Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1 inhibitors: Old drugs with new perspectives

Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 246-253

  Liu, Jianghua ^a,b   Wen, Gebo ^a   Cao, Deliang ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CHINA   (China)

^b SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

AKR1B1; AKR1B10; Aldo keto reductase family 1 B1; Aldo keto reductase family 1 B10; Aldose reductase; Aldose reductase inhibitor; Aldose reductase like 1; AR; ARI; ARL 1; Cancer; Diabetes; Diabetic complications

Indexed keywords

3',5' DIMETHYL 2 (2 METHYLPHENYL) 4' (NITROMETHYLSULFONYL)ACETANILIDE; ALDEHYDE REDUCTASE; ALDO KETO REDUCTASE 1B1; ALDOSE REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ASCORBIC ACID; EPALRESTAT; FIDARESTAT; FLURBIPROFEN; LISINOPRIL; N(G) NITROARGININE; PLACEBO; PONALRESTAT; QR 333; QUERCETIN; SORBINIL; SORBITOL; TOLRESTAT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZENARESTAT; ZOPOLRESTAT;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CATARACT; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INHIBITION; HUMAN; IC 50; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LUNG CARCINOMA; NONHUMAN; PATENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW;

ALDEHYDE REDUCTASE; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; ENZYME INHIBITORS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 70350778508     PISSN: 15748928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157489209789206931     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Hyndman D, Bauman DR, Heredia VV, Penning TM. The aldoketo reductase superfamily homepage. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 143-144: 621-631.
2. Jez JM, Flynn TG, Penning TM. A new nomenclature for the aldoketo reductase superfamily. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 54: 639-647.
3. Jin Y, Penning TM. Aldo-keto reductases and bioactivation/detoxication. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 47: 263-292.
4. Barski OA, Tipparaju SM, Bhatnagar A. The aldo-keto reductase superfamily and its role in drug metabolism and detoxification. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 40: 553-624.
5. Kaneko M, Bucciarelli L, Hwang YC, et al. Aldose reductase and AGE-RAGE pathways: Key players in myocardial ischemic injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1043: 702-709.
6. Srivastava SK, Ramana KV, Bhatnagar A. Role of aldose reductase and oxidative damage in diabetes and the consequent potential for therapeutic options. Endocr Rev 2005; 26: 380-392.
7. Burg MB. Molecular basis of osmotic regulation. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: F983-996.
8. Grimshaw CE. Aldose reductase: Model for a new paradigm of enzymic perfection in detoxification catalysts. Biochemistry 1992; 31: 10139-10145.
9. Licht T, Herrmann F, Gottesman MM, Pastan I. in vivo Drug-selectable genes: A new concept in gene therapy. Stem Cells 1997; 15: 104-111.
10. Hayes JD, McLeod R, Ellis EM, et al. Regulation of glutathione S-transferases and aldehyde reductase by chemoprotectors: Studies of mechanisms responsible for inducible resistance to aflatoxin B1. IARC Sci Publ 1996: 175-187.
11. Steckelbroeck S, Jin Y, Gopishetty S, Oyesanmi B, Penning TM. Human cytosolic 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily display significant 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity: Implications for steroid hormone metabolism and action. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 10784-10795.
12. Hyndman DJ, Flynn TG. Sequence and expression levels in human tissues of a new member of the aldo-keto reductase family. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1399:198-202.
13. Cao D, Fan ST, Chung SS. Identification and characterization of a novel human aldose reductase-like gene. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 11429-11435.
14. Fukumoto S, Yamauchi N, Moriguchi H, et al. Overexpression of the aldo-keto reductase family protein AKR1B10 is highly correlated with smokers' non-small cell lung carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 1776-1785.
15. Penning TM. AKR1B10: A new diagnostic marker of non-small cell lung carcinoma in smokers. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 1687-1690.
16. Hers HG. Aldose reductase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1960; 37: 120-126.
17. Prendergast FG, Veneziale CM. Control of fructose and citrate synthesis in guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium. J Biol Chem 1975; 250: 1282-1289.
18. Morrison AD, Clements RS Jr, Travis SB, Oski F, Winegrad AI. Glucose utilization by the polyol pathway in human erythrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 40: 199-205.
19. Gabbay KH. Hyperglycemia, polyol metabolism and complications of diabetes mellitus. Annu Rev Med 1975; 26: 521-536.
20. Gonzalez RG, Barnett P, Aguayo J, Cheng HM, Chylack LT Jr. Direct measurement of polyol pathway activity in the ocular lens. Diabetes 1984; 33: 196-199.
21. Giannoukakis N. Drug evaluation: Ranirestat-an aldose reductase inhibitor for the potential treatment of diabetic complications. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 7: 916-923.
22. Chung SS, Chung SK. Aldose reductase in diabetic microvascular complications. Curr Drug Targets 2005; 6: 475-486.
23. Suzen S, Buyukbingol E. Recent studies of aldose reductase enzyme inhibition for diabetic complications. Curr Med Chem 2003; 10: 1329-1352.
24. Cheung AK, Fung MK, Lo AC, et al. Aldose reductase deficiency prevents diabetes-induced blood-retinal barrier breakdown, apoptosis and glial reactivation in the retina of db/db mice. Diabetes 2005; 54: 3119-3125.
25. Lee AY, Chung SK, Chung SS. Demonstration that polyol accumulation is responsible for diabetic cataract by the use of transgenic mice expressing the aldose reductase gene in the lens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 2780-2784.
26. Yamaoka T, Nishimura C, Yamashita K, et al. Acute onset of diabetic pathological changes in transgenic mice with human aldose reductase cDNA. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 255-261.
27. Deckert T, Poulsen JE, Larsen M. Prognosis of diabetics with diabetes onset before the age of thirty-one. I. Survival, causes of death, and complications. Diabetologia 1978; 14: 363-370.
28. + ATPase activity in type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 282: 169-176.
29. Hamada Y, Kitoh R, Raskin P. Crucial role of aldose reductase activity and plasma glucose level in sorbitol accumulation in erythrocytes from diabetic patients. Diabetes 1991; 40: 1233-1240.
30. Chandra D, Jackson EB, Ramana KV, Kelley R, Srivastava SK, Bhatnagar A. Nitric oxide prevents aldose reductase activation and sorbitol accumulation during diabetes. Diabetes 2002; 51: 3095-3101.
31. Sundkvist G, Dahlin LB, Nilsson H, et al. Sorbitol and myoinositol levels and morphology of sural nerve in relation to peripheral nerve function and clinical neuropathy in men with diabetic, impaired, and normal glucose tolerance. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 259-268.
32. Petersen A, Szwergold BS, Kappler F, Weingarten M, Brown TR. Identification of sorbitol 3-phosphate and fructose 3-phosphate in normal and diabetic human erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 17424-17427.
33. Szwergold BS, Kappler F, Brown TR. Identification of fructose 3-phosphate in the lens of diabetic rats. Science 1990; 247: 451-454.
34. Tokita Y, Hirayama Y, Sekikawa A, et al. Fructose ingestion enhances atherosclerosis and deposition of advanced glycated end-products in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Atheroscler Thromb 2005; 12: 260-267.
35. Lee AY, Chung SS. Contributions of polyol pathway to oxidative stress in diabetic cataract. FASEB J 1999; 13: 23-30.
36. Reddy GB, Satyanarayana A, Balakrishna N, et al. Erythrocyte aldose reductase activity and sorbitol levels in diabetic retinopathy. Mol Vis 2008; 14: 593-601.
37. Cheng HM, Gonzalez RG. The effect of high glucose and oxidative stress on lens metabolism, aldose reductase, and senile cataractogenesis. Metabolism 1986; 35: 10-14.
38. Thomas TP, Porcellati F, Kato K, Stevens MJ, Sherman WR, Greene DA. Effects of glucose on sorbitol pathway activation, cellular redox, and metabolism of myo-inositol, phosphoinositide and diacylglycerol in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2718-2724.
39. Asano T, Saito Y, Kawakami M, Yamada N. Fidarestat (SNK-860), a potent aldose reductase inhibitor, normalizes the elevated sorbitol accumulation in erythrocytes of diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complicat 2002; 16: 133-138.
40. Bril V, Buchanan RA. Aldose reductase inhibition by AS-3201 in sural nerve from patients with diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2369-2375.
41. Oates PJ. Aldose reductase, still a compelling target for diabetic neuropathy. Curr Drug Targets 2008; 9: 14-36.
42. Johnson BF, Nesto RW, Pfeifer MA, et al. Cardiac abnormalities in diabetic patients with neuropathy: Effects of aldose reductase inhibitor administration. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 448-454.
43. De la Fuente JA, Manzanaro S. Aldose reductase inhibitors from natural sources. Nat Prod Rep 2003; 20: 243-251.
44. Tanouchi, T., Kawamura, M., Ajima, A., Mohri, T., Hayashi, M., Terashima, H., Hirata, F., Morimura, T.: US4464382 (1984).
45. Brittain, D. R., Wood, R.: US4251528 (1981).
46. Larson, E. R., Mylari, B. L.: US4939140 (1990).
47. Hashimoto, M., Oku, T., Ito, Yo., Namiki, T., Sawada, K., Kasahara, C., Baba, Y.: US4734419 (1988).
48. Ramirez MA, Borja NL. Epalrestat: An aldose reductase inhibitor for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Pharmacotherapy 2008; 28: 646-655.
49. Ziegler D. Treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy: Update 2006. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1084: 250-266.
50. Hotta N, Kawamori R, Atsumi Y, et al. Stratified analyses for selecting appropriate target patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy for long-term treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor, epalrestat. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 818-825.
51. Tsugawa T, Shinohara R, Nagasaka A, et al. Alteration of urinary sorbitol excretion in WBN-kob diabetic rats-treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor. J Endocrinol 2004; 181: 429-435.
52. Suzuki H, Shimosegawa T, Ohara S, Toyota T. Epalrestat prevents the decrease in gastric mucosal blood flow and protects the gastric mucosa in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 172-177.
53. Yang Q, Kaji R, Takagi T, et al. Abnormal axonal inward rectifier in streptozocin-induced experimental diabetic neuropathy. Brain 2001; 124: 1149-1155.
54. Okamoto H, Nomura M, Nakaya Y, et al. Effects of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic neuropathy and gastroparesis. Intern Med 2003; 42: 655-664.
55. Steele JW, Faulds D, Goa KL. Epalrestat. A review of its pharmacology, and therapeutic potential in late-onset complications of diabetes mellitus. Drugs Aging 1993; 3: 532-555.
56. Hotta N, Akanuma Y, Kawamori R, et al. Long-term clinical effects of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy: The 3-year, multicenter, comparative aldose reductase inhibitor-diabetes complications trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1538-1544.
57. Kurono M, Fujiwara I, Yoshida K. Stereospecific interaction of a novel spirosuccinimide type aldose reductase inhibitor, AS-3201, with aldose reductase. Biochemistry 2001; 40: 8216-8226.
58. Sarges, R.: US4130714 (1978).
59. Kurono, M., Kondo, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Miura, K., Usui, T., Terada, N., Asano, K., Mizuno, K., Matsubara, A., Kato, N., Sawai, K., Unno, R., Ozawa, H., Fukushima, M.: US5447946 (1995).
60. Amano S, Yamagishi S, Kato N, et al. Sorbitol dehydrogenase overexpression potentiates glucose toxicity to cultured retinal pericytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 299: 183-188.
61. Takamura Y, Tomomatsu T, Kubo E, Tsuzuki S, Akagi Y. Role of the polyol pathway in high glucose-induced apoptosis of retinal pericytes and proliferation of endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 3216-3223.
62. Drel VR, Pacher P, Stevens MJ, Obrosova IG. Aldose reductase inhibition counteracts nitrosative stress and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in diabetic rat kidney and high-glucose-exposed human mesangial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40: 1454-1465.
63. Drel VR, Pacher P, Ali TK, et al. Aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat counteracts diabetes-associated cataract formation, retinal oxidative-nitrosative stress, glial activation, and apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2008; 21: 667-676.
64. Price SA, Agthong S, Middlemas AB, Tomlinson DR. Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 mediates reduced nerve conduction velocity in experimental diabetic neuropathy: Interactions with aldose reductase. Diabetes 2004; 53: 1851-1856.
65. Kato N, Mizuno K, Makino M, Suzuki T, Yagihashi S. Effects of 15-month aldose reductase inhibition with fidarestat on the experimental diabetic neuropathy in rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000; 50: 77-85.
66. Hotta N, Toyota T, Matsuoka K, et al. Clinical efficacy of fidarestat, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A 52-week multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind parallel group study. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1776-1782.
67. Nishimura, M., Horikawa, H., Moriwaki, M.: US5122381 (1992).
68. Head KA. Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part two: Cataracts and glaucoma. Altern Med Rev 2001; 6: 141-166.
69. Harwood M, Danielewska-Nikiel B, Borzelleca JF, Flamm GW, Williams GM, Lines TC. A critical review of the data related to the safety of quercetin and lack of evidence of in vivo toxicity, including lack of genotoxic/carcinogenic properties. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45: 2179-2205.
70. Varma SD, Mikuni I, Kinoshita JH. Flavonoids as inhibitors of lens aldose reductase. Science 1975; 188: 1215-1216.
71. Varma SD, Mizuno A, Kinoshita JH. Diabetic cataracts and flavonoids. Science 1977; 195: 205-206.
72. Valensi P, Le Devehat C, Richard JL, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, safety study of QR-333 for the treatment of symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A preliminary report. J Diabetes Complicat 2005; 19: 247-253.
73. Brittain, D. R., Brown, S. P., Cooper, A. L., Longridge, J. L., Morris, J. J., Preston, J., Salter, L.: US5270342 (1993).
74. Brittain, D. R., Brown, S. P., Cooper, A. L., Longridge, J. L., Morris, J. J., Preston, J., Slater, L.: US5430060 (1995).
75. Cook PN, Ward WH, Petrash JM, et al. Kinetic characteristics of ZENECA ZD5522, a potent inhibitor of human and bovine lens aldose reductase. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 49: 1043-1049.
76. Cotter MA, Mirrlees DJ, Cameron NE. Neurovascular interactions between aldose reductase and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 417: 223-230.
77. Cameron NE, Cotter MA, Hohman TC. Interactions between essential fatty acid, prostanoid, polyol pathway and nitric oxide mechanisms in the neurovascular deficit of diabetic rats. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 172-182.
78. Crabbe MJ, Goode D. Aldose reductase: A window to the treatment of diabetic complications? Prog Retin Eye Res 1998; 17: 313-383.
79. Yokoyama T, Sasaki H, Giblin FJ, Reddy VN. A physiological level of ascorbate inhibits galactose cataract in guinea pigs by decreasing polyol accumulation in the lens epithelium: A dehydroascorbate-linked mechanism. Exp Eye Res 1994; 58: 207-218.
80. Cunningham JJ, Mearkle PL, Brown RG. Vitamin C: An aldose reductase inhibitor that normalizes erythrocyte sorbitol in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 1994; 13: 344-350.
81. Spielberg SP, Shear NH, Cannon M, Hutson NJ, Gunderson K. in-vitro Assessment of a hypersensitivity syndrome associated with sorbinil. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 720-724.
82. Fujishima H, Tsubota K. Improvement of corneal fluorescein staining in post cataract surgery of diabetic patients by an oral aldose reductase inhibitor, ONO-2235. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86: 860-863.
83. El-Kabbani O, Wilson DK, Petrash M, Quiocho FA. Structural features of the aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase inhibitor-binding sites. Mol Vis 1998; 4: 19-25.
84. Sato S, Kador PF. Inhibition of aldehyde reductase by aldose reductase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40: 1033-1042.
85. El-Kabbani O, Darmanin C, Schneider TR, et al. Ultrahigh resolution drug design. II. Atomic resolution structures of human aldose reductase holoenzyme complexed with Fidarestat and Minalrestat: Implications for the binding of cyclic imide inhibitors. Proteins 2004; 55: 805-813.
86. El-Kabbani O, Podjarny A. Selectivity determinants of the aldose and aldehyde reductase inhibitor-binding sites. Cell Mol Life Sci 2007; 64: 1970-1978.
87. el-Kabbani O, Carper DA, McGowan MH, Devedjiev Y, Rees-Milton KJ, Flynn TG. Studies on the inhibitor-binding site of porcine aldehyde reductase: Crystal structure of the holoenzyme-inhibitor ternary complex. Proteins 1997; 29:186-192.
88. El-Kabbani O, Old SE, Ginell SL, Carper DA. Aldose and aldehyde reductases: Structure-function studies on the coenzyme and inhibitor-binding sites. Mol Vis 1999; 5: 20-25.
89. Barski OA, Gabbay KH, Bohren KM. The C-terminal loop of aldehyde reductase determines the substrate and inhibitor specificity. Biochemistry 1996; 35: 14276-14280.
90. Grimshaw CE, Mathur EJ. Immunoquantitation of aldose reductase in human tissues. Anal Biochem 1989; 176: 66-71.
91. Rondeau JM, Tete-Favier F, Podjarny A, et al. Novel NADPH-binding domain revealed by the crystal structure of aldose reductase. Nature 1992; 355: 469-472.
92. Wilson DK, Bohren KM, Gabbay KH, Quiocho FA. An unlikely sugar substrate site in the 1.65 a structure of the human aldose reductase holoenzyme implicated in diabetic complications. Science 1992; 257: 81-84.
93. Yabe-Nishimura C, Nishinaka T, Iwata K, Seo HG. Up-regulation of aldose reductase by the substrate, methylglyoxal. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 143-144: 317-323.
94. Srivastava S, Chandra A, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava SK, Ansari NH. Lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxynonenal and its conjugate with GSH are excellent substrates of bovine lens aldose reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 217: 741-746.
95. Saraswat M, Mrudula T, Kumar PU, et al. Overexpression of aldose reductase in human cancer tissues. Med Sci Monit 2006; 12: CR525-529.
96. Takahashi M, Fujii J, Miyoshi E, Hoshi A, Taniguchi N. Elevation of aldose reductase gene expression in rat primary hepatoma and hepatoma cell lines: Implication in detoxification of cytotoxic aldehydes. Int J Cancer 1995; 62: 749-754.
97. Lee KW, Ko BC, Jiang Z, Cao D, Chung SS. Overexpression of aldose reductase in liver cancers may contribute to drug resistance. Anticancer Drugs 2001; 12: 129-132.
98. Martin HJ, Breyer-Pfaff U, Wsol V, Venz S, Block S, Maser E. Purification and characterization of akr1b10 from human liver: Role in carbonyl reduction of xenobiotics. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34: 464-470.
99. Zu X, Yan R, Robbins S, Krishack PA, Liao DF, Cao D. Reduced 293T cell susceptibility to acrolein due to aldose reductase-like-1 protein expression. Toxicol Sci 2007; 97: 562-568.
100. Yan R, Zu X, Ma J, Liu Z, Adeyanju M, Cao D. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 B10 gene silencing results in growth inhibition of colorectal cancer cells: Implication for cancer intervention. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2301-2306.
101. Crosas B, Hyndman DJ, Gallego O, et al. Human aldose reductase and human small intestine aldose reductase are efficient retinal reductases: Consequences for retinoid metabolism. Biochem J 2003; 373: 973-979.
102. Gallego O, Belyaeva OV, Porte S, et al. Comparative functional analysis of human medium-chain dehydrogenases, short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases and aldo-keto reductases with retinoids. Biochem J 2006; 399: 101-109.
103. Gallego O, Ruiz FX, Ardevol A, et al. Structural basis for the high all-trans-retinaldehyde reductase activity of the tumor marker AKR1B10. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 20764-20769.
104. Hirao T, Nelson HH, Ashok TD, et al. Tobacco smoke-induced DNA damage and an early age of smoking initiation induce chromosome loss at 3p21 in lung cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 612-615.
105. Hecht SS. Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 1194-1210.
106. Nyberg F, Pershagen G. Passive smoking and lung cancer. Accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke. BMJ 1998; 317: 347-348
107. Woenckhaus M, Klein-Hitpass L, Grepmeier U, et al. Smoking and cancer-related gene expression in bronchial epithelium and nonsmall-cell lung cancers. J Pathol 2006; 210: 192-204.
108. Zhang L, Lee JJ, Tang HL, et al. Impact of smoking cessation on global gene expression in the bronchial epithelium of chronic smokers. Cancer Prevent Res 2008; 1: 112-118.
109. Nagaraj NS, Beckers S, Mensah JK, Waigel S, Vigneswaran N, Zacharias W. Cigarette smoke condensate induces cytochromes P450 and aldo-keto reductases in oral cancer cells. Toxicol Lett 2006; 165: 182-194.
110. Quinn AM, Harvey RG, Penning TM. Oxidation of PAH transdihydrodiols by human aldo-keto reductase AKR1B10. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21(11): 2207-15.
111. Ma J, Yan R, Zu X, et al. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 B10 affects fatty acid synthesis by regulating the stability of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 3418-3423.
112. Swinnen JV, Brusselmans K, Verhoeven G. Increased lipogenesis in cancer cells: New players, novel targets. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006; 9: 358-365.
113. Kuhajda FP. Fatty-acid synthase and human cancer: New perspectives on its role in tumor biology. Nutrition 2000; 16: 202-208.
114. Verma M, Martin HJ, Haq W, et al. Inhibiting wild-type and C299S mutant AKR1B10; A homo-logue of aldose reductase upregulated in cancers. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 584: 213-221.
115. Balendiran GK, Martin HJ, El-Hawari Y, Maser E. Cancer biomarker AKR1B10 and carbonyl metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 178: 134-137.