Stability of biodiesel and its blends: A review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 667-678

  Jain, Siddharth ^a   Sharma, M P ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE   (India)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Induction period; Oxidation stability; Storage stability; Thermal stability

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL FAT; AUTOOXIDATION; BIODIESEL PRODUCTION; DEPOSIT FORMATION; DISTILLATION PROCESS; ENGINE PERFORMANCE; FRYING OIL; FUEL QUALITY; FUEL STABILITY; HIGH TEMPERATURE; HIGHER TEMPERATURES; INDUCTION PERIODS; LONG CHAIN FATTY ACID; NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS; OXIDATION PRODUCTS; OXIDATION STABILITY; PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; SEDIMENT FORMATION; SHORTER CHAINS; STABILITY PARAMETERS; STORAGE STABILITY; SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS; THERMAL INSTABILITIES; THERMAL STABILITY; UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS;

ALDEHYDES; BIODIESEL; CHEMICAL STABILITY; COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; DISTILLATION; ESTERS; FATTY ACIDS; FUEL STORAGE; MACHINE DESIGN; ORGANIC ACIDS; OXIDATION; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SYNTHETIC FUELS; THERMODYNAMIC STABILITY; UNSATURATED POLYMERS; VEGETABLE OILS;

SYSTEM STABILITY;

EID: 72049089018     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.011     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Monyem A., and Van Gerpen J.H. The effect of biodiesel oxidation on engine performance and emissions. Biomass & Bioenergy 20 (2001) 317-325
2. Monyem A., Van Gerpen J.H., and Canakci M. The effect of timing and oxidation emissions from biodiesel-fueled engines. Transactions of the ASAE 44 (2001) 35-42
3. Ferrari R.Ap., Vanessa da Silva O., and Scabio A. Oxidative stability of biodiesel from soybean oil fatty acid ethyl esters. Scientia Agricola (Piracicaba, Brazil) 62 3 (2005) 291-295
4. Central Statistical Organization. Energy statistics. New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India; 2003-2004.
5. Van Gerpen JH, Hammond EG, Liangping Y, Monyem A. Determining the influence of contaminants on biodiesel properties. SAE paper 971685; 1997.
6. Yamane K., Kawasaki K., Sone K., Hara T., and Prakoso T. oxidation stability of biodiesel and its effect on diesel combustion and emission characteristics. International Journal of Engine Research 8 3 (2007) 307-319
7. Dunn R.O. Effect of temperature on the oil stability index (OSI) of biodiesel. Energy & Fuels 22 1 (2008) 657-662
8. Formo M.W., Jungermann E., Noris F., and Sonntag N.O.V. Bailey's industrial oil and fat products. 4th edition vol. 1(4) (1979), John Wiley and Son 698-711
9. Cowan J.C. Encyclopedia of chemical technology, vol. 8. 3rd edition (1979), Wiley Interscience p. 130-50
10. Church D.F., and Pryor W.A. Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications. Environmental Health Perspectives 64 (1985) 111-126
11. Gunstone F.D., and Hilditch T.P.J. Triglyceride composition of tobacco seed oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society (1945) 836
12. Knothe G. Structure indices in fatty acid chemistry how relevant is the iodine value?. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 79 9 (2002) 847-854
13. Neff W.E., Mounts T.L., Rinsch W.M., and Konishi H. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 70 2 (1993) 163-168
14. Refaat A.A. Correlation between the chemical structure of biodiesel and its physical properties. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 6 18 (2009) 677-694
15. Canakci M., Monyem A., and Van Gerpen J. Accelerated oxidation processes in biodiesel. Transaction of the ASAE 42 (1999) 1565-1572
16. Mittelbach M., and Gangl S. Long storage stability of biodiesel made from rapeseed and used frying oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 78 6 (2001) 573-577
17. Bondioli P., Gasparoli A., Bella L.D., and Tagliabue S. Evaluation of biodiesel storage stability using reference methods. European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology 104 (2002) 777-784
18. Bondioli P., Gasparoli A., Bella L.D., Taghliabue S., and Toso G. Biodiesel stability under commercial storage conditions over one year. European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology 105 (2003) 735-741
19. Bondioli P., Gasparoli A., Lanzani A., Fedeli E., Veronese S., and Sala M. Storage stability of biodiesel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 72 6 (1995) 699-702
20. Monyem A., Canakci M., and Van Gerpen J. Investigation of biodiesel thermal stability under simulated in-use conditions. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 16 4 (2000) 373-378
21. Miyata I, Takei Y, Tsurutani K, Okada M. Effects of bio-fuels on vehicle performance: degradation mechanism analysis of bio-fuels. SAE paper 2004-01-3031; 2004.
22. Andersson K., and Lingnert H. Influence of oxygen and copper concentration on lipid oxidation in rapeseed oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 75 8 (1998) 1041-1046
23. Neff W.E., El-Agaimy M.A., and Mounts T.L. Oxidative stability of blends and interesterified blends of soybean oil and palm olein. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 71 10 (1994) 1111-1116
24. DuPlessis L.M., DeVilliers J.B.M., and Van der Walt W.H. Stability studies on methyl and ethyl fatty acid esters of sunflowerseed oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 62 4 (1985) 748-752
25. Korus R.A., Mousetis T.L., and Lloyd L. Polymerization of vegetable oils. American Society of Agricultural Engineering (1982) 18-223
26. Knothe G., and Dunn R.O. Dependence of oil stability index of fatty compounds on their structure and concentration and presence of metals. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 80 (2003) 1021-1026
27. 1H-NMR and effect of contact area with air. European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology 108 (2006) 493-500
28. Mushrush G.W., Wynne J.H., Lloyd C.T., Willauer H.D., and Beal E.J. Soyabean biodiesel: instability reactions. Petroleum Science and Technology 25 (2007) 1163-1171
29. Du Plessis L.M. Plant oils as diesel fuel extenders: stability tests and specifications on different grades of sunflower seed and soyabean oils. CHEMSA 8 (1982) 150-154
30. Du Plessis L.M., de Villiers J.B.M., and van der Walt W.H. Stability studies on methyl and ethyl fatty acid esters of sunflower seed oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 62 (1985) 748-752
31. McCormick R.L., Ratcliff M., Moens L., and Lawrence R. Several factors affecting the stability of biodiesel in standard accelerated tests. Fuel Processing Technology 88 (2007) 651-657
32. Bondioli P., and Folegatti L. Evaluating the oxidation stability of biodiesel. An experimental contribution. Rivista Italiana Sostanze Grasse 73 (1996) 349-353
33. Waynick J.A. Evaluation of the stability, lubricity, and cold flow properties of biodiesel fuel. Proceedings of the 6th international conference on stability and handling of liquid fuels (1997)
34. Simkovsky N.M., and Ecker A. Influence of light and contents of tocopherol on the oxidative stability of fatty acid methyl esters (Einfluβ von Licht und Tocopherolgehalt auf die Oxidationsstabilität von Fettsäuremethylestern). Fett/Lipid 100 (1998) 534-538
35. Thompson J.C., Peterson C.L., Reece D.L., and Beck S.M. Two-year storage study with methyl and ethyl esters of rapeseed. Transaction of the ASAE 41 (1998) 931-939
36. Simkovsky N.M., and Ecker A. Effect of antioxidants on the oxidative stability of rapeseed oil methyl esters. Erdoel, Erdgas, Kohle 115 (1999) 317-318
37. Stavinoha L, Howell S. Potential analytical methods for stability testing of biodiesel and biodiesel blends. SAE Tech. Pap. Ser.; 1999 [1999-01-3520].
38. Canakci M., Monyem A., and Van Gerpen J. Accelerated oxidation processes in biodiesel. Transaction of the ASAE 42 (1995) 1565-1572
39. Dunn R.O. Analysis of oxidative stability of methyl soyate by pressurized-differential scanning calorimetry. Transaction of the ASAE 43 (1995) 1203-1208
40. Kalitchin Zh.D., lvanov S.I.K., Tanielyan S.K., Boneva M.I., Georgiev P.T., Ivanov A., et al. Chemical stability of diesel fuels and sediment formation therein. Fuel 71 (1992) 437-442
41. Dunn R.O. Effect of oxidation under accelerated conditions on fuel properties of methyl soyate (biodiesel). Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 79 (2009) 915-920
42. Lacoste F., and Lagardere L. Quality parameters evolution during biodiesel oxidation using Rancimat test. European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology 105 (2003) 149-155
43. Mittelbach M., and Schober S. The influence of antioxidants on the oxidation stability of biodiesel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 80 (2003) 817-823
44. Bondioli P., Gasparoli A., della Bella L., Tagliabue S., Lacoste F., and Lagardere L. The prediction of biodiesel storage stability, proposal for a quick test. European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology 106 12 (2004) 822-830
45. Dittmar T., Ondruschka B., Haupt J., and Lauterbach M. Improvement of the oxidative stability of fatty acid methyl esters with antioxidants-limitations of the Rancimat test (Verbesserung der oxidationsstabilität von fettsäuremethylestern mit antioxidantien-grenzen des Rancimat-tests). Chemical Engineering & Technology 76 8 (2004) 1167-1170
46. Dittmar T., Ondruschka B., Haupt J., and Lauterbach M. Determination of the influence of raw material and process technology on the oxidative stability of fatty acid methyl esters (Ermittlung des Einflusses von Fettrohstoff und Prozesstechnologie auf die Oxidationsstabilität von Fettsäuremethylester). Chemical Engineering & Technology 76 8 (2004) 1170-1179
47. Schober S., and Mittelbach M. The impact of antioxidants on biodiesel oxidation stability. European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology 106 (2004) 382-389
48. Tagliabue S., Gasparoli A., Della Bella L., and Bondioli P. Quali-quantitative determination of synthetic antioxidants in biodiesel. Rivista Italiana Sostanze Grasse 80 (2004) 37-40
49. Falk O., and Meyer-Pitroff R. The effect of fatty acid composition on biodiesel oxidative stability. European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology 106 (2004) 837-843
50. Miyata I, Takei Y, Tsurutani K, Okada M. Effects of bio-fuels on vehicle performance: degradation mechanism analysis of bio-fuels. SAE Tech. Pap. Ser.; 2004 [2004-01-3031, Reprinted from Alternative and Oxygenated Fuels SP-1897].
51. Dunn R.O. Oxidative stability of soybean oil fatty acid methyl esters by oil stability index (OSI). Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 82 5 (2005) 381-387
52. Dunn R.O. Effect of antioxidants on the oxidative stability of methyl soyate (biodiesel). Fuel Processing Technology 86 (2005) 1071-1085
53. Polavka J., Paligová J., Cvengroš J., and Šimon P. Oxidation of methyl esters studied by differential thermal analysis and Rancimat. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 82 (2005) 519-524
54. Schober S., and Mittelbach M. Influence of diesel particulate filter additives on biodiesel quality. European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology 107 4 (2005) 268-271
55. Dunn R.O. Oxidative stability of biodiesel by dynamic mode pressurized-differential scanning calorimetry (P-DSC). Transaction of the ASABE 49 5 (2006) 1633-1641
56. McCormick RL, Ratcliff M, Moens L, Lawrence R. Factors affecting the stability of biodiesel sold in the United States. Prepr Pap-Am Chem Soc, Div Fuel Chem 2006;51:14-5.
57. Liang Y.C., May C.Y., Foon C.S., Ngan M.A., Hock C.C., and Basiron Y. The effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants on the oxidative stability of palm diesel. Fuel 85 (2006) 867-870
58. Leung D.Y.C., Koo B.C.P., and Guo Y. Degradation of biodiesel under different storage conditions. Bioresource Technology 97 (2006) 250-256
59. Fang HL, McCormick RL. Spectroscopic study of biodiesel degradation pathways. SAE Tech. Pap. Ser.; 2006 [2006-01-3300].
60. Loh S.-K., Chew S.-M., and Choo Y.-M. Oxidative stability and storage behavior of fatty acid methyl esters derived from used palm oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 83 (2006) 947-952
61. American Oil Chemists' Society Official Method code 12b-92. Oil Stability Index (OSI). JAOCS, Champaign; 1999.
62. Prankl H. Stability of biodiesel. In: Knothe G., Krahl J., and Van Gerpen J. (Eds). The biodiesel handbook (2005), AOCS Press 127-136
63. Joyner N.T., and McIntyre J.E. The oven test as an index of keeping quality. Oil and Soap 15 (1938) 184-186
64. Cowan J.C. Utilization of inedible animal fats. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 41 (1949) 1647-1653
65. Johnson O.C., and Kummerow F.A. Chemical changes which take place in an edible oil during thermal oxidation. Stability of Biodiesel 34 (1957) 407-409
66. Wexler H. Polymerization of drying oils. Chemical Reviews 64 (1964) 591-611
67. Yuan W., Hansen Alan C., Zhang Q., and Tan Z. Temperature-dependent kinematic viscosity of selected biodiesel fuels and blends with diesel fuel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 82 3 (2005) 195-199
68. Giles H.N. In: Rand S.J. (Ed). Significance of tests for petroleum products. 7th edition (2003), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA 108-118
69. Bouaid A., Martinez M., and Aracil J. Long storage stability of biodiesel from vegetable and used frying oils. Fuel 86 (2007) 2596-2602
70. Sarin A., Arora R., Singh N.P., Sharma M., and Malhotra R.K. Influence of metal contaminants on oxidation stability of Jatropha biodiesel. Energy (2009) 1-5
71. Geller D.P., Adams T.T., Goodrum J.W., and Pendergrass J. Storage stability of poultry fat and diesel fuel mixtures: specific gravity and viscosity. Fuel 87 (2008) 92-102
72. Gunstone F.D. Oxidation through reaction with oxygen. The chemistry of fats and oils (2004), Blackwell Publishing, CRC Press, Oxford, UK 150-168
73. Bondioli P., Gasparoli A., Della Bella L., Tagliabue S., and Toso G. Biodiesel stability under commercial storage conditions over one year. European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology 105 (2003) 735-741
74. Bessee Gary B, Fey Joseph P. Compatibility of elastomers and metals in biodiesel fuel blends; 1997 [SAE paper 971690].
75. Miyashita K., and Takagi T. Study of the oxidative rate and prooxidant activity of free fatty acids. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 63 10 (1986) 1380-1384
76. Kamal-Eldin A., and Appelqvist L.-A. The chemistry and antioxidant properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Lipids 31 7 (1996) 671-701
77. Sherwin E.R., and Luckadoo B.M. Effect of stabilization crude whale oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 47 (1970) 19-23
78. Chanine M.H., and Mac Neill R.F. Effect of selected antioxidants on stability of virgin olive oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 51 (1974) 37-41
79. Yung M.Y., and Min D.B.J. Food quality and preference. Journal of food science 55 (1990) 1464-1465
80. Rawis H.R., and Van Santen P.J. Superoxide and singlet oxygen in milk lipid peroxidation. Journal of Lipid Science 47 (1970) 121
81. Chahine M.H., and de man J.M. Autoxidation of corn oil under the influence of fluorescent light. Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology Journal 4 (1971) 24
82. Clements A.H., van den engh R.H., frost D.J., hoogenhout K., and nooi J.R. Formation of singlet molecular oxygen in illuminated chloroplasts. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 50 (1973) 325
83. Isbell T.A., Abbott T.P., and Carlson K.D. Oxidative stability index of vegetable oils in binary mixtures with meadowfarm oil. Industrial Crops and Products 9 (1999) 115-123
84. Tian K., and Dasgupta P.K. Determination of oxidative stability of oils and fats. Analalytical Chemistry 71 9 (1999) 1692-1698
85. Knothe G., and Steidley K.R. Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel fuel components and related compounds. Influence of compound structure and comparison to petrodiesel fuel components. Fuel 84 (2005) 1059-1065
86. Litwinienko G., Daniluk A., and Kasprzycka-Guttman A. Differential scanning calorimetry study on the oxidation of C12-C18 saturated fatty acid and their esters. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 76 (1999) 655-657
87. Neff W.E., Selke E., Mounts T.L., Rinsch E.N., and Zeitoun M.A.M. Effect of triacylglycerol composition and structures on oxidative stability of oils from selected soybean germplasm. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 69 2 (1992) 111-118
88. Stability of biodiesel used as a fuel for diesel engines and heating systems. Presentation of BIOSTAB project results. Graz, Austria; July 3, 2003.
89. Stavinoha LL. Oxidative and thermal stability testing methods(s) for biodiesel: second round peer review. Letter report no. SwRI 02-1318-005, version 4. For National Renewable Energy Laboratory, contract no. ACG-7-17066-01.
90. Westbrook SR. An evaluation and comparison of test methods to measure the oxidation stability of neat biodiesel. Report to national renewable energy laboratory, contract no. DEAC3699GO10337, sub contract no. ACE3307501; 2005.
91. Kinast JA. Production of biodiesels from multiple feed stocks and properties of biodiesels and biodiesel/diesel blends. Final report, Report 1 in a series of 6, NREL/SR-510-31460; March 2003.
92. Determination of biodiesel oxidation and thermal stability: final report. Prepared by System Lab Services Division of Williams Pipe Line Company; February 1997.
93. Frame EA, Bessee GB, Marbach HWJr. Biodiesel fuel technology for military application. Interim report TRLRF no. 317 to U.S. Army TARDEC, contract no. DADK70-92-C-0059; 1997.
94. In: Pospisil J., and Klemchuk P.P. (Eds). Oxidation inhibition in organic materials (1990), CRC Press p. 1
95. Enferadi Tahmasebi S., Rabiei Z., and Vannozzi G.P. Effects of FAME based on sunflower oil from oxidative degradation by natural antioxidants. HELIA 29 (2006) 25-32
96. Fröhlich A., and Schober S. The influence of tocopherols on the oxidation stability of methyl esters. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 84 6 (2007) 579-585
97. Ito V.M., Batistella C.B., Maciel M.R., and Maciel Filho R. Optimization of tocopherol concentration process from soybean oil deodorized distillate using response surface methodology. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 137-140 1-12 (2007) 885-896
98. Domingos A.K., Saad E.B., Vechiatto W.W.D., Wilhelm H.M., and Ramos L.P. The influence of BHA, BHT and TBHQ on the oxidation stability of soybean oil ethyl esters (biodiesel). Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society (2007) 18
99. Liang Y.C., May C.Y., Foon C.S., Ngan M.A., Hock C.C., and Yusof B. The effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants on the oxidative stability of palm diesel. Fuel 85 (2006) 867-870
100. Augustin M.A., and Berry S.K. Effectiveness of antioxidants in refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society (1983) 60
101. Fritsch C.W., Weiss V.E., and Anderson R.H. Effect of antioxidants on refined palm oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 52 (1975) [Number 12]
102. Sendzikiene E., Makareviciene V., and Janulis P. Oxidation stability of biodiesel fuel produced from fatty wastes. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 14 3 (2005) 335-339
103. Xin J., Imahara H., and Saka S. Kinetics on the oxidation of biodiesel stabilized with antioxidant. Fuel 88 2 (2009) 282-286
104. Gordon M.E., and Mursi E. A comparison of oil stability based on the Metrohm Rancimat with storage at 20 °C. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 71 (1994) 649-651
105. Asa T., and Augustin M.A. Effect of TBHQ on quality characteristics of RBD olein during frying. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 63 9 (1986) 1169-1172
106. Dinkov R., Hristov G., Stratiev D., and Boynova Aldayri V. Effect of commercially available antioxidants over biodiesel/diesel blends stability. Fuel 88 4 (2009) 732-737
107. Becker R., and Knorr A. An evaluation of antioxidants for vegetable oils at elevated temperatures. Lubrication Science 8-2 (1996) 95-117
108. Everson C.W., Miller G.J., and Quackenbush F.W. Comparison of antioxidants for fats on an equivalent molar basis. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 34 (1957) 81-83
109. Sherwin E.R., and Thompson J.W. tert-Butylhydroquinone. An antioxidant for fats and oils and fat-containing foods. Food Technology 21 (1967) 106-110
110. Sarin R., Sharma M., Sinharay S., and Malhotra R.K. Jatropha-palm biodiesel blends: an optimum mix for Asia. Fuel 86 10-11 (2007) 1365-1371
111. Hiroaki I., Eiji M., Shusaku H., and Saka S. Thermal stability of biodiesel in supercritical methanol. Fuel 87 1 (2008) 1-6
112. Prankl H., and Schindlbauer H. Oxidation stability of fatty acid methyl esters. 10th European conference on biomass for energy and industry. Wiirzburg, Germany, 8-11 June (1998)
113. Abou-Gharbia H.A., Shehat A.A.Y., and Shahidi F. Effect of processing on oxidative stability and lipid classes of sesame oil. Food Research International 33 5 (2000) 331-340
114. Gülgün Yildiz, Wehling R.L., and Cuppett S.L. Comparison of four analytical methods for the determination of peroxide value in oxidized soybean oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 80 2 (2003)
115. Kazutaka S., Prakoso T., Kiyoshi K., and Koji Y. A study on oxidation stability of biodiesel fuel. Nippon Kikai Gakkai Kansai Shibu Teiji Sokai Koenkai Koen Ronbunsh 80 (2005) 337-338
116. Nakamura K., Saka S., and Ikegami M. Research for oxidation stability of biodiesel fuel and its improvement of the fuel quality. Energy and Resources 27 (2006) 426-430
117. Lin C.-Y., Lin H.-A., and Hung L.-B. Fuel structure and properties of biodiesel produced by the peroxidation process. Fuel 85 12-13 (2006) 1743-1749
118. Moser B.R., Sharma B.K., Doll K.M., and Erhan S.Z. Diesters from oleic acid: synthesis, low temperature properties, and oxidation stability. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 84 (2007) 675-680
119. Xin J., Imahara H., and Saka S. Oxidation stability of biodiesel fuel as prepared by supercritical methanol. Fuel 87 10-11 (2008) 1807-1813
120. El Diwani G., and El Rafie S. Modification of thermal and oxidative properties of biodiesel produced from vegetable oils. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 5 3 (2008) 391-400
121. Park J.-Y., Kim D.-K., Lee J.-P., Park S.-C., Kim Y.-J., and Lee J.-S. Blending effects of biodiesels on oxidation stability and low temperature flow properties. Bioresource Technology 99 5 (2008) 1196-1203
122. Tang H., De Guzman R.C., Salley S.O., and Ng S.K.Y. The oxidative stability of biodiesel: effects of FAME composition and antioxidant. Lipid Technology 20 11 (2008) 249-252
123. Tang H., Wang A., Salley S., et al. The effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants on the oxidative stability of biodiesel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 85 4 (2008) 373-382
124. Das L.M., Bora D.K., Pradhan S., Naik M.K., and Naik S.N. Long-term storage stability of biodiesel produced from Karanja oil. Fuel (2009)
125. Rashid U., Anwar F., and Knothe G. Evaluation of biodiesel obtained from cottonseed oil. Fuel Processing Technology (2009)
126. Aluyor E.O., Obahiagbon K.O., and Ori-jesu M. Biodegradation of vegetable oils: a review. Scientific Research and Easy 4 6 (2009) 543-548
127. Sharma B.K., Suarez P.A.Z., Perez J.M., and Erhan S.Z. Oxidation and low temperature properties of biofuels obtained from pyrolysis and alcoholysis of soybean oil and their blends with petroleum diesel. Fuel Processing Technology (2009)
128. Araújo S.V., Luna F.M.T., Rola Jr. E.M., Azevedo D.C.S., and Cavalcante Jr. C.L. A rapid method for evaluation of the oxidation stability of castor oil FAME: influence of antioxidant type and concentration. Fuel Processing Technology (2009)