메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 63, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 742-753

Thyroid hormones and the cardiovascular system: Pathophysiology and interventions

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIIODOTHYROPROPIONIC ACID; LIOTHYRONINE; PLACEBO; STRUCTURAL PROTEIN; THYROID HORMONE; THYROID HORMONE DERIVATIVE; THYROXINE; THYROXINE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 71749085029     PISSN: 07533322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2009.08.003     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (60)

References (151)
  • 1
    • 54349110033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What's new in the couple thyroid and heart in 2008?
    • Francois M., and Delemer B. What's new in the couple thyroid and heart in 2008?. Ann. Endocrinol 69 Suppl. 1 (2008) 37-43
    • (2008) Ann. Endocrinol , vol.69 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 37-43
    • Francois, M.1    Delemer, B.2
  • 2
    • 29844441156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-thyroidal illness syndrome is a manifestation of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, and in view of current evidence, should be treated with appropriate replacement therapies
    • De Groot L.J. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome is a manifestation of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, and in view of current evidence, should be treated with appropriate replacement therapies. Critical Care Clinics 22 1 (2006) 57-86
    • (2006) Critical Care Clinics , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-86
    • De Groot, L.J.1
  • 3
    • 0034964207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action
    • Yen P.M. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol Rev 81 (2001) 1097-1142
    • (2001) Physiol Rev , vol.81 , pp. 1097-1142
    • Yen, P.M.1
  • 4
    • 0028782187 scopus 로고
    • The molecular basis of thyroid hormone action
    • Brent G.A. The molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. N Engl J Med 31 (1994) 847-853
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.31 , pp. 847-853
    • Brent, G.A.1
  • 5
    • 0036191639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases
    • Bianco A.C., Salvatore D., Gereben B., et al. Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endocr Rev 23 (2002) 38-89
    • (2002) Endocr Rev , vol.23 , pp. 38-89
    • Bianco, A.C.1    Salvatore, D.2    Gereben, B.3
  • 6
    • 24644436920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is the major source of plasma T3 in euthyroid humans
    • Maia A.L., Kim B.W., Huang S.A., Harney J.W., and Larsen P.R. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is the major source of plasma T3 in euthyroid humans. J Clin Invest 115 (2005) 2524-2533
    • (2005) J Clin Invest , vol.115 , pp. 2524-2533
    • Maia, A.L.1    Kim, B.W.2    Huang, S.A.3    Harney, J.W.4    Larsen, P.R.5
  • 7
    • 0029779886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uptake of thyroid hormones in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes
    • Everts M.E., Verhoeven F.A., Bezstarosti K., et al. Uptake of thyroid hormones in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Endocrinology 137 (1996) 4235-4242
    • (1996) Endocrinology , vol.137 , pp. 4235-4242
    • Everts, M.E.1    Verhoeven, F.A.2    Bezstarosti, K.3
  • 8
    • 0034548882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of iodothyronine 5′-monodeiodinase activities in normal and pathological tissues in man and their comparison with activities in rat tissues
    • Sabatino L., Iervasi G., Ferrazzi P., et al. A study of iodothyronine 5′-monodeiodinase activities in normal and pathological tissues in man and their comparison with activities in rat tissues. Life Sci 68 (2000) 191-202
    • (2000) Life Sci , vol.68 , pp. 191-202
    • Sabatino, L.1    Iervasi, G.2    Ferrazzi, P.3
  • 9
    • 0036287132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of thyroid hormone degrading deiodinase in cardiac hypertrophy and failure
    • Wassen F.W., Schiel A.E., Kuiper G.G., et al. Induction of thyroid hormone degrading deiodinase in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Endocrinology 143 (2002) 2812-2815
    • (2002) Endocrinology , vol.143 , pp. 2812-2815
    • Wassen, F.W.1    Schiel, A.E.2    Kuiper, G.G.3
  • 10
    • 0025366287 scopus 로고
    • Thyroidal and peripheral production of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in humans by mental analysis
    • Pilo A., Iervasi G., Vitek F., et al. Thyroidal and peripheral production of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in humans by mental analysis. Am J Physiol 258 (1990) E715-E726
    • (1990) Am J Physiol , vol.258
    • Pilo, A.1    Iervasi, G.2    Vitek, F.3
  • 11
    • 0035864975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system
    • Klein I., and Ojamaa K. Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med 244 (2004) 501-507
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.244 , pp. 501-507
    • Klein, I.1    Ojamaa, K.2
  • 12
    • 23744445796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone action in the heart
    • Kahaly G.J., and Dillmann W.H. Thyroid hormone action in the heart. Endocr Rev 26 (2005) 704-728
    • (2005) Endocr Rev , vol.26 , pp. 704-728
    • Kahaly, G.J.1    Dillmann, W.H.2
  • 13
    • 1242296273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions
    • Basset J.H., Harvey C.B., and Williams G.R. Mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 213 (2003) 1-11
    • (2003) Mol Cell Endocrinol , vol.213 , pp. 1-11
    • Basset, J.H.1    Harvey, C.B.2    Williams, G.R.3
  • 14
    • 0025687882 scopus 로고
    • Nuclear thyroid hormone receptors
    • Lazar M.A., and Chin W.W. Nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. J Clin Invest 86 (1990) 1777-1782
    • (1990) J Clin Invest , vol.86 , pp. 1777-1782
    • Lazar, M.A.1    Chin, W.W.2
  • 15
    • 0027416347 scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone receptors: multiple forms, multiple possibilities
    • Lazar M.A. Thyroid hormone receptors: multiple forms, multiple possibilities. Endocr Rev 14 (1993) 184-193
    • (1993) Endocr Rev , vol.14 , pp. 184-193
    • Lazar, M.A.1
  • 16
    • 0033853497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene regulation by thyroid hormone
    • Wu Y., and Koenig R.J. Gene regulation by thyroid hormone. Trends Endocrinol Metab 11 (2000) 207-211
    • (2000) Trends Endocrinol Metab , vol.11 , pp. 207-211
    • Wu, Y.1    Koenig, R.J.2
  • 17
    • 0037428431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone receptor DNA binding is required for both positive and negative gene regulation
    • Shibusawa N., Hollenberg A.N., and Wondisford F.E. Thyroid hormone receptor DNA binding is required for both positive and negative gene regulation. J Biol Chem 278 (2003) 732-738
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 732-738
    • Shibusawa, N.1    Hollenberg, A.N.2    Wondisford, F.E.3
  • 18
    • 0034532451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroxine promotes association of mitogen activated protein kinase and nuclear thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and causes serine phosphorylation of TR
    • Davis P.J., Shih A., Lin H.Y., et al. Thyroxine promotes association of mitogen activated protein kinase and nuclear thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and causes serine phosphorylation of TR. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 38032-38039
    • (2000) J Biol Chem , vol.275 , pp. 38032-38039
    • Davis, P.J.1    Shih, A.2    Lin, H.Y.3
  • 19
    • 85047693924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone action: a binding contract
    • Lazar M.A. Thyroid hormone action: a binding contract. J Clin Invest 112 (2003) 497-499
    • (2003) J Clin Invest , vol.112 , pp. 497-499
    • Lazar, M.A.1
  • 20
    • 0028344517 scopus 로고
    • Posttranscriptional modification of myosin heavy-chain gene expression in the hypertrophied rat myocardium
    • Ojamaa K., Petrie J.F., and Balkman C. Posttranscriptional modification of myosin heavy-chain gene expression in the hypertrophied rat myocardium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (1994) 3468-3472
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.91 , pp. 3468-3472
    • Ojamaa, K.1    Petrie, J.F.2    Balkman, C.3
  • 21
    • 0037216819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase modulates cardiac contraction and relaxation
    • Frank K.F., Bölck B., Erdmann E., et al. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase modulates cardiac contraction and relaxation. Cardiovasc Res 57 (2003) 20-27
    • (2003) Cardiovasc Res , vol.57 , pp. 20-27
    • Frank, K.F.1    Bölck, B.2    Erdmann, E.3
  • 22
    • 0029830352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phospholamban: a prominent regulator of myocardial contractility
    • Koss K.L., and Kranias E.G. Phospholamban: a prominent regulator of myocardial contractility. Circ Res 79 (1996) 1059-1063
    • (1996) Circ Res , vol.79 , pp. 1059-1063
    • Koss, K.L.1    Kranias, E.G.2
  • 23
    • 0028363522 scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone-induced alterations in phospholamban protein expression: regulatory effects on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport and myocardial relaxation
    • Kiss E., Jakab G., Kranias E.G., and Edes I. Thyroid hormone-induced alterations in phospholamban protein expression: regulatory effects on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport and myocardial relaxation. Circ Res 75 (1994) 245-251
    • (1994) Circ Res , vol.75 , pp. 245-251
    • Kiss, E.1    Jakab, G.2    Kranias, E.G.3    Edes, I.4
  • 24
    • 33749003446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone
    • Hiroi Y., Kim H.-H., Ying H., et al. Rapid nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 (2006) 14104-14109
    • (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.103 , pp. 14104-14109
    • Hiroi, Y.1    Kim, H.-H.2    Ying, H.3
  • 26
    • 0034099748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of thyroid hormone on action potential and repolarization currents in rat ventricular myocytes
    • Sun Z., Ojamaa K., Coetzee W.A., Artman M., and Klein I. Effects of thyroid hormone on action potential and repolarization currents in rat ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278 (2000) E302-E307
    • (2000) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.278
    • Sun, Z.1    Ojamaa, K.2    Coetzee, W.A.3    Artman, M.4    Klein, I.5
  • 27
    • 0033538398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution and prevalence of hyperpolarization-activated cation channel (HCN) mRNA expression in cardiac tissues
    • Shi W., Wymore R., Yu H., et al. Distribution and prevalence of hyperpolarization-activated cation channel (HCN) mRNA expression in cardiac tissues. Circ Res 85 (1999) e1-e6
    • (1999) Circ Res , vol.85
    • Shi, W.1    Wymore, R.2    Yu, H.3
  • 28
    • 0033578662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone regulates hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (HCN2) mRNA in the rat heart
    • Pachucki J., Burmeister L.A., and Larsen P.R. Thyroid hormone regulates hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (HCN2) mRNA in the rat heart. Circ Res 85 (1999) 498-503
    • (1999) Circ Res , vol.85 , pp. 498-503
    • Pachucki, J.1    Burmeister, L.A.2    Larsen, P.R.3
  • 29
    • 0035895627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone targeting the vascular smooth muscle cell
    • Klein I., and Ojamaa K. Thyroid hormone targeting the vascular smooth muscle cell. Circ Res 88 (2001) 260-261
    • (2001) Circ Res , vol.88 , pp. 260-261
    • Klein, I.1    Ojamaa, K.2
  • 30
    • 0029969119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of thyroid hormone on vascular smooth muscle
    • Ojamaa K., Klemperer J.D., and Klein I. Acute effects of thyroid hormone on vascular smooth muscle. Thyroid 6 (1996) 505-512
    • (1996) Thyroid , vol.6 , pp. 505-512
    • Ojamaa, K.1    Klemperer, J.D.2    Klein, I.3
  • 31
    • 15744395135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of tetraiodothyronine and triiodothyronine on hamster cheek pouch microcirculation
    • Colantuoni A., Marchiafava P.L., Lapi D., et al. Effects of tetraiodothyronine and triiodothyronine on hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288 (2005) H1931-H1936
    • (2005) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.288
    • Colantuoni, A.1    Marchiafava, P.L.2    Lapi, D.3
  • 32
    • 0035895625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone activation in human vascular smooth muscle cells: expression of type II iodothyronine deiodinase
    • Mizuma H., Murakami M., and Mori M. Thyroid hormone activation in human vascular smooth muscle cells: expression of type II iodothyronine deiodinase. Circ Res 88 (2001) 313-318
    • (2001) Circ Res , vol.88 , pp. 313-318
    • Mizuma, H.1    Murakami, M.2    Mori, M.3
  • 33
    • 0030871067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct vasomotor effect of thyroid hormones on rat skeletal muscle resistance arteries
    • Park K., Dai H., Ojamaa K., Lowenstein E., Klein I., and Sellke F. Direct vasomotor effect of thyroid hormones on rat skeletal muscle resistance arteries. Anesth Analg 85 (1997) 734-738
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.85 , pp. 734-738
    • Park, K.1    Dai, H.2    Ojamaa, K.3    Lowenstein, E.4    Klein, I.5    Sellke, F.6
  • 34
    • 33644591273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular and renal function in experimental thyroid disorders
    • Vargas F., Moreno J.M., Rodriguez-Gomez I., et al. Vascular and renal function in experimental thyroid disorders. Eur J Endocrinol 154 (2006) 197-212
    • (2006) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.154 , pp. 197-212
    • Vargas, F.1    Moreno, J.M.2    Rodriguez-Gomez, I.3
  • 35
    • 0037338269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Downregulation of vascular angiotensin II type 1 receptor by thyroid hormone
    • Fukuyama K., Ichiki T., Takeda K., et al. Downregulation of vascular angiotensin II type 1 receptor by thyroid hormone. Hypertension 41 (2003) 598-603
    • (2003) Hypertension , vol.41 , pp. 598-603
    • Fukuyama, K.1    Ichiki, T.2    Takeda, K.3
  • 36
    • 0036090165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of thyroid hormone in blood pressure homeostasis: evidence from short-term hypothyroidism in humans
    • Fommei E., and Iervasi G. The role of thyroid hormone in blood pressure homeostasis: evidence from short-term hypothyroidism in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 (2002) 1996-2000
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 1996-2000
    • Fommei, E.1    Iervasi, G.2
  • 37
    • 0036242229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects on thyroid replacement therapy on arterial blood pressure in patients with hypertension and hypothyroidism
    • Dernellis J., and Panaretou M. Effects on thyroid replacement therapy on arterial blood pressure in patients with hypertension and hypothyroidism. Am Heart J 143 (2002) 718-724
    • (2002) Am Heart J , vol.143 , pp. 718-724
    • Dernellis, J.1    Panaretou, M.2
  • 38
    • 35148879946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The blood in thyrotoxicosis
    • Braverman L., and Utiger R. (Eds), Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, PA
    • Fish S.A., and Mandel S.J. The blood in thyrotoxicosis. In: Braverman L., and Utiger R. (Eds). Werner and Ingbar's the thyroid. 9th ed (2005), Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, PA 595-598
    • (2005) Werner and Ingbar's the thyroid. 9th ed , pp. 595-598
    • Fish, S.A.1    Mandel, S.J.2
  • 39
    • 39149116328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid disfunction
    • Biondi B., and Cooper D. The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid disfunction. Endocr Rev 29 1 (2008 Feb) 76-131
    • (2008) Endocr Rev , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-131
    • Biondi, B.1    Cooper, D.2
  • 40
    • 34547190240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between increased mortality and mild thyroid dysfunction in cardiac patients
    • Iervasi G., Molinaro S., Landi P., et al. Association between increased mortality and mild thyroid dysfunction in cardiac patients. Arch Intern Med 167 (2007) 1526-1532
    • (2007) Arch Intern Med , vol.167 , pp. 1526-1532
    • Iervasi, G.1    Molinaro, S.2    Landi, P.3
  • 41
    • 0036018276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiac function
    • Biondi B., Palmieri E.A., Lombardi G., et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiac function. Thyroid 12 (2002) 505-510
    • (2002) Thyroid , vol.12 , pp. 505-510
    • Biondi, B.1    Palmieri, E.A.2    Lombardi, G.3
  • 42
    • 0033806769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasonic myocardial textural analysis in subclinical hypothyroidism
    • Di Bello V., Monzani F., Giorgi D., et al. Ultrasonic myocardial textural analysis in subclinical hypothyroidism. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 13 (2000) 832-840
    • (2000) J Am Soc Echocardiogr , vol.13 , pp. 832-840
    • Di Bello, V.1    Monzani, F.2    Giorgi, D.3
  • 43
    • 19944432143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does subclinical hypothyroidism affect cardiac pump performance? Evidence from a magnetic resonance imaging study
    • Ripoli A., Pingitore A., Favilli B., et al. Does subclinical hypothyroidism affect cardiac pump performance? Evidence from a magnetic resonance imaging study. J Am Coll Cardiol 45 (2005) 439-445
    • (2005) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.45 , pp. 439-445
    • Ripoli, A.1    Pingitore, A.2    Favilli, B.3
  • 44
    • 33748915307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart rate variability and Q T dispersion in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism
    • Galetta F., Franzoni F., Fallahi P., et al. Heart rate variability and Q T dispersion in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Biomed Pharmacother 60 (2006) 425-430
    • (2006) Biomed Pharmacother , vol.60 , pp. 425-430
    • Galetta, F.1    Franzoni, F.2    Fallahi, P.3
  • 45
    • 0036736834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Left ventricular myocardial impairment in subclinical hypothyroidism assessed by a new ultrasound tool: pulsed tissue Doppler
    • Vitale G., Galderisi M., Lupoli G.A., et al. Left ventricular myocardial impairment in subclinical hypothyroidism assessed by a new ultrasound tool: pulsed tissue Doppler. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 (2002) 4350-4355
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 4350-4355
    • Vitale, G.1    Galderisi, M.2    Lupoli, G.A.3
  • 46
    • 33746315697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early textural and functional alterations of left ventricular myocardium in mild hypothyroidism
    • Aghini-Lombardi F., Di Bello V., Talini E., et al. Early textural and functional alterations of left ventricular myocardium in mild hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 155 (2006) 3-9
    • (2006) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.155 , pp. 3-9
    • Aghini-Lombardi, F.1    Di Bello, V.2    Talini, E.3
  • 47
    • 33748886559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of l-thyroxine treatment on left ventriculare function in subclinical hypothyroidism
    • Franzoni F., Galetta F., Fallahi P., et al. Effect of l-thyroxine treatment on left ventriculare function in subclinical hypothyroidism. Biomed Pharmacother 60 (2006) 431-436
    • (2006) Biomed Pharmacother , vol.60 , pp. 431-436
    • Franzoni, F.1    Galetta, F.2    Fallahi, P.3
  • 48
    • 0035052790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of levothyroxine on cardiac function and structure in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled study
    • Monzani F., Di Bello V., Caraccio N., et al. Effect of levothyroxine on cardiac function and structure in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 1110-1115
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 1110-1115
    • Monzani, F.1    Di Bello, V.2    Caraccio, N.3
  • 49
    • 0017330981 scopus 로고
    • Non-invasive evaluation of cardiac function in hypothyroidism: response to gradual thyroxine replacement
    • Crowley Jr. W.F., Ridgway E.C., Bough E.W., et al. Non-invasive evaluation of cardiac function in hypothyroidism: response to gradual thyroxine replacement. N Engl J Med 296 (1977) 1-6
    • (1977) N Engl J Med , vol.296 , pp. 1-6
    • Crowley Jr., W.F.1    Ridgway, E.C.2    Bough, E.W.3
  • 50
    • 2942519733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of thyroxin therapy on cardiac function in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: index of myocardial performance in the evaluation of left ventricular function
    • Yazici M., Gorgulu S., Sertbas Y., et al. Effects of thyroxin therapy on cardiac function in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: index of myocardial performance in the evaluation of left ventricular function. Int J Cardiol 95 (2004) 135-143
    • (2004) Int J Cardiol , vol.95 , pp. 135-143
    • Yazici, M.1    Gorgulu, S.2    Sertbas, Y.3
  • 51
    • 0033825444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular and atherogenic aspects of subclinical hypothyroidism
    • Kahaly G.J. Cardiovascular and atherogenic aspects of subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid 10 (2000) 665-679
    • (2000) Thyroid , vol.10 , pp. 665-679
    • Kahaly, G.J.1
  • 52
    • 50649125811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of levothyroxine on arterial stiffness and lipid profile in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism
    • Peleg R.K., Efrati S., Benbassat C., Fygenzo M., and Golik A. The effect of levothyroxine on arterial stiffness and lipid profile in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid 18 8 (2008 Aug) 825-830
    • (2008) Thyroid , vol.18 , Issue.8 , pp. 825-830
    • Peleg, R.K.1    Efrati, S.2    Benbassat, C.3    Fygenzo, M.4    Golik, A.5
  • 53
    • 38449104745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of simvastatin and levothyroxine on intima-media thickness of the carotid artery in female normolipemic patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a prospective, randomized-controlled study
    • Duman D., Demirtunc R., Sahin S., and Esertas K. The effects of simvastatin and levothyroxine on intima-media thickness of the carotid artery in female normolipemic patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a prospective, randomized-controlled study. J Cardiovasc Med 8 12 (2007 Dec) 1007-1011
    • (2007) J Cardiovasc Med , vol.8 , Issue.12 , pp. 1007-1011
    • Duman, D.1    Demirtunc, R.2    Sahin, S.3    Esertas, K.4
  • 54
    • 33644853054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Rotterdam Study
    • Mattace-Raso F.U., Van der Cammen T.J., Hofman A., et al. Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation 113 (2006) 657-663
    • (2006) Circulation , vol.113 , pp. 657-663
    • Mattace-Raso, F.U.1    Van der Cammen, T.J.2    Hofman, A.3
  • 55
    • 0035714567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients
    • Laurent S., Boutouyrie P., Asmar R., et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 37 (2001) 1236-1241
    • (2001) Hypertension , vol.37 , pp. 1236-1241
    • Laurent, S.1    Boutouyrie, P.2    Asmar, R.3
  • 56
    • 2442442844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of levothyroxine replacement on lipid profile and intima-media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
    • Monzani F., Caraccio N., Kozakowa M., et al. Effect of levothyroxine replacement on lipid profile and intima-media thickness in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 (2004) 2099-2106
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 2099-2106
    • Monzani, F.1    Caraccio, N.2    Kozakowa, M.3
  • 57
    • 10744231122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decrease in carotid intima-media thickness in hypothyroid patients after normalization of thyroid function
    • Nagasaki T., Inaba M., Henmi Y., et al. Decrease in carotid intima-media thickness in hypothyroid patients after normalization of thyroid function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 59 (2003) 607-612
    • (2003) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) , vol.59 , pp. 607-612
    • Nagasaki, T.1    Inaba, M.2    Henmi, Y.3
  • 58
    • 0041883173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in subclinical hypothyroidism: beneficial effect of levothyroxine therapy
    • Taddei S., Caraccio N., Virdis A., et al. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in subclinical hypothyroidism: beneficial effect of levothyroxine therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 (2003) 3731-3737
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 3731-3737
    • Taddei, S.1    Caraccio, N.2    Virdis, A.3
  • 59
    • 0032087570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid function and serum lipids in older women: a population-based study
    • Bauer D.C., Ettinger B., and Browner W.S. Thyroid function and serum lipids in older women: a population-based study. Am J Med 104 (1998) 546-551
    • (1998) Am J Med , vol.104 , pp. 546-551
    • Bauer, D.C.1    Ettinger, B.2    Browner, W.S.3
  • 60
    • 0342264390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and relevance of thyroid dysfunction in 1922 cholesterol screening participants
    • Pirich C., Mullner M., and Sinzinger H. Prevalence and relevance of thyroid dysfunction in 1922 cholesterol screening participants. J Clin Epidemiol 53 (2000) 623-629
    • (2000) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.53 , pp. 623-629
    • Pirich, C.1    Mullner, M.2    Sinzinger, H.3
  • 61
    • 0020515532 scopus 로고
    • Relations between thyroid function, hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities, and plasma lipoprotein concentrations
    • Valdemarsson S., Hansson P., Hedner P., and Nilsson-Ehle P. Relations between thyroid function, hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities, and plasma lipoprotein concentrations. Acta Endocrinol 104 (1983) 50-56
    • (1983) Acta Endocrinol , vol.104 , pp. 50-56
    • Valdemarsson, S.1    Hansson, P.2    Hedner, P.3    Nilsson-Ehle, P.4
  • 62
    • 36549050283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subclinical hypothyroidism is a risk factor for nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases in Type 2 diabetic patients
    • Chen H.S., Wu T.E., Jap T.S., et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism is a risk factor for nephropathy and cardiovascular diseases in Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 24 (2007) 1336-1344
    • (2007) Diabet Med , vol.24 , pp. 1336-1344
    • Chen, H.S.1    Wu, T.E.2    Jap, T.S.3
  • 63
    • 53749105339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease
    • Chonchol M., Lippi G., Salvagno G., et al. Prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3 (2008) 1296-1300
    • (2008) Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.3 , pp. 1296-1300
    • Chonchol, M.1    Lippi, G.2    Salvagno, G.3
  • 64
    • 0035093259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Components of the fibrinolytic system are differently altered in moderate and severe hypothyroidism
    • Chadarevian R., Bruckert E., Leenhardt L., Giral P., Ankri A., and Turpin G. Components of the fibrinolytic system are differently altered in moderate and severe hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 732-737
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 732-737
    • Chadarevian, R.1    Bruckert, E.2    Leenhardt, L.3    Giral, P.4    Ankri, A.5    Turpin, G.6
  • 65
    • 0035106201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haemostatic profile in hypothyroidism as potential risk factor for vascular or thrombotic disease
    • Muller B., Tsakiris D.A., Roth C.B., Guglielmetti M., Staub J.J., and Marbet G.A. Haemostatic profile in hypothyroidism as potential risk factor for vascular or thrombotic disease. Eur J Clin Invest 31 (2001) 131-137
    • (2001) Eur J Clin Invest , vol.31 , pp. 131-137
    • Muller, B.1    Tsakiris, D.A.2    Roth, C.B.3    Guglielmetti, M.4    Staub, J.J.5    Marbet, G.A.6
  • 66
    • 33645749295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemostatic function in subjects with mild subclinical hypothyroidism. The Tromso study
    • Jorde R., Fighenschau Y., and Hansen J.B. Hemostatic function in subjects with mild subclinical hypothyroidism. The Tromso study. Thromb Haemost 95 (2006) 750-751
    • (2006) Thromb Haemost , vol.95 , pp. 750-751
    • Jorde, R.1    Fighenschau, Y.2    Hansen, J.B.3
  • 67
    • 0242331178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemostatic system as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women with subclinical hypothyroidism
    • Canturk Z., Cetinarslan B., Tarkun I., Canturk N.Z., Ozden M., and Duman C. Hemostatic system as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid 13 (2003) 971-977
    • (2003) Thyroid , vol.13 , pp. 971-977
    • Canturk, Z.1    Cetinarslan, B.2    Tarkun, I.3    Canturk, N.Z.4    Ozden, M.5    Duman, C.6
  • 68
    • 0027997922 scopus 로고
    • Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older patients
    • Sawin C.T., Geller A., Wolf P.A., et al. Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older patients. N Engl J Med 331 (1994) 1249-1252
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.331 , pp. 1249-1252
    • Sawin, C.T.1    Geller, A.2    Wolf, P.A.3
  • 69
    • 85047687890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical review 142: cardiac dysrhythmias and thyroid dysfunction: the hidden menace?
    • Osman F., Gammage M.D., Sheppard M.C., et al. Clinical review 142: cardiac dysrhythmias and thyroid dysfunction: the hidden menace?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 (2002) 963-967
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 963-967
    • Osman, F.1    Gammage, M.D.2    Sheppard, M.C.3
  • 70
    • 0035210149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular haemodynamics and cardiac autonomic control in patients with subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism
    • Petretta M., Bonaduce D., Spinelli L., et al. Cardiovascular haemodynamics and cardiac autonomic control in patients with subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 145 (2001) 691-696
    • (2001) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.145 , pp. 691-696
    • Petretta, M.1    Bonaduce, D.2    Spinelli, L.3
  • 71
    • 0031759105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical case seminar: reentrant atrioventricular nodal tachycardia induced by levothyroxine
    • Biondi B., Fazio S., Coltorti F., et al. Clinical case seminar: reentrant atrioventricular nodal tachycardia induced by levothyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (1998) 2643-2645
    • (1998) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.83 , pp. 2643-2645
    • Biondi, B.1    Fazio, S.2    Coltorti, F.3
  • 72
    • 13844305785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simple electrocardiographic markers for the prediction of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism
    • Aras D., Maden O., Ozdemir O., et al. Simple electrocardiographic markers for the prediction of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism. Int J Cardiol 99 (2005) 59-64
    • (2005) Int J Cardiol , vol.99 , pp. 59-64
    • Aras, D.1    Maden, O.2    Ozdemir, O.3
  • 73
    • 0022503944 scopus 로고
    • Effects of thyroid hormone on cardiac size and myosin content of the heterotopically transplanted rat heart
    • Klein I., and Hong C. Effects of thyroid hormone on cardiac size and myosin content of the heterotopically transplanted rat heart. J Clin Invest 77 (1986) 1694-1698
    • (1986) J Clin Invest , vol.77 , pp. 1694-1698
    • Klein, I.1    Hong, C.2
  • 74
    • 0032951933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local renin-angiotensin system contributes to hyperthyroidism-induced cardiac hypertrophy
    • Kobori H., Ichihara A., Miyashita Y., Hayashi M., and Saruta T. Local renin-angiotensin system contributes to hyperthyroidism-induced cardiac hypertrophy. J Endocrinol 160 (1999) 43-47
    • (1999) J Endocrinol , vol.160 , pp. 43-47
    • Kobori, H.1    Ichihara, A.2    Miyashita, Y.3    Hayashi, M.4    Saruta, T.5
  • 75
    • 0032212316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased left ventricular mass and hypertrophy are associated with increased risk for sudden death
    • Haider A.W., Larson M.G., Benjamin E.J., and Levy D. Increased left ventricular mass and hypertrophy are associated with increased risk for sudden death. J Am Coll Cardiol 32 (1998) 1454-1459
    • (1998) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.32 , pp. 1454-1459
    • Haider, A.W.1    Larson, M.G.2    Benjamin, E.J.3    Levy, D.4
  • 76
    • 0034456381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac function, physical exercise capacity, and quality of life during long-term thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine: effect of individual dose tailoring
    • Mercuro G., Panzuto M.G., Bina A., et al. Cardiac function, physical exercise capacity, and quality of life during long-term thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine: effect of individual dose tailoring. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 (2000) 159-164
    • (2000) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.85 , pp. 159-164
    • Mercuro, G.1    Panzuto, M.G.2    Bina, A.3
  • 78
    • 32544433441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low serum thyrotropin is associated with high plasma fibrinogen
    • Dorr M., Robinson D.M., Wallaschofski H., et al. Low serum thyrotropin is associated with high plasma fibrinogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 (2006) 530-534
    • (2006) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.91 , pp. 530-534
    • Dorr, M.1    Robinson, D.M.2    Wallaschofski, H.3
  • 79
    • 33644958068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood coagulation, fibrinolytic activity and lipid profile in subclinical thyroid disease: subclinical hyperthyroidism increases plasma factor X activity
    • Erem C. Blood coagulation, fibrinolytic activity and lipid profile in subclinical thyroid disease: subclinical hyperthyroidism increases plasma factor X activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64 (2006) 323-329
    • (2006) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) , vol.64 , pp. 323-329
    • Erem, C.1
  • 80
    • 34447134913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review: the association of thyroid dysfunction with all cause and circulatory mortality: is there a causal relationship?
    • Volzke H., Schwahn C., Wallaschofski H., and Dorr M. Review: the association of thyroid dysfunction with all cause and circulatory mortality: is there a causal relationship?. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 (2007) 2421-2429
    • (2007) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.92 , pp. 2421-2429
    • Volzke, H.1    Schwahn, C.2    Wallaschofski, H.3    Dorr, M.4
  • 81
    • 33644584065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults
    • Cappola A.R., Fried L.P., Arnold A.M., et al. Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults. JAMA 295 (2006) 1033-1041
    • (2006) JAMA , vol.295 , pp. 1033-1041
    • Cappola, A.R.1    Fried, L.P.2    Arnold, A.M.3
  • 83
    • 0024562732 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac arryhthmias and heart rate in hyperthyroidism
    • Olshausen K., Bisehofr S., Kahaly G.J., et al. Cardiac arryhthmias and heart rate in hyperthyroidism. Am J Cardiol 63 (1989) 930-933
    • (1989) Am J Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 930-933
    • Olshausen, K.1    Bisehofr, S.2    Kahaly, G.J.3
  • 84
    • 45149112437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of electrical triggers of atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism
    • Wustmann K., Kueera I.P., Zanehi A., et al. Activation of electrical triggers of atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 (2008) 2104-2108
    • (2008) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.93 , pp. 2104-2108
    • Wustmann, K.1    Kueera, I.P.2    Zanehi, A.3
  • 85
    • 0014767286 scopus 로고
    • The effect of altered thyroid state on atrial intracellular potentials
    • Freedberg A.S., Papp J.G., and Vaugham Williams E.M. The effect of altered thyroid state on atrial intracellular potentials. J Physiol 207 (1970) 357-369
    • (1970) J Physiol , vol.207 , pp. 357-369
    • Freedberg, A.S.1    Papp, J.G.2    Vaugham Williams, E.M.3
  • 86
    • 0014783886 scopus 로고
    • Atrial electrophysiology in experimental hyperthyroidism in rabbits
    • Arnsdorf M.F., and Childers R.W. Atrial electrophysiology in experimental hyperthyroidism in rabbits. Circ Res 26 (1970) 575-581
    • (1970) Circ Res , vol.26 , pp. 575-581
    • Arnsdorf, M.F.1    Childers, R.W.2
  • 87
    • 0037050001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New ideas about atrial fibrillation 50 years on
    • Nattel S. New ideas about atrial fibrillation 50 years on. Nature 415 (2002) 219-226
    • (2002) Nature , vol.415 , pp. 219-226
    • Nattel, S.1
  • 88
    • 0035827734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential ionic mechanism for repolarization differences between canine right and left atrium
    • Li D., Zhang L., Kneller I., and Nattel S. Potential ionic mechanism for repolarization differences between canine right and left atrium. Circ Res 88 (2001) 1168-1175
    • (2001) Circ Res , vol.88 , pp. 1168-1175
    • Li, D.1    Zhang, L.2    Kneller, I.3    Nattel, S.4
  • 89
    • 0037267191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different gene expression of potassium channels by thyroid hormone and an antithyroid drug between the atrium and ventricle of rats
    • Ma M.I., Watanabe K., Watanabe H., et al. Different gene expression of potassium channels by thyroid hormone and an antithyroid drug between the atrium and ventricle of rats. Jpn Heart J 44 (2003) 101-110
    • (2003) Jpn Heart J , vol.44 , pp. 101-110
    • Ma, M.I.1    Watanabe, K.2    Watanabe, H.3
  • 90
    • 0032212666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of thyroid status on expression of voltage-gated potassium channels in rat left ventricle
    • Nishiyama A., Kambe F., Kamiya K., Seo H., and Toyama J. Effects of thyroid status on expression of voltage-gated potassium channels in rat left ventricle. Cardiovasc Res 40 (1998) 343-351
    • (1998) Cardiovasc Res , vol.40 , pp. 343-351
    • Nishiyama, A.1    Kambe, F.2    Kamiya, K.3    Seo, H.4    Toyama, J.5
  • 91
    • 0032492630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone regulates expression of shaker-related potassium channel mRNA in rat heart
    • Abe A., Yamamoto T., Isome M., et al. Thyroid hormone regulates expression of shaker-related potassium channel mRNA in rat heart. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 245 (1998) 226-230
    • (1998) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.245 , pp. 226-230
    • Abe, A.1    Yamamoto, T.2    Isome, M.3
  • 92
    • 20244366952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone regulates mRNA expression and currents of ion channels in rat atrium
    • Watanabe H., Ma M., Washizuka T., et al. Thyroid hormone regulates mRNA expression and currents of ion channels in rat atrium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 308 (2003) 439-444
    • (2003) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.308 , pp. 439-444
    • Watanabe, H.1    Ma, M.2    Washizuka, T.3
  • 93
    • 25444491943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of hyperthyroidism on delayed rectifier potassium currents in left and right murine atrium
    • Hu Y., Jones S.V., and Dillmann W.H. Effects of hyperthyroidism on delayed rectifier potassium currents in left and right murine atrium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289 (2005) H1448-H1455
    • (2005) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.289
    • Hu, Y.1    Jones, S.V.2    Dillmann, W.H.3
  • 94
    • 0037116531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of thyroid hormone on the arrhythmogenic activity of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes
    • Chen Y.C., Chen S.A., Chen Y., Chang M.S., Chan P., and Lin C.I. Effects of thyroid hormone on the arrhythmogenic activity of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes. J Am Coll Cardiol 39 (2002) 366-372
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.39 , pp. 366-372
    • Chen, Y.C.1    Chen, S.A.2    Chen, Y.3    Chang, M.S.4    Chan, P.5    Lin, C.I.6
  • 95
    • 0033517860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating from the pulmonary veins: electrophysiological characteristics, pharmacological responses, and effects of radiofrequency ablation
    • Chen S.A., Hsieh M.H., Tai C.T., et al. Initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating from the pulmonary veins: electrophysiological characteristics, pharmacological responses, and effects of radiofrequency ablation. Circulation 100 (1999) 1879-1886
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.100 , pp. 1879-1886
    • Chen, S.A.1    Hsieh, M.H.2    Tai, C.T.3
  • 96
    • 0033774645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arrhythmogenic activity of cardiac muscle in pulmonary veins of the dog: implication for the genesis of atrial fibrillation
    • Chen Y.I., Chen S.A., Chang M.S., and Lin C.I. Arrhythmogenic activity of cardiac muscle in pulmonary veins of the dog: implication for the genesis of atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res 48 (2000) 265-273
    • (2000) Cardiovasc Res , vol.48 , pp. 265-273
    • Chen, Y.I.1    Chen, S.A.2    Chang, M.S.3    Lin, C.I.4
  • 97
    • 35148895083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid disease and the heart
    • Klein I., and Danzi S. Thyroid disease and the heart. Circulation 116 (2007) 1725-1735
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.116 , pp. 1725-1735
    • Klein, I.1    Danzi, S.2
  • 98
  • 99
    • 0035821279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of chronic heart failure
    • Francis G.S. Pathophysiology of chronic heart failure. Am J Med 110 Suppl. 7A (2001) 37S-46S
    • (2001) Am J Med , vol.110 , Issue.SUPPL. 7A
    • Francis, G.S.1
  • 100
    • 0033621141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms and models in heart failure - a combinatorial approach
    • Mann D.L. Mechanisms and models in heart failure - a combinatorial approach. Circulation 100 (1999) 999-1008
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.100 , pp. 999-1008
    • Mann, D.L.1
  • 101
    • 0026695294 scopus 로고
    • The neurohormonal hypothesis: a theory to explain the mechanism of disease progression in heart failure
    • Packer M. The neurohormonal hypothesis: a theory to explain the mechanism of disease progression in heart failure. Am J Cardiol 20 (1992) 248-254
    • (1992) Am J Cardiol , vol.20 , pp. 248-254
    • Packer, M.1
  • 103
    • 0036018278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure: the low triiodothyronine state
    • Ascheim D.D., and Hryniewicz K. Thyroid hormone metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure: the low triiodothyronine state. Thyroid 12 (2002) 511-515
    • (2002) Thyroid , vol.12 , pp. 511-515
    • Ascheim, D.D.1    Hryniewicz, K.2
  • 104
    • 47549117538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is euthyroid sick syndrome a defensive mechanism against oxidative stress?
    • Selvaraj N., Bobby Z., and Sridhar M.G. Is euthyroid sick syndrome a defensive mechanism against oxidative stress?. Med Hypotheses 71 (2008) 404-405
    • (2008) Med Hypotheses , vol.71 , pp. 404-405
    • Selvaraj, N.1    Bobby, Z.2    Sridhar, M.G.3
  • 105
    • 33845248918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrition support and the chronic critical illness syndrome
    • Hollander J.M., and Mechanick J.I. Nutrition support and the chronic critical illness syndrome. Nutr Clin Pract 21 6 (2006 Dec) 587-604
    • (2006) Nutr Clin Pract , vol.21 , Issue.6 , pp. 587-604
    • Hollander, J.M.1    Mechanick, J.I.2
  • 106
    • 0030944473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Euthyroid sick syndrome: an overview
    • McIver B., and Gorman C.A. Euthyroid sick syndrome: an overview. Thyroid 7 (1997) 125-132
    • (1997) Thyroid , vol.7 , pp. 125-132
    • McIver, B.1    Gorman, C.A.2
  • 107
    • 0030657629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in cardiac contractility and gene expression during low-T3 syndrome: prevention with T3
    • Katzeff H.L., Powell S.R., and Ojamaa K. Alterations in cardiac contractility and gene expression during low-T3 syndrome: prevention with T3. Am J Physiol 273 (1997) E951-E956
    • (1997) Am J Physiol , vol.273
    • Katzeff, H.L.1    Powell, S.R.2    Ojamaa, K.3
  • 108
    • 0030875540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Participation of the pituitary-thyroid axis in the cardiovascular system in elderly patients with congestive heart failure
    • Kimura T., Kanda T., Kuwabara A., Shinohara H., and Kobayashi I. Participation of the pituitary-thyroid axis in the cardiovascular system in elderly patients with congestive heart failure. J Med 28 (1997) 75-80
    • (1997) J Med , vol.28 , pp. 75-80
    • Kimura, T.1    Kanda, T.2    Kuwabara, A.3    Shinohara, H.4    Kobayashi, I.5
  • 109
    • 0030601679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac nuclear hormone receptor mRNA in heart failure in man
    • Sylvén C., Jansson E., Sotonyi P., et al. Cardiac nuclear hormone receptor mRNA in heart failure in man. Life Sci 59 (1996) 1917-1922
    • (1996) Life Sci , vol.59 , pp. 1917-1922
    • Sylvén, C.1    Jansson, E.2    Sotonyi, P.3
  • 110
    • 0035964923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy
    • Kinugawa K., Yonekura K., Ribeiro R.C., et al. Regulation of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 89 (2001) 591-598
    • (2001) Circ Res , vol.89 , pp. 591-598
    • Kinugawa, K.1    Yonekura, K.2    Ribeiro, R.C.3
  • 111
    • 3142655713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone receptor alpha is a molecular switch of cardiac function between fetal and postnatal life
    • Mai W., Janier M.F., Allioli N., et al. Thyroid hormone receptor alpha is a molecular switch of cardiac function between fetal and postnatal life. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (2004) 10332-10337
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 10332-10337
    • Mai, W.1    Janier, M.F.2    Allioli, N.3
  • 112
    • 0035957030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signaling pathways responsible for fetal gene induction in the failing human heart: evidence for altered thyroid hormone receptor gene expression
    • Kinugawa K., Minobe W.A., Wood W.M., et al. Signaling pathways responsible for fetal gene induction in the failing human heart: evidence for altered thyroid hormone receptor gene expression. Circulation 103 (2001) 1089-1094
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.103 , pp. 1089-1094
    • Kinugawa, K.1    Minobe, W.A.2    Wood, W.M.3
  • 113
    • 0035846554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic gene expression in fetal and failing human heart
    • Razeghi P., Young M.E., Alcorn J.L., et al. Metabolic gene expression in fetal and failing human heart. Circulation 104 (2001) 2923-2931
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 2923-2931
    • Razeghi, P.1    Young, M.E.2    Alcorn, J.L.3
  • 114
    • 0023120631 scopus 로고
    • Myosin heavy chain messenger RNA and protein isoform transitions during cardiac hypertrophy. Interaction between hemodynamic and thyroid hormone-induced signals
    • Izumo S., Lompré A.M., Matsuoka R., et al. Myosin heavy chain messenger RNA and protein isoform transitions during cardiac hypertrophy. Interaction between hemodynamic and thyroid hormone-induced signals. J Clin Invest 79 (1987) 970-977
    • (1987) J Clin Invest , vol.79 , pp. 970-977
    • Izumo, S.1    Lompré, A.M.2    Matsuoka, R.3
  • 115
    • 0035968264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superinhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum function by phospholamban induces cardiac contractile failure
    • Haghighi K., Schmidt A.G., Hoit B.D., et al. Superinhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum function by phospholamban induces cardiac contractile failure. J Biol Chem 276 (2001) 24145-24152
    • (2001) J Biol Chem , vol.276 , pp. 24145-24152
    • Haghighi, K.1    Schmidt, A.G.2    Hoit, B.D.3
  • 116
    • 0033968324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of cytoskeleton in heart failure
    • Hein S., Kostin S., Heling A., et al. The role of cytoskeleton in heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 45 (2000) 273-278
    • (2000) Cardiovasc Res , vol.45 , pp. 273-278
    • Hein, S.1    Kostin, S.2    Heling, A.3
  • 117
    • 0032211867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An activator protein-1 (AP-1) response element on pro alpha1(I) collagen gene is necessary for thyroid hormone-induced inhibition of promoter activity in cardiac fibroblasts
    • Lee H.W., Klein L.E., Raser J., et al. An activator protein-1 (AP-1) response element on pro alpha1(I) collagen gene is necessary for thyroid hormone-induced inhibition of promoter activity in cardiac fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 30 (1998) 2495-2506
    • (1998) J Mol Cell Cardiol , vol.30 , pp. 2495-2506
    • Lee, H.W.1    Klein, L.E.2    Raser, J.3
  • 118
    • 85047675993 scopus 로고
    • Decreased collagen mRNA and regression of cardiac fibrosis in the ventricular myocardium of the tight skin mouse following thyroid hormone treatment
    • Yao J., and Eghbali M. Decreased collagen mRNA and regression of cardiac fibrosis in the ventricular myocardium of the tight skin mouse following thyroid hormone treatment. Cardiovasc Res 26 (1992) 603-607
    • (1992) Cardiovasc Res , vol.26 , pp. 603-607
    • Yao, J.1    Eghbali, M.2
  • 119
    • 0030801835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological modulation of pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy: changes in ventricular function, extracellular matrix, and gene expression
    • Wong K., Boheler K.R., and Petrou M. Pharmacological modulation of pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy: changes in ventricular function, extracellular matrix, and gene expression. Circulation 96 (1997) 2239-2246
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 2239-2246
    • Wong, K.1    Boheler, K.R.2    Petrou, M.3
  • 120
    • 1042292003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamic interaction between matrix metalloproteinase activity and adverse myocardial remodeling
    • Janicki J.S., Brower G.L., Gardner J.D., et al. The dynamic interaction between matrix metalloproteinase activity and adverse myocardial remodeling. Heart Fail Rev 9 (2004) 33-42
    • (2004) Heart Fail Rev , vol.9 , pp. 33-42
    • Janicki, J.S.1    Brower, G.L.2    Gardner, J.D.3
  • 121
    • 3242786569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac natriuretic hormones, neuro-hormones, thyroid hormones and cytokines in normal subjects and patients with heart failure
    • Emdin M., Passino C., Prontera C., et al. Cardiac natriuretic hormones, neuro-hormones, thyroid hormones and cytokines in normal subjects and patients with heart failure. Clin Chem Lab Med 42 (2004) 627-636
    • (2004) Clin Chem Lab Med , vol.42 , pp. 627-636
    • Emdin, M.1    Passino, C.2    Prontera, C.3
  • 122
    • 0025350652 scopus 로고
    • Altered thyroid hormone metabolism in advanced heart failure
    • Hamilton M.A., Stevenson L.W., Luu M., et al. Altered thyroid hormone metabolism in advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 16 (1990) 9-15
    • (1990) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.16 , pp. 9-15
    • Hamilton, M.A.1    Stevenson, L.W.2    Luu, M.3
  • 123
    • 11844303498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine ratio, echocardiographic parameters and mortality in dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Kozdag G., Ural D., Vural A., et al. Relation between free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine ratio, echocardiographic parameters and mortality in dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 7 (2005) 113-118
    • (2005) Eur J Heart Fail , vol.7 , pp. 113-118
    • Kozdag, G.1    Ural, D.2    Vural, A.3
  • 124
    • 38949117328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triiodothyronine (T3) effects on cardiovascular system in patients with heart failure
    • Pingitore A., and Iervasi G. Triiodothyronine (T3) effects on cardiovascular system in patients with heart failure. Recent Patents Cardiovasc Drug Discov 3 (2008) 19-27
    • (2008) Recent Patents Cardiovasc Drug Discov , vol.3 , pp. 19-27
    • Pingitore, A.1    Iervasi, G.2
  • 125
    • 84891463075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic thyroid hormone and thyroid hormone analogues of heart failure
    • Iervasi G., and Pingitore A. (Eds), Springer-Verlag, Italia
    • Pingitore A., Lionetti V., and Forini F. Synthetic thyroid hormone and thyroid hormone analogues of heart failure. In: Iervasi G., and Pingitore A. (Eds). Thyroid and heart failure (2009), Springer-Verlag, Italia
    • (2009) Thyroid and heart failure
    • Pingitore, A.1    Lionetti, V.2    Forini, F.3
  • 126
    • 0033019568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous thyroid hormone supplementation in heart failure with cardiogenic shock
    • Malik F.S., Mehra M.R., Uber P.A., et al. Intravenous thyroid hormone supplementation in heart failure with cardiogenic shock. J Card Fail 5 (1999) 31-37
    • (1999) J Card Fail , vol.5 , pp. 31-37
    • Malik, F.S.1    Mehra, M.R.2    Uber, P.A.3
  • 127
    • 0032519597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and hemodynamic effects of intravenous triiodothyronine in advanced congestive heart failure
    • Hamilton M.A., Stevenson L.W., Fonarow G.C., et al. Safety and hemodynamic effects of intravenous triiodothyronine in advanced congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 81 (1998) 443-447
    • (1998) Am J Cardiol , vol.81 , pp. 443-447
    • Hamilton, M.A.1    Stevenson, L.W.2    Fonarow, G.C.3
  • 128
    • 41949107829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of triiodothyronine (T3) replacement therapy in patients with chronic heart failure and low T3 syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled study
    • Pingitore A., Galli E., Barison A., et al. Acute effects of triiodothyronine (T3) replacement therapy in patients with chronic heart failure and low T3 syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 (2008) 1351-1358
    • (2008) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.93 , pp. 1351-1358
    • Pingitore, A.1    Galli, E.2    Barison, A.3
  • 129
    • 71749108227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iervasi G., Emdin M., Colzani RMP, et al. Beneficial effects of long-term triiodothyronine (T3) infusion in patients with advanced heart failure and low T3 syndrome. In: Kimchi A, editor. Heart disease: new trends in research, diagnosis and treatment. Medimomd, Bologna, p. 549-553.
    • Iervasi G., Emdin M., Colzani RMP, et al. Beneficial effects of long-term triiodothyronine (T3) infusion in patients with advanced heart failure and low T3 syndrome. In: Kimchi A, editor. Heart disease: new trends in research, diagnosis and treatment. Medimomd, Bologna, p. 549-553.
  • 130
    • 0027979425 scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of l-thyroxine to improve cardiac and exercise performance in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Moruzzi P., Doria E., Agostoni P.G., Capacchione V., and Sganzerla P. Usefulness of l-thyroxine to improve cardiac and exercise performance in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 73 (1994) 374-378
    • (1994) Am J Cardiol , vol.73 , pp. 374-378
    • Moruzzi, P.1    Doria, E.2    Agostoni, P.G.3    Capacchione, V.4    Sganzerla, P.5
  • 131
    • 0030281511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medium-term effectiveness of l-thyroxine treatment in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Moruzzi P., Doria E., and Agostoni P.G. Medium-term effectiveness of l-thyroxine treatment in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Med 101 (1996) 461-467
    • (1996) Am J Med , vol.101 , pp. 461-467
    • Moruzzi, P.1    Doria, E.2    Agostoni, P.G.3
  • 133
    • 64049099506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone therapy is not indicated in the majority of patients with the sick euthyroid syndrome
    • Farwell A.P. Thyroid hormone therapy is not indicated in the majority of patients with the sick euthyroid syndrome. Endocr Pract 14 (2008) 1180-1187
    • (2008) Endocr Pract , vol.14 , pp. 1180-1187
    • Farwell, A.P.1
  • 136
    • 0026707452 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac effects of 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid, a thyroid hormone analog with inotropic selectivity
    • Pennock G.D., Raya T.E., Bah J.J., et al. Cardiac effects of 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid, a thyroid hormone analog with inotropic selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263 (1992) 163-169
    • (1992) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.263 , pp. 163-169
    • Pennock, G.D.1    Raya, T.E.2    Bah, J.J.3
  • 137
    • 0036043679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pilot studies on the use of 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid, a thyroid hormone analog, in the treatment of congestive heart failure
    • Morkin E., Pennock G., Spooner P.H., et al. Pilot studies on the use of 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid, a thyroid hormone analog, in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Cardiology 97 (2002) 218-225
    • (2002) Cardiology , vol.97 , pp. 218-225
    • Morkin, E.1    Pennock, G.2    Spooner, P.H.3
  • 138
    • 9744228694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone analogs for treatment of hypercolesterolemia and heart failure: past, present and future prospects
    • Morkin E., Ladenson P., Goldman S., et al. Thyroid hormone analogs for treatment of hypercolesterolemia and heart failure: past, present and future prospects. J Mol Cell Cardiol 37 (2004) 1137-1146
    • (2004) J Mol Cell Cardiol , vol.37 , pp. 1137-1146
    • Morkin, E.1    Ladenson, P.2    Goldman, S.3
  • 139
    • 58949094964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DITPA a thyroid hormone analog to treat heart failure: phase II Trial VA Cooperative Study
    • Goldman S., McCarren M., Morkin E., et al. DITPA a thyroid hormone analog to treat heart failure: phase II Trial VA Cooperative Study. J Card Fail 14 (2008) 796
    • (2008) J Card Fail , vol.14 , pp. 796
    • Goldman, S.1    McCarren, M.2    Morkin, E.3
  • 140
    • 0022576606 scopus 로고
    • Thyroxine therapy in patients with severe nonthyroidal illnesses and low serum thyroxine concentration
    • Brent G.A., and Hershman J.M. Thyroxine therapy in patients with severe nonthyroidal illnesses and low serum thyroxine concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63 (1986) 1-8
    • (1986) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.63 , pp. 1-8
    • Brent, G.A.1    Hershman, J.M.2
  • 141
    • 0023181142 scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to hormonal therapy in brain-dead potential organ donors
    • Novitzky D., K Cooper D., and Reichart B. Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to hormonal therapy in brain-dead potential organ donors. Transplantation 43 (1987) 852-854
    • (1987) Transplantation , vol.43 , pp. 852-854
    • Novitzky, D.1    K Cooper, D.2    Reichart, B.3
  • 142
    • 0026683085 scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effect of combined 3,5,3-triiodothyronine and vasopressin administration on hepatic energy status and systemic hemodynamics after brain death
    • Washida M., Okamoto R., and Manaka D. Beneficial effect of combined 3,5,3-triiodothyronine and vasopressin administration on hepatic energy status and systemic hemodynamics after brain death. Transplantation 54 (1992) 44-49
    • (1992) Transplantation , vol.54 , pp. 44-49
    • Washida, M.1    Okamoto, R.2    Manaka, D.3
  • 143
    • 4243733314 scopus 로고
    • Hormonal therapy in human brain-dead potential organ donors: comparative study
    • A246
    • Mariot J., Jacob F., and Voltz C. Hormonal therapy in human brain-dead potential organ donors: comparative study. Anesthesiology 73 (1990) A246
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.73
    • Mariot, J.1    Jacob, F.2    Voltz, C.3
  • 144
    • 0029995912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of triiodothyronine on hemodynamic status and cardiac function in potential organ donors
    • Goarin J.P., Cohen S., and Riou B. The effects of triiodothyronine on hemodynamic status and cardiac function in potential organ donors. Anesth Analg 83 (1996) 41-47
    • (1996) Anesth Analg , vol.83 , pp. 41-47
    • Goarin, J.P.1    Cohen, S.2    Riou, B.3
  • 145
    • 0029872072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular effects of intravenous triiodothyronine in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery
    • Bennett-Guerrero E., Jimenez J.L., and White W.D. Cardiovascular effects of intravenous triiodothyronine in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Am Med Assoc 275 (1996) 687-692
    • (1996) J Am Med Assoc , vol.275 , pp. 687-692
    • Bennett-Guerrero, E.1    Jimenez, J.L.2    White, W.D.3
  • 146
    • 0028808234 scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormone treatment after coronary-artery bypass surgery
    • Klemperer J.D., Klein I., and Gomez M. Thyroid hormone treatment after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 333 (1995) 1522-1527
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 1522-1527
    • Klemperer, J.D.1    Klein, I.2    Gomez, M.3
  • 147
    • 0033047639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized double-blinded study of the effect of triiodothyronine on the cardiac function and morbidity after coronary bypass surgery
    • Mullis-Jansson S., Argenziano M., and Corwin S. A randomized double-blinded study of the effect of triiodothyronine on the cardiac function and morbidity after coronary bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117 (1999) 1128-1135
    • (1999) J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg , vol.117 , pp. 1128-1135
    • Mullis-Jansson, S.1    Argenziano, M.2    Corwin, S.3
  • 148
    • 0023821377 scopus 로고
    • Effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on myocardial high-energy phosphates and lactate after ischemia and cardiopulmonary bypass
    • Novitzky D., Human P.A., and Cooper D.K.C. Effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on myocardial high-energy phosphates and lactate after ischemia and cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 96 (1988) 600-607
    • (1988) J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg , vol.96 , pp. 600-607
    • Novitzky, D.1    Human, P.A.2    Cooper, D.K.C.3
  • 149
    • 0024838409 scopus 로고
    • Inotropic effect of triiodothyronine (T3) in low cardiac output following cardioplegic arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass: and initial experience in patients undergoing open heart surgery
    • Novitzky D., Cooper D.K.C., and Swanepoel A. Inotropic effect of triiodothyronine (T3) in low cardiac output following cardioplegic arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass: and initial experience in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 3 (1989) 140-145
    • (1989) Eur J Cardiothorac Surg , vol.3 , pp. 140-145
    • Novitzky, D.1    Cooper, D.K.C.2    Swanepoel, A.3
  • 150
    • 0023872448 scopus 로고
    • Inotropic effect of triiodothyronine (T3) following myocardial ischemia and cardiopulmonary bypass. An experimental study in pigs
    • Novitzky D., Human P.A., and Cooper D.K.C. Inotropic effect of triiodothyronine (T3) following myocardial ischemia and cardiopulmonary bypass. An experimental study in pigs. Ann Thorac Surg 45 (1988) 50-55
    • (1988) Ann Thorac Surg , vol.45 , pp. 50-55
    • Novitzky, D.1    Human, P.A.2    Cooper, D.K.C.3
  • 151
    • 0026464461 scopus 로고
    • Facilitated recovery of cardiac performance by triiodothyronine following a transient ischemic insult
    • Yokoyama Y., Novitzky D., Deal M.T., and Snow T.R. Facilitated recovery of cardiac performance by triiodothyronine following a transient ischemic insult. Cardiology 81 (1992) 34-45
    • (1992) Cardiology , vol.81 , pp. 34-45
    • Yokoyama, Y.1    Novitzky, D.2    Deal, M.T.3    Snow, T.R.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.