Quantum-noise theory for terahertz hot electron bolometer mixers

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques

Volumn 54, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 2077-2089

  Kollberg, Erik L ^a,b,d,e,f,g   Yngvesson, K Sigfrid ^a,c,h  

^a IEEE   (United States)

^b CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^c University of Massachusetts   (United States)

^d ECOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE   (France)

^e CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^f ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^g Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences   (Sweden)

^h Royal Swedish Society of Sciences and Letters   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Heterodyne detector; Hot electron bolometer (HEB); Mixer; Quantum noise (QN) limit; Terahertz

Indexed keywords

HETERODYNE DETECTORS; HOT ELECTRON BOLOMETER (HEB); QUANTUM-NOISE (QN) LIMIT; TERAHERTZ;

ELECTRONS; ENERGY CONVERSION; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MIXER CIRCUITS; QUANTUM THEORY; SPURIOUS SIGNAL NOISE; THERMAL EFFECTS;

BOLOMETERS;

EID: 33646799768     PISSN: 00189480     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2006.873628     Document Type: Review

References (30)

1. E. Kollberg and S. Yngvesson, "Quantum noise contribution to the receiver noise temperature of HEB THz heterodyne receivers," in Proc. 13th Int. Space Terahertz Technol. Symp., Cambridge, MA, Mar. 2002, pp. 73-84.
2. S. Yngvesson and E. Kollberg, "The role of quantum noise in terahertz receivers," in Proc. 15th Int. Space Terahertz Technol. Symp., Northampton, MA, Apr. 2004, pp. 47-54.
3. H. B. Callen and T. A. Welton, "Irreversibility and generalized noise," Phys. Rev., vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 34-40, Jul. 1951.
4. D. Marcuse, Engineering Quantum Dynamics, 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1970, 1980.
5. C. M. Caves, "Quantum limits on noise in linear amplifiers," Phys. Rev. D, Part. Fields, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1817-1839, Oct. 1982.
6. H. A. Haus, Electromagnetic Noise and Quantum Optical Measurements. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2000.
7. M. J. Wengler and D. P. Woody, "Quantum noise in heterodyne detection," IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE-23, no. 5, pp. 613-622, May 1987.
8. A. R. Kerr, M. J. Feldman, and S.-K. Pan, "Receiver noise temperature, the quantum noise limit, and the role of the zero-point fluctuations," in Proc. 8th Int. Nat. Space Terahertz Technol Symp., Mar. 25-27, 1997, pp. 101-111 [Online]. Available: URL: http://colobus.aoc.nrao.edu/ memos, as MMA Memo 161
9. R. H. Kingston, Detection of Optical and Infrared Radiation. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1978.
10. I. A. Devyatov, L. S. Kuzmin, K. K. Likarev, V. V. Migulin, and A. B. Zorin, "Quantum-statistical theory of microwave detection using superconducting tunnel junctions," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1808-1828, Sep. 1986.
11. J. R. Tucker and M. J. Feldman, "Quantum detection at millimeter wavelengths," Rev. Modern Phys., vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 1055-1153, Oct. 1985.
12. I. R. Senitzky, "Detection of quantum noise," Phys. Rev. A, Gen. Phys., vol. 48, pp. 4629-4638, 1993.
13. _, "Comment on 'Energy balance for a dissipative system'," Phys. Rev. B, Condens. Matter, vol. 51, pp. 5166-5167, 1995.
14. A. R. Kerr, "Suggestions for revised definitions of noise quantities, including quantum effects," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 325-329, Mar. 1999.
15. H. Merkel, private communication, Apr. 2004.
16. S. Yngvesson and E. Kollberg, "Optimum receiver noise temperature for NbN HEB mixers according to the standard model," in Proc. 10th Int. Space Terahertz Technol. Symp., Charlottesville, VA, Mar. 1999, pp. 566-582.
17. H. Ekström, B. Karasik, E. Kollberg, and S. Yngvesson, "Conversion gain and noise of niobium superconducting hot-electron mixers," IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 938-947, Apr. 1995.
18. M. Kroug, S. Cherednichenko, M. Choumas, H. Merkel, E. Kollberg, D. Loudkov, B. Voronov, and G. Gol'tsman, "HEB quasioptical heterodyne receiver for THz frequencies," in Proc. 12th Int. Space Terahertz Technol. Symp., San Diego, CA, Feb. 2001, pp. 244-252.
19. P. Khosropanah, T. Berg, S. Cherednichenko, H. Merkel, S. Svechnikov, V. Drakinskiy, E. Kollberg, and G. Golt'sman, "Geometry dependence of the performance of NbN heterodyne hot electron bolometer superconducting mixers," in Proceedings 6th European Applied Supreconductivity Conf., ser. 181. Bristol, U.K.: Inst. Phys., 2004, pp. 2986-2993.
20. J. Baselmans, M. Hajenius, J. Gao, P. de Korte, T. Klapwijk, B. Voronov, and G. Gol'tsman, "NbN phonon hot electron bolometer mixers with improved interfaces: noise temperature and LO power requirement," in Proc. 15th Int. Space. Terahertz Technol. Symp., Northampton, MA, Apr. 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.stt2004.org/manuscripts.pl.
21. H. F. Merkel, P. Khosropanah, S. Cherednichenko, and E. Kollberg, "Comparison of the noise performance of NbTiN and NbN hot electron bolometer heterodyne mixers at THz frequencies," in Proc. 14th Int. Space Terahertz Technol. Symp., Tucson, AZ, Apr. 2003, pp. 31-32.
22. H. F. Merkel, S. Cherednichenko, P. Khosropanah, T. Ottoson, J. Baubert, and E. Kollberg, "Hot electron bolometer development at chalmers university of technology," Proc. SPIE, vol. 5498, pp. 149-157, Jun. 2004.
23. A. D. Semenov, H.-W. Hübers, J. Schubert, G. N. Gol'tsman, A. I. Elantiev, B. M. Voronov, and E. M. Gershenzon, "Design and performance of the lattice cooled hot-electron terahertz mixer," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 88, pp. 6758-6767, Dec. 2000.
24. H.-W. Hübers, A. D. Semenov, H. Richter, M. Schwartz, B. Günther, K. Smirnov, G. N. Gol'tsman, and B. M. Voronov, "Heterodyne receiver for 3-5 THz with hot electron bolometer mixer," Proc. SPIE, vol. 5498, pp. 579-586, Oct. 2004.
25. Y. B. Vachtomin, S. V. Antipov, S. N. Maslennikov, K. V. Smirnov, S. L. Polyakov, N. S. Kaurova, E. V. Grishina, B. M. Voronov, and G. N. Goltsman, "Noise temperature measurements of NbN phononcooled hot electron bolometer mixer at 2.5 and 3.8 THz," in Proc. 15th Int. Space Terahertz Technol. Symp., Northampton, MA, Apr. 2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.stt2004.org/ manuscripts.pl
26. A. J. Gatesman, J. Waldman, M. Ji, C. Musante, and S. Yngvesson, "An anti-reflection coating for silicon optics at terahertz frequencies," IEEE Microw. Guided Wave Lett., vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 264-266, Jul. 2000.
27. S. Cherednichenko, M. Kroug, H. Merkel, P. Khosropanah, A. Adam, E. Kollberg, D. Loudkov, G. Gol'tsman, B. Voronov, H. Richter, and H.-W. Huebers, "1.6 THz heterodyne receiver for the far infrared space telescope," Physica C, Superconduct. Applicat., vol. 372-376, pp. 427-431, Aug. 2002.
28. J. J. A. Baselmans, M. Hajenius, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, P. A. J. de Korte, B. Voronov, and G. Gol'tsman, "Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 84, pp. 1958-1960, Mar. 2004.
29. P. Khosropanah, A. Adam, H. Merkel, S. Cherednichenko, S. Yngvesson, and E. Kollberg, "RF current distribution in HEB and a 2-dimensional device model," in Proc. 12th Int. Space Terahertz Technol. Symp., San Diego, CA, Feb. 2001, pp. 149-158.
30. M. I. Finkel, S. N. Maslennikov, Y. B. Vachtomin, S. I. Svechnikov, K. V. Smirnov, V. A. Seleznev, Y. B. Korotetskaya, N. S. Kaurova, B. M. Voronov, and G. N. Gol'tsman, "Hot electron bolometer mixer for 20-40 THz frequency range," in Proc. 16th Int., Space Terahertz Technol. Symp, Göteborg, Sweden, May 2005, pp. 393-397.