Genetic and environmental influences on factors associated with cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome

Journal of Lipid Research

Volumn 50, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 1917-1926

  Elder, Sonya J ^a   Lichtenstein, Alice H ^a   Pittas, Anastassios G ^b   Roberts, Susan B ^a   Fuss, Paul J ^a   Greenberg, Andrew S ^a   McCrory, Megan A ^c   Bouchard Jr , Thomas J ^d   Saltzman, Edward ^a   Neale, Michael C ^a,e  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^e VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Genetics; Heritability; Risk factors; Twins

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; GLUCOSE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MONOZYGOTIC TWINS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ENERGY METABOLISM; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 70350399330     PISSN: 00222275     EISSN: 15397262     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.P900033-JLR200     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Lloyd-Jones, D., R. Adams, M. Carnethon, G. De Simone, T. B. Ferguson, K. Flegal, E. Ford, K. Furie, A. Go, K. Greenlund, et al. 209. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 119: e21-e181.
2. Desroches, S., and B. Lamarche. 2007. The evolving definitions and increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32: 23-32.
3. Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. 2001. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 285: 2486-2497.
4. Govindarajan, G., A. Whaley-Connell, M. Mugo, C. Stump, and J. R. Sowers. 2005. The cardiometabolic syndrome as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am. J. Med. Sci. 330: 311-318.
5. Castro, J. P., F. A. El-Atat, S. I. McFarlane, A. Aneja, and J. R. Sowers. 2003. Cardiometabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 5: 393-401.
6. Plomin, R., J. C. DeFries, G. E. McClearn, and M. Rutter. 1997. Behavioral genetics. 3rd ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
7. Selby, J. V., B. Newman, C. P. Quesenberry, Jr., R. R. Fabsitz, D. Carmelli, F. J. Meaney, and C. Slemenda. 1990. Genetic and behavioral influences on body fat distribution. Int. J. Obes. 14: 593-602.
8. Rose, K. M., B. Newman, E. J. Mayer-Davis, and J. V. Selby. 1998. Genetic and behavioral determinants of waist-hip ratio and waist circumference in women twins. Obes. Res. 6: 383-392.
9. Hunt, M. S., P. T. Katzmarzyk, L. Perusse, T. Rice, D. C. Rao, and C. Bouchard. 2002. Familial resemblance of 7-year changes in body mass and adiposity. Obes. Res. 10: 507-517.
10. Schousboe, K., P. M. Visscher, B. Erbas, K. O. Kyvik, J. L. Hopper, J. E. Henriksen, B. L. Heitmann, and T. I. Sorensen. 2004. Twin study of genetic and environmental influences on adult body size, shape, and composition. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 28: 39-48.
11. Lin, H. F., B. Boden-Albala, S. H. Juo, N. Park, T. Rundek, and R. L. Sacco. 2005. Heritabilities of the metabolic syndrome and its components in the Northern Manhattan Family Study. Diabetologia. 48: 2006-2012.
12. Bayoumi, R. A., S. A. Al-Yahyaee, S. A. Albarwani, S. G. Rizvi, S. Al-Hadabi, F. F. Al-Ubaidi, A. T. Al-Hinai, M. N. Al-Kindi, H. T. Adnan, H. S. Al-Barwany, et al. 2007. Heritability of determinants of the metabolic syndrome among healthy Arabs of the Oman family study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 15: 551-556.
13. Rasmussen-Torvik, L. J., J. S. Pankow, D. R. Jacobs, L. M. Steffen, A. M. Moran, J. Steinberger, and A. R. Sinaiko. 2007. Heritability and genetic correlations of insulin sensitivity measured by the euglycaemic clamp. Diabet. Med. 24: 1286-1289.
14. Comuzzie, A. G., J. Blangero, M. C. Mahaney, S. M. Haffner, B. D. Mitchell, M. P. Stern, and J. W. MacCluer. 1996. Genetic and environmental correlations among hormone levels and measures of body fat accumulation and topography. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81: 597-600.
15. Beck-Nielsen, H. 1999. General characteristics of the insulin resistance syndrome: prevalence and heritability. European Group for the study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Drugs. 58 (Suppl 1): 7-10 (discussion 75-82).
16. Poulsen, P., K. O. Kyvik, A. Vaag, and H. Beck-Nielsen. 1999. Heritability of type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and abnormal glucose tolerance-a population-based twin study. Diabetologia. 42: 139-145.
17. Nelson, T. L., G. P. Vogler, N. L. Pedersen, Y. Hong, and T. P. Miles. 2000. Genetic and environmental influences on body fat distribution, fasting insulin levels and CVD: are the influences shared? Twin Res. 3: 43-50.
18. Poulsen, P., A. Vaag, K. Kyvik, and H. Beck-Nielsen. 2001. Genetic versus environmental aetiology of the metabolic syndrome among male and female twins. Diabetologia. 44: 537-543.
19. Freeman, M. S., M. W. Mansfi eld, J. H. Barrett, and P. J. Grant. 202. Heritability of features of the insulin resistance syndrome in a community-based study of healthy families. Diabet. Med. 19: 994-999.
20. Wu, K. D., C. F. Hsiao, L. T. Ho, W. H. Sheu, D. Pei, L. M. Chuang, D. Curb, Y. D. Chen, H. J. Tsai, V. J. Dzau, et al. 2002. Clustering and heritability of insulin resistance in Chinese and Japanese hypertensive families: a Stanford-Asian Pacific Program in Hypertension and Insulin Resistance sibling study. Hypertens. Res. 25: 529-536.
21. Henkin, L., R. N. Bergman, D. W. Bowden, D. L. Ellsworth, S. M. Haffner, C. D. Langefeld, B. D. Mitchell, J. M. Norris, M. Rewers, M. F. Saad, et al. 2003. Genetic epidemiology of insulin resistance and visceral adiposity. The IRAS Family Study design and methods. Ann. Epidemiol. 13: 211-217.
22. Mills, G. W., P. J. Avery, M. I. McCarthy, A. T. Hattersley, J. C. Levy, G. A. Hitman, M. Sampson, and M. Walker. 2004. Heritability estimates for beta cell function and features of the insulin resistance syndrome in UK families with an increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 47: 732-738.
23. Samaras, K., T. V. Nguyen, A. B. Jenkins, J. A. Eisman, G. M. Howard, P. J. Kelly, and L. V. Campbell. 1999. Clustering of insulin resistance, total and central abdominal fat: same genes or same environment? Twin Res. 2: 218-225.
24. Santos, R. L., M. C. Zillikens, F. R. Rivadeneira, H. A. Pols, B. A. Oostra, C. M. van Duijn, and Y. S. Aulchenko. 2006. Heritability of fasting glucose levels in a young genetically isolated population. Diabetologia. 49: 667-672.
25. Hong, Y., N. L. Pedersen, K. Brismar, and U. de Faire. 1997. Genetic and environmental architecture of the features of the insulin-resistance syndrome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60: 143-152.
26. Hong, Y., S. J. Weisnagel, T. Rice, G. Sun, S. A. Mandel, C. Gu, T. Rankinen, J. Gagnon, A. S. Leon, J. S. Skinner, et al. 2001. Familial resemblance for glucose and insulin metabolism indices derived from an intravenous glucose tolerance test in blacks and whites of the HERITAGE Family Study. Clin. Genet. 60: 22-30.
27. Poulsen, P., K. Levin, I. Petersen, K. Christensen, H. Beck-Nielsen, and A. Vaag. 2005. Heritability of insulin secretion, peripheral and hepatic insulin action, and intracellular glucose partitioning in young and old Danish twins. Diabetes. 54: 275-283.
28. Sullivan, C. M., T. S. Futers, J. H. Barrett, B. I. Hudson, M. S. Freeman, and P. J. Grant. 2005. RAGE polymorphisms and the heritability of insulin resistance: the Leeds family study. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2: 42-44.
29. Feinleib, M., R. J. Garrison, R. Fabsitz, J. C. Christian, Z. Hrubec, N. O. Borhani, W. B. Kannel, R. Rosenman, J. T. Schwartz, and J. O. Wagner. 1977. The NHLBI twin study of cardiovascular disease risk factors: methodology and summary of results. Am. J. Epidemiol. 106: 284-285.
30. Bo, S., P. Cavallo-Perin, L. Scaglione, and G. Pagano. 1997. Heritability of cardiovascular risk parameters in subjects with increased susceptibility to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol. 34: 280-284.
31. Forsblom, C. M., T. Kanninen, M. Lehtovirta, C. Saloranta, and L. C. Groop. 1999. Heritability of albumin excretion rate in families of patients with Type II diabetes. Diabetologia. 42: 1359-1366.
32. Livshits, G., and L. M. Gerber. 2001. Familial factors of blood pressure and adiposity covariation. Hypertension. 37: 928-935.
33. Iliadou, A., P. Lichtenstein, R. Morgenstern, L. Forsberg, R. Svensson, U. de Faire, N. G. Martin, and N. L. Pedersen. 2002. Repeated blood pressure measurements in a sample of Swedish twins: heritabilities and associations with polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. J. Hypertens. 20: 1543-1550.
34. Snieder, H., G. A. Harshfield, and F. A. Treiber. 2003. Heritability of blood pressure and hemodynamics in African- and European-American youth. Hypertension. 41: 1196-1201.
35. Fava, C., P. Burri, P. Almgren, L. Groop, U. L. Hulthen, and O. Melander. 2004. Heritability of ambulatory and office blood pressure phenotypes in Swedish families. J. Hypertens. 22: 1717-1721.
36. Kupper, N., G. Willemsen, H. Riese, D. Posthuma, D. I. Boomsma, and E. J. de Geus. 2005. Heritability of daytime ambulatory blood pressure in an extended twin design. Hypertension. 45: 80-85.
37. van Rijn, M. J., A. F. Schut, Y. S. Aulchenko, J. Deinum, F. A. Sayed-Tabatabaei, M. Yazdanpanah, A. Isaacs, T. I. Axenovich, I. V. Zorkoltseva, M. C. Zillikens, et al. 2007. Heritability of blood pressure traits and the genetic contribution to blood pressure variance explained by four blood-pressure-related genes. J. Hypertens. 25: 565-570.
38. Wessel, J., G. Moratorio, F. Rao, M. Mahata, L. Zhang, W. Greene, B. K. Rana, B. P. Kennedy, S. Khandrika, P. Huang, et al. 2007. C-reactive protein, an 'intermediate phenotype' for inflammation: human twin studies reveal heritability, association with blood pressure and the metabolic syndrome, and the influence of common polymorphism at catecholaminergic/beta-adrenergic pathway loci. J. Hypertens. 25: 329-343.
39. O'Connell, D. L., R. F. Heller, D. C. Roberts, J. R. Allen, J. C. Knapp, P. L. Steele, and D. Silove. 1988. Twin study of genetic and environmental effects on lipid levels. Genet. Epidemiol. 5: 323-341.
40. Heller, D. A., U. de Faire, N. L. Pedersen, G. Dahlen, and G. E. McClearn. 1993. Genetic and environmental influences on serum lipid levels in twins. N. Engl. J. Med. 328: 1150-1156.
41. Beekman, M., B. T. Heijmans, N. G. Martin, N. L. Pedersen, J. B. Whitfield, U. DeFaire, G. C. van Baal, H. Snieder, G. P. Vogler, P. E. Slagboom, et al. 2002. Heritabilities of apolipoprotein and lipid levels in three countries. Twin Res. 5: 87-97.
42. Goode, E. L., S. S. Cherny, J. C. Christian, G. P. Jarvik, and M. de Andrade. 2007. Heritability of longitudinal measures of body mass index and lipid and lipoprotein levels in aging twins. Twin Res. Hum. Genet. 10: 703-711.
43. Allison, D. B., J. Kaprio, M. Korkeila, M. Koskenvuo, M. C. Neale, and K. Hayakawa. 1996. The heritability of body mass index among an international sample of monozygotic twins reared apart. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 20: 501-506.
44. Kervinen, K., J. Kaprio, M. Koskenvuo, J. Juntunen, and Y. A. Kesaniemi. 1998. Serum lipids and apolipoprotein E phenotypes in identical twins reared apart. Clin. Genet. 53: 191-199.
45. Carmelli, D., L. R. Cardon, and R. Fabsitz. 1994. Clustering of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity in adult male twins: same genes or same environments? Am. J. Hum. Genet. 55: 566-573.
46. McCaffery, J. M., M. F. Pogue-Geile, T. T. Debski, and S. B. Manuck. 1999. Genetic and environmental causes of covariation among blood pressure, body mass and serum lipids during young adulthood: a twin study. J. Hypertens. 17: 1677-1685.
47. Neale, M. C., and L. R. Cardon. 1992. Methodology for genetic studies of twins and families. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
48. Tellegen, A., D. T. Lykken, T. J. Bouchard, K. J. Wilcox, N. L. Segal, and S. Rich. 1988. Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54: 1031-1039.
49. McNamara, J. R., and E. J. Schaefer. 1987. Automated enzymatic standardized lipid analyses for plasma and lipoprotein fractions. Clin. Chim. Acta. 166: 1-8.
50. Warnick, G. R., J. Benderson, and J. J. Albers. 1982. Dextran sulfate-Mg2+ precipitation procedure for quantitation of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Clin. Chem. 28: 1379-1388.
51. Henry, J. B. 1984. Todd, Sanford, Davidson. Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods, 17th ed. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA.
52. Morgan, C. R., and A. Lazarow. 1963. Immunoassay of insulin: two antibody system. Plasma insulin levels in normal, subdiabetic and diabetic rats. In Diabetes. 115-126.
53. Matthews, D. R., J. P. Hosker, A. S. Rudenski, B. A. Naylor, D. F. Treacher, and R. C. Turner. 1985. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 28: 412-419.
54. SAS Institute Inc. 2004. SAS/STAT 9.1 User's Guide SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC.
55. SPSS Inc. 2006. SPSS 15.0 Brief Guide SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL.
56. Neale, M. C. 2003. Twin studies: software and algorithms. In Encyclopedia of the human genome. D. N. Cooper, editor. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Nature Publishing Group.
57. Neale, M. C. 1998. Twin analysis. In Encyclopedia of biostatistics. P. Armitage and T. Colton, editors. John Wiley, New York.
58. Neale, M. C., S. M. Boker, G. Xie, and H. H. Maes. 2003. Mx: Statistical modeling, 6th edition. Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Psychiatry, VCU, Richmond, VA.
59. Sham, P. C. 1997. Statistics in human genetics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
60. Dominicus, A., A. Skrondal, H. K. Gjessing, N. L. Pedersen, and J. Palmgren. 2006. Likelihood ratio tests in behavioral genetics: problems and solutions. Behav. Genet. 36: 331-340.
61. Despres, J. P. 2007. Cardiovascular disease under the influence of excess visceral fat. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 6: 51-59.
62. Brewer, H. B., Jr. 1999. Hypertriglyceridemia: changes in the plasma lipoproteins associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 83: 3F-12F.
63. Arnett, D. K., A. E. Baird, R. A. Barkley, C. T. Basson, E. Boerwinkle, S. K. Ganesh, D. M. Herrington, Y. Hong, C. Jaquish, D. A. McDermott, C. J. O'Donnell, American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, American Heart Association Stroke Council, and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group. 2007. Relevance of genetics and genomics for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, the Stroke Council, and the Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. 115: 2878-2901.
64. Ordovas, J. M. 2003. Cardiovascular disease genetics: a long and winding road. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 14: 47-54.
65. Masson, L. F., and G. McNeill. 2005. The effect of genetic variation on the lipid response to dietary change: recent findings. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 16: 61-67.
66. Ichihara, S., and Y. Yamada. 2008. Genetic factors for human obesity. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 65: 1086-1098.
67. McIntyre, E. A., and M. Walker. 2002. Genetics of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance: knowledge from human studies. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.). 57: 303-311.
68. Cannon, C. P. 2007. Cardiovascular disease and modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors. Clin. Cornerstone. 8: 11-28.
69. Grundy, S. M., and M. A. Denke. 1990. Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipoproteins. J. Lipid Res. 31: 1149-1172.
70. Gulanick, M., and L. A. Cofer. 2000. Coronary risk factors: influences on the lipid profile. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 14: 16-28.
71. Birch, L. L., and K. K. Davison. 2001. Family environmental factors influencing the developing behavioral controls of food intake and childhood overweight. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 48: 893-907.
72. Simonen, R. L., L. Perusse, T. Rankinen, T. Rice, D. C. Rao, and C. Bouchard. 2002. Familial aggregation of physical activity levels in the Quebec Family Study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34: 1137-1142.
73. Poulsen, P., and A. Vaag. 2003. The impact of genes and pre- and postnatal environment on the metabolic syndrome. Evidence from twin studies. Panminerva Med. 45: 109-115.
74. Allison, D. B., F. Paultre, S. B. Heymsfield, and F. X. Pi-Sunyer. 1995. Is the intra-uterine period really a critical period for the development of adiposity? Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 19: 397-402.
75. Loos, R. J., G. Beunen, R. Fagard, C. Derom, and R. Vlietinck. 2002. Birth weight and body composition in young women: a prospective twin study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75: 676-682.
76. Qiao, Q., W. Gao, L. Zhang, R. Nyamdorj, and J. Tuomilehto. 2007. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 44: 232-263.
77. Timar, O., F. Sestier, and E. Levy. 2000. Metabolic syndrome X: a review. Can. J. Cardiol. 16: 779-789.
78. Reaven, G. M. 2005. Insulin resistance, the insulin resistance syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Panminerva Med. 47: 201-210.
79. Koh-Banerjee, P., N. F. Chu, D. Spiegelman, B. Rosner, G. Colditz, W. Willett, and E. Rimm. 2003. Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16 587 US men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78: 719-727.
80. Sakai, Y., T. Yamaji, S. Tabata, S. Ogawa, K. Yamaguchi, M. Mineshita, T. Mizoue, and S. Kono. 2006. Relation of alcohol use and smoking to glucose tolerance status in Japanese men. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 73: 83-88.
81. Otsuki, M., S. Kasayama, S. Morita, N. Asanuma, H. Saito, M. Mukai, and M. Koga. 2007. Menopause, but not age, is an independent risk factor for fasting plasma glucose levels in nondiabetic women. Menopause. 14: 404-407.