Career stage and generational differences in psychological contracts

Career Development International

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 261-283

  Hess, Narelle ^a   Jepsen, Denise M ^b  

^a Challenge Consulting   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Career development; Employee involvement; Job satisfaction; Psychological contracts

Indexed keywords

EID: 69649084259     PISSN: 13620436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/13620430910966433     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Aguinis, H. (2004), Regression Analysis for Categorical Moderators, The Guildford Press, NewYork, NY.
2. Aitken, L. and West, S. (1991), Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
3. Allen, N.J. and Meyer, J.P. (1990), The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organisation, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 63, pp. 1-18.
4. Allen, N.J. and Meyer, J.P. (1993), Organizational commitment: evidence of career stage effects?, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 26, pp. 49-61.
5. Argyris, C. (1960), Understanding Organizational Behavior, Dorsey Press, Homewood, IL.
6. Aryee, S., Chay, Y.W. and Chew, J. (1994), An investigation of the predictors and outcomes of career commitment in three career stages, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 44, pp. 1-16.
7. Atkinson, C. (2002), Career management and the changing psychological contract, Career Development International, Vol. 7 No. 1, p. 14.
8. Auster, E. (2001), Professional women's midcareer satisfaction: toward an explanatory framework, Sex Roles, Vol. 44, pp. 719-50.
9. Beck, L. (2001), Development through the Lifespan, 2nd ed., Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, MA.
10. Briscoe, J., Hall, D. and Frautschy DeMuth, R. (2005), Protean and boundaryless careers: an empirical exploration, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 69, pp. 30-47.
11. Broadbridge, A.M., Maxwell, G.A. and Ogden, S.M. (2007), Experiences, perceptions and expectations of retail employment for Generation Y, Career Development International, Vol. 12 No. 6, p. 523.
12. Chambel, M.J. and Castanheira, F. (2005), Different temporary work status, different behaviours in organisations, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 20, pp. 351-67.
13. Chaplin, W.R. (1991), The next generation of moderator research in personality psychology, Journal of Personality, Vol. 59, pp. 143-78.
14. Cohen, A. (1993), Age and tenure in relation to organizational commitment: a meta analysis, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 14, pp. 143-59.
15. Conway, E. (2004), Relating career stage to attitudes towards HR practices and commitment: evidence of interaction effects?, European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology, Vol. 13, pp. 417-46.
16. Conway, J.M. and Huffcutt, A.I. (2003), A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 6, pp. 147-68.
17. Coyle-Shapiro, J.A.-M. (2002), A psychological contract perspective on organizational citizenship behavior, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 23, pp. 927-46.
18. Cropanzano, R. and Mitchell, M. (2005), Social exchange theory: an interdisciplinary review, Journal of Management, Vol. 31, pp. 847-900.
19. De Cuyper, N. and De Witte, H. (2006), The impact of job insecurity and contract type on attitudes, well-being and behavioural reports: a psychological contract perspective, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 79, pp. 395-409.
20. De Meuse, K.P., Bergmann, T.J. and Lester, S.W. (2001), An investigation of the relational component of the psychological contract across time, generation, and employment status, Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 13, pp. 102-18.
21. Eck Peluchette, J.V. and Jeanquart, S. (2000), Professionals' use of different mentor sources at various career stages: implications for career success, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 140, pp. 549-64.
22. Edwards, J.R. (2001), Ten difference score myths, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 265-87.
23. Egri, C.P. and Ralston, D.A. (2004), Generation cohorts and personal values: a comparison of China and the United States, Organizational Science, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 210-22.
24. Fabrigar, L., MacCallum, R., Wegener, D. and Strahan, E. (1999), Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research, Psychological Methods, Vol. 4, pp. 272-99.
25. Feyerherm, A. and Vick, Y.H. (2005), Generation X women in high technology: overcoming gender and generational challenges to succeed in the corporate environment, Career Development International, Vol. 10 No. 3, p. 216.
26. Finegold, D., Morhman, S. and Spreitzer, G. (2002), Age effects on the predictors of technical workers' commitment and willingness to turnover, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 23, pp. 655-74.
27. Flaherty, K.E. and Pappas, J. (2002), The influence of career stage on job attitudes: toward a contingency perspective, Joumal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, Vol. 12, pp. 135-43.
28. Flood, P.C., Turner, T., Ramamoorthy, N. and Pearson, J. (2005), Causes and consequences of psychological contracts among knowledge workers in the high technology and financial services industries, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 12, pp. 1152-65.
29. Gakovic, A. and Tetrick, L.E. (2003), Psychological contract breach as a source of strain for employers, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 18, pp. 235-46.
30. Granrose, C.S. and Baccili, P.A. (2006), Do psychological contracts include boundaryless or protean careers?, Career Development International, Vol. 11 No. 2, p. 163.
31. Hall, D. and Moss, J. (1998), The new protean career contract: helping organizations and employees adapt, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 26, pp. 23-37.
32. Heijden, B.I.J.M.V.D., Schalk, R. and Veldhoven, M.J.P.M.V. (2008), Ageing and careers: European research on long-term career development and early retirement, Career Development International, Vol. 13 No. 2, p. 85.
33. Herriot, P., Manning, W. and Kidd, J. (1997), The content of the psychological contract, British Journal of Management, Vol. 8, pp. 151-62.
34. Ho, V., Rousseau, D. and Levesque, L. (2006), Social networks and the psychological contract: structural holes, cohesive ties, and beliefs regarding employer obligations, Human Relations, Vol. 59, pp. 459-81.
35. Homans, G.C. (1958), Social behavior as exchange, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 63, pp. 597-606.
36. Howell, D.C. (2002), Statistical Methods for Psychology, 5th ed., Wadsworth Group, Pacific Grove, CA.
37. Kabanoff, B., Jimmieson, N.L. and Lewis, M.J. (2000), Psychological contracts in Australia: a 'fair go' or a 'not-so-happy transition'?, in Rousseau, D. and Schalk, R. (Eds), Psychological Contracts in Employment: Cross Cultural Perspectives, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 29-46.
38. Kotter, J.P. (1973), The psychological contract: managing the joining up process, Californian Management Review, Vol. 15, pp. 91-9.
39. Kupperschmidt, B. (2000), Multigeneration employees: strategies for effective management, The Health Care Manager, Vol. 19, pp. 65-76.
40. Larwood, L., Wright, T., Desrochers, S. and Dahir, V. (1998), Extending latent role of psychological contract theories to predict intent to turnover and politics in business organisations, Group & Organization Management, Vol. 23, pp. 100-23.
41. Latham, G. and Pinder, C. (2005), Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 56, pp. 485-516.
42. Lester, S.W. and Kickul, J. (2001), Psychological contracts in the 21st century: what employees value most and how well organisations are responding to these expectations, Human Resource Planning, Vol. 24, pp. 10-21.
43. MacNeil, I.R. (1985), Relational contract: what we do and do not know, Wisconsin Law Review, Vol. 3 No. 1, p. 483.
44. Maguire, H. (2002), Psychological contracts: are they still relevant?, Career Development International, Vol. 7 No. 3, p. 167.
45. Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Herscovitch, L. and Topolnytsky, L. (2002), Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: a meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 61, pp. 20-52.
46. Morrow, P.C. and McElroy, J.C. (1987), Work commitment and job satisfaction over three career stages, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 30, pp. 330-46.
47. Pappas, J. and Flaherty, K.E. (2006), The moderating role of individual-difference variables in compensation research, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 21, pp. 19-35.
48. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.-Y. and Podsakoff, N.P. (2003), Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88 No. 5, pp. 879-903.
49. Pogson, C.E., Cober, A.B., Doverspike, D. and Rogers, J. (2003), Differences in self-reported work ethic across three career stages, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 62, pp. 189-201.
50. Porter, L., Pearce, J., Tripoli, A. and Lewis, K. (1998), Differential perceptions of employers' inducements: implications for psychological contracts, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 19, pp. 769-82.
51. Rhodes, S.R. (1983), Age related differences in work attitudes and behavior: a review and conceptual analysis, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 93, pp. 328-67.
52. Rousseau, D.M. (1989), Psychological and implied contracts in organisation, Employee Responsibility and Rights Journal, Vol. 2, pp. 121-39.
53. Rousseau, D.M. (1990), New hire perceptions of their own and their employers' obligations, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 11 No. 5, p. 389.
54. Rousseau, D.M. (1995), Psychological Contracts in Organisations: Understanding Written and Unwritten Agreements, Sage, London.
55. Rousseau, D.M. (1996), Changing the deal while keeping the people, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 10 No. 1, p. 50.
56. Rousseau, D.M. (2000), Psychological Contract Inventory Technical Report, Heinz School of Public Policy and Graduate School of Industrial Administration, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.
57. Rousseau, D.M. (2001), Schema, promise and mutuality: the building blocks of the psychological contract, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 74, pp. 511-41.
58. Rousseau, D.M. (2004), Psychological contracts in the workplace: understanding the ties that motivate, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 120-7.
59. Rousseau, D.M. and Tijoriwala, S.A. (1998), Assessing psychological contracts: issues, alternatives and measures, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 19 No. 7, p. 679.
60. Rousseau, D.M. and Wade-Benzoni, K.A. (1994), Linking strategy and human resource practices: how employee and customer contracts are created, Human Resource Management, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 463-89.
61. Savickas, M. (2002), Career construction: a developmental theory of vocational behavior, in Brown, D. (Ed.), Career Choice and Development, 4th ed., Jossey Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp. 149-205.
62. Scandura, T. and Lankau, M. (1997), Relationships of gender, family responsibility and flexible work hours to organizational commitment and job satisfaction, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 18, pp. 377-91.
63. Shalk, R. and Roe, R. (2007), Towards a dynamic model of the psychological contract, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, Vol. 37, pp. 167-82.
64. Smart, R. (1998), Career stages in Australian professional women: a test of Super's model, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 52, pp. 379-95.
65. Smola, K.W. and Sutton, C.D. (2002), Generational differences: revisiting generational work values for the new millennium, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 23, pp. 363-82.
66. Super, D. (1957), The Psychology of Careers, Harper, New York, NY.
67. Super, D., Thompson, A.S. and Lindeman, R.H. (1988), Adult Career Concerns Inventory: Manual for Research and Exploratory Use in Counseling, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
68. Sutton, G. and Griffin, M.A. (2004), Integrating expectations, experiences, and psychological contract violations: a longitudinal study of new professionals, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 77, pp. 493-514.
69. Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (2001), Using Multivariate Statistics, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA.
70. Terjesen, S., Vinnicombe, S. and Freeman, C. (2007), Attracting Generation Y graduates, Career Development International, Vol. 12 No. 6, p. 504.
71. Tsui, A.S., Egan, T.D. and O'Reilly, C.A. (1992), Being different: relational demography and organizational attachment, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 37, pp. 549-80.
72. Vaughn, G.M. and Hogg, M.A. (1998), Introduction to Social Psychology, 5th ed., Prentice-Hall, Sydney.
73. Wayne, S., Shore, L. and Liden, R. (1997), Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: a social exchange partnership, The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 40, pp. 82-111.
74. Westerman, J.W. and Yamamura, J.H. (2007), Generational preferences for work environment fit: effects on employee outcomes, Career Development International, Vol. 12 No. 2, p. 150.
75. Yu, H.-C. and Miller, P. (2004), Leadership style: Generation X and Baby Boomers compared in different cultural contexts, Leadership & Organization, Vol. 26, pp. 35-50.
76. Zhao, H., Wayne, S., Glibkowksi, B. and Bravo, J. (2007), The impact of psychological contract breach on related work-outcomes: meta analysis, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 60, pp. 647-80.