Glycine as a neurotransmitter in the forebrain: A short review

Journal of Neural Transmission

Volumn 116, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 1551-1560

  Hernandes, Marina Sorrentino ^a   Troncone, Lanfranco R P ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b INSTITUTO BUTANTAN   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Forebrain; GABA; Glycine; Neurotransmitters; NMDA

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; CHLORIDE; GLYCINE; GLYCINE RECEPTOR; GLYCINE TRANSPORTER; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR;

CELL LEVEL; FOREBRAIN; HUMAN; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; GLYCINE; HUMANS; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; PROSENCEPHALON;

EID: 70949105241     PISSN: 03009564     EISSN: 14351463     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0326-6     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. - co-transporter KCC2 Development 130 1267 1280 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXislOktbc%3D 12588844
2. - current in cultured mouse neurons J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270 61 69 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXltVWksbk%3D 8035343
3. LG Aguayo B van Zundert JC Tapia MA Carrasco FJ Alvarez 2004 Changes on the properties of glycine receptors during neuronal development Brain Res Brain Res Rev 47 33 45 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVantLrP 15572161
4. H Akagi R Miledi 1988 Heterogeneity of glycine receptors and their messenger RNAs in rat brain and spinal cord Science 242 270 273 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXltF2j 2845580
5. MH Aprison R Werman 1965 The distribution of glycine in cat spinal cord and roots Life Sci 4 2075 2083 1:CAS:528:DyaF28XjvVWitg%3D%3D 5866625
6. C Aragon B Lopez-Corcuera 2003 Structure, function and regulation of glycine neurotransporters Eur J Pharmacol 479 249 262 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3sXovVGnur4%3D 14612155
7. C Aragon B Lopez-Corcuera 2005 Glycine transporters: crucial roles of pharmacological interest revealed by gene deletion Trends Pharmacol Sci 26 283 286 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXltFegt74%3D 15925702
8. T Araki M Yamano T Murakami A Wanaka H Betz M Tohyama 1988 Localization of glycine receptors in the rat central nervous system: an immunocytochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody Neuroscience 25 613 624 1:CAS:528: DyaL1cXksVyqsbs%3D 2840602
9. KR Aubrey FM Rossi R Ruivo S Alboni GC Bellenchi A Le Goff B Gasnier S Supplisson 2007 The transporters GlyT2 and VIAAT cooperate to determine the vesicular glycinergic phenotype J Neurosci 27 6273 6281 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXmsl2is7o%3D 17554001
10. A Barth LB Nguyen L Barth DW Newell 2005 Glycine-induced neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures Exp Brain Res 161 351 357 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhsFCqtbo%3D 15490133
11. H Bauwe U Kolukisaoglu 2003 Genetic manipulation of glycine decarboxylation J Exp Bot 54 1523 1535 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktVCgtrc%3D 12730263
12. Y Ben-Ari 2002 Excitatory actions of gaba during development: the nature of the nurture Nat Rev Neurosci 3 728 739 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xmslags7o%3D 12209121 (Pubitemid 135706678)
13. H Betz B Laube 2006 Glycine receptors: recent insights into their structural organization and functional diversity J Neurochem 97 1600 1610 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xnt1Ons70%3D 16805771
14. D Billups D Attwell 2002 Control of intracellular chloride concentration and GABA response polarity in rat retinal ON bipolar cells J Physiol 545 183 198 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktFertA%3D%3D 12433959
15. J Bormann N Rundstrom H Betz D Langosch 1993 Residues within transmembrane segment M2 determine chloride conductance of glycine receptor homo- and hetero-oligomers EMBO J 12 3729 3737 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXlvFyjt70%3D 8404844
16. AM Brown 1994 Modulation of the hair cell motor: a possible source of odd-order distortion J Acoust Soc Am 96 2210 2215 1:STN:280: DyaK2M%2Flt1SltA%3D%3D 7963033
17. JJ Celentano TT Gibbs DH Farb 1988 Ethanol potentiates GABA- and glycine-induced chloride currents in chick spinal cord neurons Brain Res 455 377 380 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXltVKgt7s%3D 2900060
18. JE Chatterton M Awobuluyi LS Premkumar H Takahashi M Talantova Y Shin J Cui S Tu KA Sevarino N Nakanishi G Tong SA Lipton D Zhang 2002 Excitatory glycine receptors containing the NR3 family of NMDA receptor subunits Nature 415 793 798 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhsFekt70%3D 11823786
19. L Chen M Muhlhauser CR Yang 2003 Glycine tranporter-1 blockade potentiates NMDA-mediated responses in rat prefrontal cortical neurons in vitro and in vivo J Neurophysiol 89 691 703 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhslKqu7w%3D 12574447
20. MH Cheng M Cascio RD Coalson 2007 Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of the alpha1 glycine receptor reveals different states of the channel Proteins 68 2 581 593 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmvVaksLw%3D 17469203 (Pubitemid 46981950)
21. JA Coull D Boudreau K Bachand SA Prescott F Nault A Sik P De Koninck Y De Koninck 2003 Trans-synaptic shift in anion gradient in spinal lamina I neurons as a mechanism of neuropathic pain Nature 424 938 942 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3sXmsV2isLk%3D 12931188
22. DK Crawford JR Trudell EJ Bertaccini K Li DL Davies RL Alkana 2007 Evidence that ethanol acts on a target in Loop 2 of the extracellular domain of alpha1 glycine receptors J Neurochem 102 2097 2109 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXhtVyksb%2FO 17561937
23. S Cull-Candy S Brickley M Farrant 2001 NMDA receptor subunits: diversity, development and disease Curr Opin Neurobiol 11 327 335 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXks1Oktbg%3D 11399431
24. S Datta RR Maclean 2007 Neurobiological mechanisms for the regulation of mammalian sleep-wake behavior: reinterpretation of historical evidence and inclusion of contemporary cellular and molecular evidence Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31 775 824 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXkvFOmtbk%3D 17445891
25. DL Davies JR Trudell SJ Mihic DK Crawford RL Alkana 2003 Ethanol potentiation of glycine receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes antagonized by increased atmospheric pressure Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27 743 755 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXksVyks78%3D 12766618
26. DL Davies DK Crawford JR Trudell SJ Mihic RL Alkana 2004 Multiple sites of ethanol action in alpha1 and alpha2 glycine receptors suggested by sensitivity to pressure antagonism J Neurochem 89 1175 1185 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2cXkvFOktbY%3D 15147510
27. Y De Koninck 2007 Altered chloride homeostasis in neurological disorders: a new target Curr Opin Pharmacol 7 93 99 17182282
28. E Delpire DB Mount 2002 Human and murine phenotypes associated with defects in cation-chloride cotransport Annu Rev Physiol 64 803 843 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XisFGmtr0%3D 11826289
29. R Douce M Neuburger 1999 Biochemical dissection of photorespiration Curr Opin Plant Biol 2 214 222 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXkt1Cgs7k%3D 10375564
30. A Dumoulin A Triller S Dieudonne 2001 IPSC kinetics at identified GABAergic and mixed GABAergic and glycinergic synapses onto cerebellar Golgi cells J Neurosci 21 6045 6057 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlvFKmsLs%3D 11487628
31. ED Eggers JA O'Brien AJ Berger 2000 Developmental changes in the modulation of synaptic glycine receptors by ethanol J Neurophysiol 84 2409 2416 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXptVaqur4%3D 11067983
32. V Eulenburg W Armsen H Betz J Gomeza 2005 Glycine transporters: essential regulators of neurotransmission Trends Biochem Sci 30 325 333 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXltFCks7g%3D 15950877
33. E Friauf B Hammerschmidt J Kirsch 1997 Development of adult-type inhibitory glycine receptors in the central auditory system of rats J Comp Neurol 385 117 134 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXls1WksL0%3D 9268120
34. G Gamba A Miyanoshita M Lombardi J Lytton WS Lee MA Hediger SC Hebert 1994 Molecular cloning, primary structure, and characterization of two members of the mammalian electroneutral sodium-(potassium)-chloride cotransporter family expressed in kidney J Biol Chem 269 17713 17722 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlslehurY%3D 8021284
35. G Grenningloh A Rienitz B Schmitt C Methfessel M Zensen K Beyreuther ED Gundelfinger H Betz 1987 The strychnine-binding subunit of the glycine receptor shows homology with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Nature 328 215 220 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXhtlOi 3037383
36. RJ Harvey UB Depner H Wassle S Ahmadi C Heindl H Reinold TG Smart K Harvey B Schutz OM Abo-Salem A Zimmer P Poisbeau H Welzl DP Wolfer H Betz HU Zeilhofer U Muller 2004 GlyR alpha3: an essential target for spinal PGE2-mediated inflammatory pain sensitization Science 304 884 887 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjs1KjtLs%3D 15131310
37. MS Hernandes L de Magalhaes LR Troncone 2007 Glycine stimulates the release of labeled acetylcholine but not dopamine nor glutamate from superfused rat striatal tissue Brain Res 1168 32 37 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpvFKhtLY%3D 17707353
38. H Hirai J Kirsch B Laube H Betz J Kuhse 1996 The glycine binding site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit NR1: identification of novel determinants of co-agonist potentiation in the extracellular M3-M4 loop region Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 6031 6036 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xjs1OjsbY%3D 8650214
39. W Hoch H Betz CM Becker 1989 Primary cultures of mouse spinal cord express the neonatal isoform of the inhibitory glycine receptor Neuron 3 339 348 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXlt1KqsrY%3D 2561971
40. JM Hopkin MJ Neal 1970 Thr release of 14C-glycine from electrically stimulated rat spinal cord slices Br J Pharmacol 40 136P 138P 1:STN:280:DyaE3M%2FlslGruw%3D%3D 4321078
41. TJ Jentsch V Stein F Weinreich AA Zdebik 2002 Molecular structure and physiological function of chloride channels Physiol Rev 82 503 568 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjtFOnsL0%3D 11917096
42. JW Johnson P Ascher 1987 Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons Nature 325 529 531 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhtFCju7c%3D 2433595
43. A Karlin MH Akabas 1995 Toward a structural basis for the function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and their cousins Neuron 15 1231 1244 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xht1Smsw%3D%3D 8845149
44. J Kirsch H Betz 1998 Glycine-receptor activation is required for receptor clustering in spinal neurons Nature 392 717 720 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjtVWgtrk%3D 9565032
45. NW Kleckner R Dingledine 1988 Requirement for glycine in activation of NMDA-receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes Science 241 835 837 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXlt1aqurc%3D 2841759
46. J Kuhse V Schmieden H Betz 1990 Identification and functional expression of a novel ligand binding subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor J Biol Chem 265 22317 22320 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXhslykt7w%3D 2176214
47. S Kure K Tada K Narisawa 1997 Nonketotic hyperglycinemia: biochemical, molecular, and neurological aspects Jpn J Hum Genet 42 13 22 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXislWrsrY%3D 9183995
48. A Kuryatov B Laube H Betz J Kuhse 1994 Mutational analysis of the glycine-binding site of the NMDA receptor: structural similarity with bacterial amino acid-binding proteins Neuron 12 1291 1300 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlt1GntLw%3D 8011339
49. SR Lapper JP Bolam 1992 Input from the frontal cortex and the parafascicular nucleus to cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum of the rat Neuroscience 51 533 545 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7ktV2gsQ%3D%3D 1488113
50. P Le Rouzic TR Ivanov PJ Stanley FM Baudoin F Chan E Pinteaux PD Brown SM Luckman 2006 KCC3 and KCC4 expression in rat adult forebrain Brain Res 1110 39 45 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xps1Crsbk%3D 16872584
51. JF Leite B Gribble N Randolph M Cascio 2002 In vitro interaction of the glycine receptor with the leptin receptor Physiol Behav 77 565 569 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXivVKktA%3D%3D 12527000
52. A Lundberg K Malmgren ED Schomburg 1975 Convergence from Lb, cutaneous and joint afferents in reflex pathways to motoneurones Brain Res 87 81 84 1:STN:280:DyaE2M7ivVyitg%3D%3D 1120258
53. JW Lynch 2004 Molecular structure and function of the glycine receptor chloride channel Physiol Rev 84 1051 1095 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXovVyltLk%3D 15383648
54. G Maksay B Laube H Betz 2001 Subunit-specific modulation of glycine receptors by neurosteroids Neuropharmacology 41 369 376 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXmtFSlsr8%3D 11522328
55. ML Malosio B Marqueze-Pouey J Kuhse H Betz 1991 Widespread expression of glycine receptor subunit mRNAs in the adult and developing rat brain EMBO J 10 2401 2409 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXlsFWmtrY%3D 1651228
56. JM Mangin M Baloul L Prado De Carvalho B Rogister JM Rigo P Legendre 2003 Kinetic properties of the alpha2 homo-oligomeric glycine receptor impairs a proper synaptic functioning J Physiol 553 369 386 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2cXitlWntA%3D%3D 12972628
57. MP Mascia SJ Mihic CF Valenzuela PR Schofield RA Harris 1996 A single amino acid determines differences in ethanol actions on strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors Mol Pharmacol 50 402 406 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XkvFCqur4%3D 8700149
58. JR McDearmid M Liao P Drapeau 2006 Glycine receptors regulate interneuron differentiation during spinal network development Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 9679 9684 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmsVOnsbY%3D 16763051
59. H Meguro H Mori K Araki E Kushiya T Kutsuwada M Yamazaki T Kumanishi M Arakawa K Sakimura M Mishina 1992 Functional characterization of a heteromeric NMDA receptor channel expressed from cloned cDNAs Nature 357 70 74 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXitVGgtbs%3D 1374164
60. SJ Mihic Q Ye MJ Wick VV Koltchine MD Krasowski SE Finn MP Mascia CF Valenzuela KK Hanson EP Greenblatt RA Harris NL Harrison 1997 Sites of alcohol and volatile anaesthetic action on GABA(A) and glycine receptors Nature 389 385 389 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmsVajur4%3D 9311780
61. MJ Neal HG Pickles 1969 Uptake of 14C glycine by spinal cord Nature 222 679 680 1:CAS:528:DyaF1MXkt1ygurY%3D 5768284
62. JR Pace BM Martin SM Paul MA Rogawski 1992 High concentrations of neutral amino acids activate NMDA receptor currents in rat hippocampal neurons Neurosci Lett 141 97 100 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XkvVCjs7g%3D 1324446
63. - transporters in the hippocampal subiculum from temporal lobe epilepsy patients make GABA excitatory Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 8465 8468 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XlvFChtLs%3D 16709666
64. JA Payne C Rivera J Voipio K Kaila 2003 Cation-chloride co-transporters in neuronal communication, development and trauma Trends Neurosci 26 199 206 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXis12nsb4%3D 12689771
65. DI Perkins JR Trudell DK Crawford RL Alkana DL Davies 2008 Targets for ethanol action and antagonism in loop 2 of the extracellular domain of glycine receptors J Neurochem 106 1337 1349 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXpsFOisLk%3D 18485105
66. F Pfeiffer D Graham H Betz 1982 Purification by affinity chromatography of the glycine receptor of rat spinal cord J Biol Chem 257 9389 9393 1:CAS:528:DyaL38Xlt1ans7Y%3D 6286620 (Pubitemid 13199102)
67. MD Plotkin EY Snyder SC Hebert E Delpire 1997 Expression of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter is developmentally regulated in postnatal rat brains: a possible mechanism underlying GABA's excitatory role in immature brain J Neurobiol 33 781 795 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXntlSgu70%3D 9369151
68. L Raiteri S Stigliani C Usai A Diaspro S Paluzzi M Milanese M Raiteri G Bonanno 2008 Functional expression of release-regulating glycine transporters GLYT1 on GABAergic neurons and GLYT2 on astrocytes in mouse spinal cord Neurochem Int 52 103 112 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVCjt7fM 17597258
69. MI Rees TM Lewis JB Kwok GR Mortier P Govaert RG Snell PR Schofield MJ Owen 2002 Hyperekplexia associated with compound heterozygote mutations in the beta-subunit of the human inhibitory glycine receptor (GLRB) Hum Mol Genet 11 853 860 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xjt1Grtr0%3D 11929858
70. MI Rees K Harvey H Ward JH White L Evans IC Duguid CC Hsu SL Coleman J Miller K Baer HJ Waldvogel F Gibbon TG Smart MJ Owen RJ Harvey RG Snell 2003 Isoform heterogeneity of the human gephyrin gene (GPHN), binding domains to the glycine receptor, and mutation analysis in hyperekplexia J Biol Chem 278 24688 24696 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltVSmu7k%3D 12684523
71. JN Reynolds JR Wickens 2004 The corticostriatal input to giant aspiny interneurons in the rat: a candidate pathway for synchronising the response to reward-related cues Brain Res 1011 115 128 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXktVCltrk%3D 15140651
72. - extrusion J Cell Biol 159 747 752 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38XpsFCqtb0%3D 12473684
73. C Rivera J Voipio J Thomas-Crusells H Li Z Emri S Sipila JA Payne L Minichiello M Saarma K Kaila 2004 Mechanism of activity-dependent downregulation of the neuron-specific K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 J Neurosci 24 4683 4691 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXksFCqurc%3D 15140939
74. C Sagne S El Mestikawy MF Isambert M Hamon JP Henry B Giros B Gasnier 1997 Cloning of a functional vesicular GABA and glycine transporter by screening of genome databases FEBS Lett 417 177 183 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnt1eksbc%3D 9395291
75. JT Sanchez D Gans JJ Wenstrup 2008 Glycinergic "inhibition" mediates selective excitatory responses to combinations of sounds J Neurosci 28 80 90 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmtV2ntA%3D%3D 18171925
76. P Saransaari SS Oja 2009 Mechanisms of glycine release in mouse brain stem slices Neurochem Res 34 286 294 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpvFajsA%3D%3D 18600448
77. B Saul V Schmieden C Kling C Mulhardt P Gass J Kuhse CM Becker 1994 Point mutation of glycine receptor alpha 1 subunit in the spasmodic mouse affects agonist responses FEBS Lett 350 71 76 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmt1ens78%3D 8062927
78. V Schmieden J Kuhse H Betz 1992 Agonist pharmacology of neonatal and adult glycine receptor alpha subunits: identification of amino acid residues involved in taurine activation EMBO J 11 2025 2032 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xks1eit78%3D 1376243
79. J Semba S Kito M Toru 1995 Characterisation of extracellular amino acids in striatum of freely moving rats by in vivo microdialysis J Neural Transm Gen Sect 100 39 52 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXotlOksbc%3D 8748662
80. OA Sergeeva 1998 Comparison of glycine- and GABA-evoked currents in two types of neurons isolated from the rat striatum Neurosci Lett 243 9 12 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhtlOht7Y%3D 9535100
81. Q Shan JL Haddrill JW Lynch 2001 A single beta subunit M2 domain residue controls the picrotoxin sensitivity of alphabeta heteromeric glycine receptor chloride channels J Neurochem 76 1109 1120 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhs12gu7o%3D 11181831
82. Q Shan ST Nevin JL Haddrill JW Lynch 2003 Asymmetric contribution of alpha and beta subunits to the activation of alphabeta heteromeric glycine receptors J Neurochem 86 498 507 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlslGht7s%3D 12871591
83. RP Shank MH Aprison 1970 The metabolism in vivo of glycine and serine in eight areas of the rat central nervous system J Neurochem 17 1461 1475 1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXhsl2q 5471908
84. R Shiang SG Ryan YZ Zhu AF Hahn P O'Connell JJ Wasmuth 1993 Mutations in the alpha 1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor cause the dominant neurologic disorder, hyperekplexia Nat Genet 5 351 358 1:CAS:528: DyaK2cXnsVOhuw%3D%3D 8298642 (Pubitemid 2000272)
85. AJ Smith S Owens ID Forsythe 2000 Characterisation of inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents of the rat medial superior olive J Physiol 529 Pt 3 681 698 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjsl2jtQ%3D%3D 11118498
86. CT Smothers JJ Woodward 2007 Pharmacological characterization of glycine-activated currents in HEK 293 cells expressing N-methyl-d-aspartate NR1 and NR3 subunits J Pharmacol Exp Ther 322 739 748 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXoslSjurs%3D 17502428
87. V Stein RA Nicoll 2003 GABA generates excitement Neuron 37 375 378 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhsVOmtbk%3D 12575946
88. S Supplisson C Bergman 1997 Control of NMDA receptor activation by a glycine transporter co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes J Neurosci 17 4580 4590 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjvFCmsrk%3D 9169519
89. S Supplisson D Chesnoy-Marchais 2000 Glycine receptor beta subunits play a critical role in potentiation of glycine responses by ICS-205, 930 Mol Pharmacol 58 763 770 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXntValu70%3D 10999946
90. J Szabadics C Varga G Molnar S Olah P Barzo G Tamas 2006 Excitatory effect of GABAergic axo-axonic cells in cortical microcircuits Science 311 233 235 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XkvVaktA%3D%3D 16410524
91. JC Tapia LG Aguayo 1998 Changes in the properties of developing glycine receptors in cultured mouse spinal neurons Synapse 28 185 194 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXptlOnug%3D%3D 9488503
92. AN van den Pol K Obrietan G Chen 1996 Excitatory actions of GABA after neuronal trauma J Neurosci 16 4283 4292 8753889
93. V Vengeliene A Bilbao A Molander R Spanagel 2008 Neuropharmacology of alcohol addiction Br J Pharmacol 154 299 315 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlvVWgu7g%3D 18311194
94. L Vitanova S Haverkamp H Wassle 2004 Immunocytochemical localization of glycine and glycine receptors in the retina of the frog Rana ridibunda Cell Tissue Res 317 227 235 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmvVOns7g%3D 15322906 (Pubitemid 39222942)
95. MR Wester DC Teasley SL Byers MS Saha 2008 Expression patterns of glycine transporters (xGlyT1, xGlyT2, and xVIAAT) in Xenopus laevis during early development Gene Expr Patterns 8 261 270 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitlOhur8%3D 18262473
96. ZL Xu DM Byers FB Palmer MW Spence HW Cook 1991 Serine utilization as a precursor of phosphatidylserine and alkenyl-(plasmenyl)-, alkyl-, and acylethanolamine phosphoglycerides in cultured glioma cells J Biol Chem 266 2143 2150 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXpvV2jtw%3D%3D 1899236
97. JH Ye 2008 Regulation of excitation by glycine receptors Results Probl Cell Differ 44 123 143 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjt1Sk 17541751
98. GE Yevenes G Moraga-Cid L Guzman S Haeger L Oliveira J Olate G Schmalzing LG Aguayo 2006 Molecular determinants for G protein betagamma modulation of ionotropic glycine receptors J Biol Chem 281 39300 39307 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD28XhtlagsLnJ 17040914
99. MA Zarbin JK Wamsley MJ Kuhar 1981 Glycine receptor: light microscopic autoradiographic localization with [3H]strychnine J Neurosci 1 532 547 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XpvVarsw%3D%3D 6286895
100. A Zeller R Jurd S Lambert M Arras B Drexler C Grashoff B Antkowiak U Rudolph 2008 Inhibitory ligand-gated ion channels as substrates for general anesthetic actions Handb Exp Pharmacol 182 31 51 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjtVOlsrs%3D 18175085
101. L Zhu JH Ye 2005 The role of G proteins in the activity and ethanol modulation of glycine-induced currents in rat neurons freshly isolated from the ventral tegmental area Brain Res 1033 102 108 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXosVKnsA%3D%3D 15680345
102. L Zhu N Polley GC Mathews E Delpire 2008 NKCC1 and KCC2 prevent hyperexcitability in the mouse hippocampus Epilepsy Res 79 201 212 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXlsFOks7o%3D 18394864