valence impurities in lead telluride-based solid solutions, Phys.-Usp. 45, 819-846 (2002).
185. Yu. G. Troyan, F. F. Sizov, and V. M. Lakeenkov, Relaxation time and current instabilities in highly resistive PbTe: Ga single crystals, Ukr. J. Phys. 32, 467-471 (1987).
186. S. Ahmad, K. Hoang, and S. D. Mahanti, Ab initio study of deep defect states in narrow band-gap semiconductors: Group III impurities in PbTe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 056403 (2006).
187. K. Hoang, S. D. Mahanti, and P. Jena, Theoretical study of deep-defect states in bulk PbTe and in thin films, Phys. Rev. B76, 115432 (2007).
188. T. L. Petrenko, S. V. Plyatsko, and F. F. Sizov, Nature of group-III related deep centers in lead telluride based semiconductors: Ga doping from vapour phase, Proc. SPIE7100, 710020 (2008).