Developmental changes in dopamine neurotransmission in adolescence: Behavioral implications and issues in assessment

Brain and Cognition

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 146-159

  Wahlstrom, Dustin ^a   Collins, Paul ^a   White, Tonya ^a   Luciana, Monica ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Development; Dopamine; Prefrontal cortex

Indexed keywords

AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING); CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE;

ADOLESCENCE; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CHILD BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; DOPAMINE METABOLISM; DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR; EXTRAVERSION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; LOCOMOTION; MOTIVATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFORCEMENT; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; WORKING MEMORY;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR; BRAIN; DOPAMINE; HUMANS; NEURAL PATHWAYS; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 72649103486     PISSN: 02782626     EISSN: 10902147     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.013     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. Adriani W., Chiarotti F., and Laviola G. Elevated novelty seeking and peculiar d-amphetamine sensitization in periadolescent mice compared with adult mice. Behavioral Neuroscience 112 5 (1998) 1152-1166
2. Alexander G.E., DeLong M.R., and Strick P.L. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 9 (1986) 357-381
3. Andersen S.L., Dumont N.L., and Teicher M.H. Developmental differences in dopamine synthesis inhibition by (+)-7-OH-DPAT. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 356 (1997) 173-181
4. Andersen S.L., Thompson A.P., Krenzel E., and Teicher M.H. Pubertal changes in gonadal hormones do not underlie adolescent dopamine receptor overproduction. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27 (2002) 683-691
5. Andersen S.L., Thompson A.T., Rutstein M., Hostetter J.C., and Teicher M.H. Dopamine receptor pruning in prefrontal cortex during the periadolescent period in rats. Synapse 37 (2000) 167-169
6. Asato M.R., Sweeney J.A., and Luna B. Cognitive processes in the development of TOL performance. Neuropsychologia 44 12 (2006) 2259-2269
7. Bäckman L., Nyberg L., Lindenberger U., Li S.C., and Farde L. The correlative triad among aging, dopamine, and cognition: Current status and future prospects. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 30 (2006) 791-807
8. Baird A.A., Gruber S.A., Fein D.A., Mass L.C., Steingard R.J., Renshaw P.F., et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of facial affect recognition in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38 2 (1999) 195-199
9. Bannon M.J., and Roth R.H. Pharmacology of mesocortical dopamine neurons. Pharmacological Reviews 35 1 (1983) 53-68
10. Berger B., Verney C., Febvret A., Vigny A., and Helle K. Postnatal ontogenesis of the dopaminergic innervation in the rat anterior cingulate cortex (area 24). Immunocytochemical and catecholamine fluorescence histochemical analysis. Developmental Brain Research 21 (1985) 31-47
11. Berman S., Ozkaragoz T., Young R.M., and Noble E.P. D2 dopamine receptor gene polymorphism discriminates two kinds of novelty seeking. Personality and Individual Differences 33 6 (2002) 867-882
12. Beyer C.E., and Steketee J.D. Intra-medial prefrontal cortex injection of quinpirole, but not SKF 38393, blocks the acute motor-stimulant response to cocaine in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 151 2-3 (2000) 211-218
13. Bjork J.M., Knutson B., Fong G.W., Caggiano D.M., Bennett S.M., and Hommer D.W. Incentive-elicited brain activation in adolescents: Similarities and differences from young adults. Journal of Neuroscience 24 (2004) 1793-1802
14. Bjorklund A., and Dunnett S.B. Dopamine neuron systems in the brain: An update. Trends in Neuroscience 30 5 (2007) 194-202
15. 1 dopamine receptor expression on prefrontal cortex projection neurons: Relationship to enhanced motivational salience of drug cues in adolescence. Journal of Neuroscience 28 10 (2008) 2375-2382
16. Brown R.M., and Goldman P.S. Catecholamines in neocortex of rhesus monkeys: Regional distribution and ontogenetic development. Brain Research 124 (1977) 576-580
17. Bunge S.A., Dudukovic N.M., Thomason M.E., Vaidya C.J., and Gabrieli J.D.E. Development of frontal lobe contributions to cognitive control in children: Evidence from fMRI. Neuron 33 (2002) 301-311
18. Carr G.D., and White N.M. Effects of systemic and intracranial amphetamine injections on behavior in the open field: A detailed analysis. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 27 1 (1987) 113-122
19. Caspi A., Sugden K., Moffitt T.E., Taylor A., Craig I.W., Harrington H., McClay J., Mill J., et al. Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301 5631 (2003) 386-389
20. Chambers R.A., Taylor J.R., and Potenza M.N. Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: A critical period of addiction vulnerability. American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003) 1041-1052
21. Cohen M.X., Schoene-Bake J.C., Elger C.E., and Weber B. Connectivity-based segregation of the human striatum predicts personality characteristics. Nature Neuroscience 12 (2009) 32-34
22. Comings D.E., and Blum K. Reward deficiency syndrome: Genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. Progress in Brain Research 126 (2000) 325-341
23. Cools R., Sheridan M., Jacobs E., and D'Esposito M. Impulsive personality predicts dopamine-dependent changes in frontostriatal activity during component processes of working memory. Journal of Neuroscience 27 (2007) 5506-5514
24. Costello E.J., Erkanli A., Federman E., and Angold A. Development of psychiatric comorbidity with substance abuse in adolescents: Effects of timing and sex. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 28 3 (1999) 298-311
25. Crone E.A., and van der Molen M.W. Developmental changes in real-life decision-making performance on a gambling task previously shown to depend on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Developmental Neuropsychology 25 (2004) 251-279
26. Csikszentmihalyi M., Larson R., and Prescott S. The ecology of adolescent activity and experience. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 6 (1977) 281-294
27. Dahlstrom A., and Fuxe K. Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brainstem neurons. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 62 Suppl. 232 (1964) 1-55
28. Depue R.A., and Collins P.F. Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 (1999) 491-517
29. Depue R.A., and Iacono W.G. Neurobehavioral aspects of affective disorders. Annual Review of Psychology 40 (1989) 457-492
30. Depue R.A., Luciana M., Arbisi P., Collins P., and Leon A. Dopamine and the structure of personality: Relation of agonist-induced dopamine D2 activity to positive emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994) 485-498
31. Depue R.A., and Spoont M.R. Conceptualizing a serotonin trait: A behavioral dimension of constraint. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 487 (1986) 47-62
32. Derryberry D., and Rothbart M.K. Arousal, affect, and attention as components of temperament. Journal of personality and social psychology 55 6 (1988) 958-966
33. DeYoung, C.G., Getchell, M., Koposov, R.A., Yrigollen, C.M., Haeffel, G.J., Klinteberg, B., et al. (in press). Variation in the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism associated with conduct disorder and ADHD symptoms among adolescent male delinquents. Psychiatric Genetics.
34. DeYoung C.G., Peterson J.B., Séguin J.R., Mejia J.M., Pihl R.O., Beitchman J.H., et al. The dopamine D4 receptor gene and moderation of the association between externalizing behavior and IQ. Archives of General Psychiatry 63 (2006) 1410-1416
35. Dreher J.C., Kohn P., Kolachana P., Weinberger D.R., and Berman K.F. Variation in dopamine genes influences responsivity of the human reward system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 2 (2009) 617-622
36. Durston S., Fossella J.A., Mulder M.J., Casey B.J., Ziermans T.B., Vessaz M.N., et al. Dopamine transporter genotype conveys familial risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder through striatal activation. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 47 1 (2008) 61-67
37. Economidou D., Pelloux Y., Robbins T.W., Dalley J.W., and Everitt B.J. High impulsivity predicts relapse to cocaine-seeking after punishment-induced abstinence. Biological Psychiatry 65 10 (2009) 851-856
38. Eison A.S., and Eison M.S. Serotonergic mechanisms in anxiety. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 18 (1994) 47-62
39. Ernst M., Nelson E.E., Jazbec S.P., McClure E.B., Monk C.S., Leibenluft, et al. Amygdala and nucleus accumbens in responses to receipt and omission of gains in adults and adolescents. NeuroImage 25 (2005) 1279-1291
40. Fareri D.S., Martin L.N., and Delgado M.R. Reward-related processing in the human brain: Developmental considerations. Developmental Psychopathology 20 4 (2008) 1191-1211
41. Fink J.S., and Reis D.J. Genetic variations in midbrain dopamine cell number: Parallel with differences in responses to dopaminergic agonists and in naturalistic behaviors mediated by dopaminergic systems. Brain Research 222 (1981) 335-349
42. Floresco S.B., and Magyar O. Mesocortical dopamine modulation of executive functions: Beyond working memory. Psychopharmacology 188 4 (2006) 567-585
43. Fouriezos G., Hansonn P., and Wise R.A. Neuroleptic-induced attenuation of brain stimulation reward in rats. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology 92 (1978) 661-671
44. Frank M.J. Dynamic dopamine modulation in the basal ganglia: A neurocomputational account of cognitive deficits in medicated and nonmedicated parkinsonism. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 1 (2005) 51-72
45. Frank, M.J. & Hutchinson, K. (in press). Genetic contributions to avoidance-based decisions: Striatal D2 receptor polymorphisms. Neuroscience. doi:10,1016/j.neuroscience.2009,04.048.
46. Galvan A., Hare T.A., Parra C.E., Penn J., Voss H., Glover G., et al. Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. Journal of Neuroscience 26 (2006) 6885-6892
47. Gardener M., and Steinberg L. Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study. Developmental Psychology 41 (2005) 625-635
48. 2 receptor sites in rat striatum. Brain Research 49 (1989) 123-130
49. 1-dopamine receptors and dopamine content in the rat striatum. Developmental Brain Research 35 (1987) 283-290
50. Goldberg T.E., Egan M.F., Gscheidle T., Coppola R., Weickert T., Kolachana B.S., et al. Executive subprocesses in working memory: Relationship to catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 60 (2003) 889-896
51. Goldman-Rakic P.S. Circuitry of the prefrontal cortex and the regulation of behavior by representational knowledge. In: Plum F., and Mountcastle V. (Eds). Handbook of physiology 5 (1987), American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD 373
52. Goldman-Rakic P.S. The cortical dopamine system: Role in memory and cognition. Advancements in Pharmacology 42 (1998) 707-711
53. Goldman-Rakic P.S., and Brown R.M. Postnatal development of monoamine content and synthesis in the cerebral cortex of rhesus monkeys. Developmental Brain Research 4 (1982) 339-349
54. Gothelf D., Eliez S., Thompson T., Hinard T., Penniman L., Feinstein C., et al. COMT genotype predicts longitudinal cognitive decline and psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Nature Neuroscience 8 (2005) 1500-1502
55. Grace A.A. Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: A hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 41 (1991) 1-24
56. Grace A.A., Floresco S.B., Goto Y., and Lodge D.J. Regulation of firing of dopaminergic neurons and control of goal-directed behavior. Trends in Neuroscience 30 5 (2007) 220-227
57. Gray J.A. Causal theories of personality and how to test them. In: Royce J.R. (Ed). Multivariate analysis and psychological theory (1973), Academic Press
58. Gray J. The neuropsychology of emotion and personality. In: Stahl S.M., Iversen S., and Goodman E. (Eds). Cognitive neurochemistry (1987), Oxford University Press
59. Groves P., Garcia-Munoz M., Linder J., Manley M., Martone M., and Young S. Elements of the intrinsic organization and information processing in the neostriatum. In: Houk J., Davis J., and Beiser D. (Eds). Models of information processing in basal ganglia (1995), MIT, Boston
60. Guastella A.J., Mitchell P.B., and Matthews F. Oxytocin enhances the encoding of positive social memories in humans. Biological Psychiatry 64 3 (2008) 256-258
61. Hariri A.R. The neurobiology of individual differences in complex behavioral traits. Annual Reviews of Neuroscience 32 (2009) 247-255
62. Harris J.R. Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review 102 (1995) 458-489
63. Haycock J.W., Becker L., Ang L., Furukawa Y., Hornykiewicz O., and Kish S.J. Marked disparity between age-related changes in dopamine and other presynaptic dopaminergic markers in human striatum. Journal of Neurochemistry 87 (2003) 574-585
64. Henze D.A., Gonzales-Burgos G.R., Urban N.N., Lewis D.A., and Barrionuevo G. Dopamine increases excitability of pyramidal neurons in primate prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 84 (2000) 2799-2809
65. Holroyd C.B., and Coles M.G.H. The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review 109 (2002) 679-709
66. Hooper C.J., Luciana M., Conklin H.M., and Yarger R.S. Adolescents' performance on the iowa gambling task: Implications for the development of decision making and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Developmental Psychology 40 (2004) 1148-1158
67. Irwin I., DeLanney L.E., McNeil T., Chan P., Forno L.S., Murphy Jr. G.M., et al. Aging and the nigrostriatal dopamine system: A non-human primate study. Neurodegeneration 3 (1994) 251-265
68. Irwin Jr. C.E., and Millstein S.G. Correlates and predictors of risk-taking behavior during adolescence. In: Lipsitt L.P., and Mitnick L.L. (Eds). Self-regulatory behavior and risk taking: Causes and consequences (1992), Ablex Publishing, Norwood, NJ 3-21
69. Jones E.G. Laminar distribution of cortical efferent cells. In: Peters A., and Jones E.G. (Eds). Cerebral cortex Vol. 1 (1984), Plenum Press, New York 521-553
70. Kalaria R.N., Fiedler C., Hunsaker III C., and Sparks D.L. Synaptic neurochemistry of human striatum during development: Changes in sudden infant death syndrome. Journal of Neurochemistry 60 (1993) 2098-2105
71. Kalsbeek A., Voorn P., Buijs R.M., Pool C.W., and Uylings H.B.M. Development of the dopaminergic innervation in the prefrontal cortex of the rat. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 269 (1988) 58-72
72. Kehr W., Lindqvist M., and Carlsson A. Distribution of dopamine in the rat cerebral cortex. Journal of Neurological Transmission 38 (1976) 173-180
73. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Merikangas K.R., and Walters E.E. Life-time prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62 (2005) 593-602
74. Kimberg D.Y., D'Esposito M., and Farah M.J. Effects of bromocriptine on human subjects depends on working memory capacity. Neuroreport 8 (1997) 3581-3585
75. King R.J., Mefford I.N., Wang C., Murchison A., Caligari E.J., and Berger P.A. CSF dopamine levels correlate with extraversion in depressed patients. Psychiatry Research 19 4 (1986) 305-310
76. Koob G.F., Riley S.J., Smith S.C., and Robbins T.W. Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens septi and olfactory tubercle on feeding, locomotor activity, and amphetamine anorexia in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Computational Psychology 92 5 (1978) 917-927
77. Lachman H.M., Papolos D.F., Saito T., Yu Y.M., Szumlanski C., and Weinshilboum R. Human catechol O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: Description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics 6 (1996) 243-250
78. Lambe E.K., Krimer L.S., and Goldman-Rakic P.S. Differential postnatal development of catecholamine and serotonin inputs to identified neurons in prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys. Journal of Neuroscience 20 (2000) 8780-8787
79. Laviola G., and Adriani W. Evaluation of unconditioned novelty seeking and d-amphetamine conditioned motivation in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 59 (1998) 1011-1020
80. Laviola G., Wood R.D., Kuhn C., Francis R., and Spear L.P. Cocaine sensitization in periadolescent and adult rats. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 275 (1995) 345-357
81. 1 dopamine receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens of normal and neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats: A quantitative autoradiographic analysis. Developmental Brain Research 62 (1991) 109-114
82. Lidow M.S., Goldman-Rakic P.S., and Rakic P. Synchronized overproduction of neurotransmitter receptors in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88 (1991) 10218-10221
83. Lidow M.S., and Rakic P. Scheduling of monoaminergic neurotransmitter receptor expression in the primate neocortex during postnatal development. Cerebral Cortex 2 (1992) 401-416
84. Lieb K., Andersen C., Lazarov N., Zienecker R., Urban I., Reisert I., et al. Pre- and post-natal development of dopaminergic neuron numbers in the male and female mouse midbrain. Developmental Brain Research 94 (1996) 37-43
85. Lindenberger U., Nagel I.E., Chicherio C., Li S.-C., Heekeren H.R., and Bäckman L. Age-related decline in brain resources modulates genetic effects on cognitive functioning. Frontiers in Neuroscience 2 (2008) 234-244
86. Le Moal M., and Simon H. Mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic network: Functional and regulatory roles. Physiological Reviews 71 (1991) 155-234
87. Luciana M., and Collins P.F. Dopaminergic modulation of working memory for spatial but not object cues in normal humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9 3 (1997) 330-367
88. Luciana M., Collins P.F., Olson E.A., and Schissel A.M. Tower of London performance in healthy adolescents: The development of planning skills and associations with self-reported inattention and impulsivity. Developmental Neuropsychology 34 4 (2009) 461-475
89. Luciana M., Conklin H.M., Hooper C.J., and Yarger R.S. The development of nonverbal working memory and executive control processes in adolescents. Child Development 76 (2005) 697-712
90. Luciana M. Dopamine-opiate modulations of reward-seeking behavior: Implications for the functional assessment of prefrontal development. In: Nelson C.A., and Luciana M. (Eds). Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience (2001), MIT Press 647-662
91. Luna B., Garver K.E., Urban T.A., Lazar N.A., and Sweeney J.A. Maturation of cognitive processes from late childhood to adulthood. Child Development 75 5 (2004) 1357-1372
92. Macri S., Adriani W., Chiarotti F., and Laviola G. Risk taking during exploration of a plus-maze is greater in adolescent than in juvenile or adult mice. Animal Behaviour 64 (2002) 541-546
93. MacLean P.D. Ictal symptoms relating to the nature of affects and their cerebral substrate. In: Plutchik E., and Kellerman H. (Eds). Emotion: Theory, research, and experience, biological foundations of emotion Vol. 3 (1986), Academic Press, New York 61-90
94. Malhotra A.K., Kestler L.J., Mazzanti C., Bates J.A., Goldberg T., and Goldman D. A functional polymorphism in the COMT gene and performance on a test of prefrontal cognition. American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (2002) 652-654
95. 158-met genotype and individual variation in the brain response to amphetamine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (2003) 6186-6191
96. Mattay V.S., Tessitore A., Callicott J.H., Bertolino A., Goldberg T.E., Chase T.N., et al. Dopaminergic modulation of cortical function in patients with Parkinson's disease. Annals of Neurology 51 2 (2002) 156-164
97. May J.C., Delgado M.R., Dahl R.E., Stenger V.A., Ryan N.D., Fiez J.A., et al. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of reward-related brain circuitry in children and adolescents. Biological Psychiatry 55 (2004) 359-366
98. McCarthy J.D., and Hoge D.R. The dynamics of self-esteem and delinquency. American Journal of Sociology 90 (1984) 396-410
99. McCrae R.R., Costa Jr. P.T., Ostendorf F., Angleitner A., Hrebickova M., Avia M.D., et al. Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 1 (2000) 173-186
100. Meador-Woodruff J.H., Damask S.P., and Watson S.J. Differential expression of autoreceptors in the ascending dopamine systems of the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91 17 (1994) 8297-8301
101. 1 receptor in human caudate and putamen. Neuropsychopharmacology 21 (1999) 641-649
102. Munafo M.R., Yalcin B., Willis-Owen S.A., and Flint J. Association of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and approach-related personality traits: Meta-analysis and new data. Biological Psychiatry 63 2 (2008) 197-206
103. 1 receptors in rat forebrain: A quantitative autoradiographic study. Developmental Brain Research 57 (1990) 7-13
104. Nagel I.E., Chicherio C., Li S., von Oertzen T., Sander T., Villringer A., et al. Human aging magnifies genetic effects on executive functioning and working memory. Frontiers of Human Neuroscience 2 1 (2008)
105. Nesse R.M., and Berridge K.C. Psychoactive drug use in evolutionary perspective. Science 278 3 (1997) 63-66
106. Neville M.J., Johnstone E.C., and Walton R.T. Identification and characterization of ANKK1: A novel kinase gene closely linked to DRD2 on chromosome band 11q23.1. Human Mutation 23 (2004) 540-545
107. Oades R. The role of noradrenaline in tuning and dopamine in switching between signals in the CNS. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 9 (1985) 261-282
108. O'Donnell P., and Grace A.A. Dysfunction in multiple interrelated systems as the neurobiological bases of schizophrenic symptom clusters. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24 (1998) 267-283
109. O'Reilly R.C., and Frank M.J. Making working memory work: A computational model of learning in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia. Neural Computation 18 (2006) 283-328
110. Olson E.A., Collins P.F., Hooper C.J., Muetzel R., Lim K.O., and Luciana M. White matter integrity predicts delay discounting behavior in 9- to 23- Year-Olds: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21 7 (2009) 1406-1421
111. Olesen P.J., Nagy Z., Westerberg H., and Klingberg T. Combined analysis of DTI and fMRI data reveals a joint maturation of white and grey matter in a fronto-parietal network. Brain Research Cognitive Brain Research 18 1 (2003) 48-57
112. Panksepp J. Affective neuroscience. The foundations of human and animal emotions (1998), Oxford University Press, Oxford
113. Panksepp J. A critical role for "affective neuroscience" in resolving what is basic about basic emotions. Psychological Review 99 3 (1992) 554-560
114. Paus T., Keshavan M., and Giedd J.N. Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 12 (2008) 947-957
115. Piazza P.V., Maccari S., Deminière J., Le Moal M., Mormède P., and Simon H. Corticosterone levels determine individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88 (1991) 2088-2092
116. Pijnenburg A.J., Honig W.M., Van der Heyden J.A., and Van Rossum J.M. Effects of chemical stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system upon locomotor activity. European Journal of Pharmacology 35 (1976) 45-58
117. 2 receptor subtypes in rat basal ganglia: A quantitative autoradiographic study. Developmental Brain Research 60 (1991) 161-177
118. Robinson E.S., Eagle D.M., Economidou D., Theobald D.E., Mar A.C., Murphy E.R., et al. Behavioural characterisation of high impulsivity on the 5-choice serial reaction time task: Specific deficits in 'waiting' versus 'stopping'. Behavioral Brain Research 196 2 (2009) 310-316
119. Rosenberg D.R., and Lewis D.A. Changes in the dopaminergic innervation of monkey prefrontal cortex during late postnatal development: A tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical study. Biological Psychiatry 36 (1994) 272-277
120. Rosenberg D.R., and Lewis D.A. Postnatal maturation of the dopaminergic innervation of monkey prefrontal and motor cortices: A tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical analysis. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 358 (1995) 383-400
121. Rosa-Neto P., Lou H.C., Cumming P., Pryds O., Karrebaek H., Lunding J., et al. Methylphenidate-evoked changes in striatal dopamine correlate with inattention and impulsivity in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. NeuroImage 25 (2005) 868-876
122. Sabol S.Z., Hu S., and Hamer D. A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase. A gene promoter. Human Genetics 103 (1998) 273-279
123. Sallee F.R., and Gill H.S. Neuropsychopharmacology III: Psychostimulants. In: Coffey C.E., and Brumback R.A. (Eds). Textbook of pediatric neuropsychiatry (1998), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1351-1372
124. Sawaguchi T., and Goldman-Rakic P.S. The role of D1-dopaminie receptor in working memory: Local injections of dopamine antagonists into the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys performing an oculomotor delayed-response task. Journal of Neurophysiology 71 (1994) 515-528
125. Schmithorst V.J., Wilke M., Dardzinski B.J., and Holland S.K. Cognitive functions correlate with white matter architecture in a normal pediatric population: A diffusion tensor MRI study. Human Brain Mapping 26 (2005) 139-147
126. Schneirla T. An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes inderlying approach and withdrawal. In: Jones M. (Ed). Nebraska symposium on motivation (1959), University of Nebraska Press
127. Schultz W., Dayan P., and Montague P.R. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science 275 (1997) 1593
128. Schultz W., Tremblay L., and Hollerman J.R. Reward processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Cerebral Cortex 10 3 (2000) 272-283
129. Seamans J.K., and Yang C.R. The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Progress in Neurobiology 74 (2004) 1-58
130. Seamans J.K., Floresco S.B., and Phillips A.G. Selective impairment on a delayed radial arm task following local administration of a selective D1, but not a D2, antagonist into the prefrontal cortex. Abstracts of the Society for Neuroscience 21 (1995) 1942
131. Seeman P., Bzowej N.H., Guan H.C., Bergeron C., Becker L.E., Reynolds G.P., et al. Human brain dopamine receptors in children and aging adults. Synapse 1 (1987) 399-404
132. Sesack S.R., Hawrylak V.A., Guido M.A., and Levey A.I. Cellular and subcellular localization of the dopamine transporter in rat cortex. Advances in Pharmacoogy 42 (1998) 171-174
133. Shaw P., Greenstein D., Lerch J., Clasen L., Lenroot R., Gogtay N., et al. Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents. Nature 440 (2006) 676-679
134. Shedler J., and Block J. Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry. American Psychologist 45 (1990) 612-630
135. Silbereisen R.K., and Reitzle M. On the constructive role of problem behavior in adolescence: Further evidence on alcohol use. In: Lipsitt L.P., and Mitnick L.L. (Eds). Self-regulatory behavior and risk taking: Causes and consequences (1992), Ablex Publishing, Norwood, NJ 199-217
136. Smiley J.F., and Goldman-Rakic P.S. Heterogeneous targets of dopamine synapses in monkey prefrontal cortex demonstrated by serial section electron microscopy: A laminar analysis using the silver-enhanced diaminobenzidine sulfide (SEDS) immunolabeling technique. Cerebral Cortex 3 (1993) 223-238
137. Spear L.P. The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 24 (2000) 417-463
138. Spear L.P. Neurodevelopment during adolescence. In: Cicchetti D., and Walker E.F. (Eds). Neurodevelopmental mechanisms in psychopathology (2003), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 62-83
139. Spear L.P., and Brake S.C. Behavior and psychopharmacological responsivity in rats. Developmental Psychobiology 16 (1983) 83-109
140. Stamford J.A. Development and aging of the rat nigrostriatal system dopamine system studied with fast cyclic voltammetry. Journal of Neurochemistry 52 (1989) 1582-1589
141. Steinberg L. A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Review 28 (2008) 78-106
142. Styne D.M. Physiology of puberty. Hormone Research 41 2 (1994) 3-6
143. Sved A.F., Baker H.A., and Reis D.J. Number of dopamine neurons predicts prolactin levels in two inbred mouse strains. Experientia 41 (1985) 644-646
144. Szymanski S., Lieberman J.A., Alvi J.M., Mayerhoff D., Loebel A., Geisler A., et al. Gender differences in onset of illness, treatment response, course, and biological indexes in first-episode schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1995) 698-703
145. Tam S.Y., and Roth R.H. Mesoprefrontal dopaminergic neurons: Can tyrosine availability influence their functions?. Biochemical Pharmacology 53 4 (1997) 441-453
146. Tarazi F.I., and Baldessarini R.J. Comparative postnatal development of dopamine D1, D2, and D4 receptors in rat forebrain. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 18 (2000) 29-37
147. 2-like receptors. Developmental Brain Research 110 (1998) 227-233
148. Tarazi F.I., Tomasini E.C., and Baldessarini R.J. Postnatal development of dopamine and serotonin transporters in rat caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens septi. Neuroscience Letters 254 (1998) 21-24
149. Tarazi F.I., Tomasini E.C., and Baldessarini R.J. Postnatal development of dopamine D1-like receptors in rat cortical and striatolimbic brain regions: An autoradiographic study. Developmental Neuroscience 21 (1999) 43-49
150. Teicher M.H., Andersen S.L., and Hostetter Jr. J.C. Evidence for dopamine receptor pruning between adolescence and adulthood in striatum but not nucleus accumbens. Developmental Brain Research 89 (1995) 167-172
151. Thomas K.M., Drevets W.C., Whalen P.J., Eccard C.H., Dahl R.E., Ryan N.D., et al. Amygdala response to facial expressions in children and adults. Biological Psychiatry 49 4 (2001) 309-316
152. Tobler P.N., O'Doherty J.P., Dolan R.J., and Schulz W. Reward value coding distinct from risk attitude-related uncertainty coding in human reward systems. Journal of Neurophysiology 97 (2007) 1621-1632
153. Uhlhaas P.J., Roux F., Singer W., Haenschel C., Sireteanu R., and Rodriguez E. The development of neural synchrony reflects later maturation and restructuring of functional networks in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 24 (2009) 9866-9871
154. Ungethüm U., Chen Y., Gross J., Bjelke B., Bolme P., Eneroth P., et al. Effects of perinatal asphyxia on the mesocortical/mesolimbic dopamine system of neonatal and 4-week-old male rats. Experimental Brain Research 112 (1996) 403-410
155. Vadasz C., Smiley J.F., Figarsky K., Saito M., Toth R., Gyetvai B.M., et al. Mesencephalic dopamine neuron number and tyrosine hydroxylase content: Genetic control and candidate genes. Neuroscience 149 3 (2007) 561-572
156. Van Leijenhorst L., Zanolie K., Van Meel C.S., Westenberg P.M., Rombouts S.A.R.B., and Crone E.A. What motivates the adolescent? Brain regions mediating reward sensitivity across adolescence. Cerebral Cortex (2009) (Epub ahead of print: doi:10.1093)
157. Vargas-Perez H., Kee R.T., Walton C.H., Hansen D.M., Razavi R., Clarke L., et al. Ventral tegmental area BDNF induces an opiate-dependent-like reward state in naïve rats. Science 324 5935 (2009) 1732-1734
158. Wacker J., Chavanon M., and Stemmler G. Investigating the dopaminergic basis of extraversion in humans: A multilevel approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91 1 (2006) 171-187
159. Wahlstrom D., White T., Hooper C.J., Vrshek-Schallhorn S., Oetting W.S., Brott M.J., et al. Association of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene to prefrontally-mediated cognitions in adolescents. Biological Psychiatry 61 5 (2007) 626-632
160. Weinberger D.R. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 44 (1987) 660-669
161. Williams G.V., and Goldman-Rakic P.S. Blockade of dopamine D1 receptors enhances memory fields of prefrontal neurons in primate cerebral cortex. Nature 376 (1995) 572-575
162. Wilson M., and Daly M. Competitiveness, risk taking, and violence: The young male syndrome. Ethology and Sociobiology 6 (1985) 59-73
163. Wise R.A. Drug-activation of brain reward pathways. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 51 (1998) 13-22
164. Wise R.A. Dopamine, learning, and motivation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 6 (2004) 483-494
165. Zahrt J., Taylor J.R., Mathew R.G., and Arnsten A.F.T. Supranormal stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors in the rodent prefrontal cortex impairs spatial working memory performance. The Journal of Neuroscience 17 21 (1997) 8528-8535
166. Zald D.H., Cowan R.L., Riccardi P., Baldwin R.M., Ansari M.S., Li R., et al. Midbrain dopamine receptor availability is inversely associated with novelty-seeking traits in humans. The Journal of Neuroscience 28 53 (2008) 14372-14378
167. Zuckerman M., Eysenck S., and Eysenck H.J. Sensation seeking in England and America: Cross-cultural, age, and sex comparisons. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 46 (1978) 139-149