Professional women's midcareer satisfaction: Toward an explanatory framework

Sex Roles

Volumn 44, Issue 11-12, 2001, Pages 719-750

  Auster, Ellen R ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035354495     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1012202431364     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. Agassi, J. B. (1982). Comparing the work attitudes of men and women. Lexington: Lexington Books.
2. Arvey, R. D. (1996). Job satisfaction. In N. Nicholson, R. Schuler, & A. Van de Yen (Eds.), Encyclopedic dictionary of organizational behavior (pp. 272-274). Cambridge: Blackwell.
3. Arvey, R. D., Bouchard, T. J., Segal, N. L., & Abraham, L. M. (1989). Job satisfaction: Environmental and genetic components. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 187-192.
4. Arvey, R. D., Carter, G. W., & Buerkley, D. K. (1991). Job satisfaction: Dispositional and situational influences. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 6, 359-383.
5. Auster, E. (1989). Task characteristics as a bridge between macro and micro level research on salary inequality between men and women. The Academy of Management Review, 14, 173-193.
6. Auster, E. (1993). Demystifying the glass ceiling: Organizational and interpersonal dynamics of gender bias. Business in the Contemporary World, 5(3), 47-68.
7. Babin, B., & Boles, J. (1998). Employee behavior in a service environment: A model and test of potential differences between men and women. Journal of Marketing, 62, 77-91.
8. Bacharach, S., Baraberger, P., & Conley, S. (1991). Work-home conflict among nurses and engineers: Mediating impact of stress on burn-out and satisfaction at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 39-63.
9. Balanced by babes. (1995, May). Psychology Today, 28(3), 8.
10. Barker, P., Monks, K., & Buckley, F. (1997). Mentoring: A rod to break the glass ceiling. Accountancy Ireland, 29, 16-17.
11. Barnum, P., Liden, R., & DiTomaso, N. (1995). Double jeopardies for women and minorities: Pay differences with age. The Academy of Management Journal, 38, 863-880.
12. Bell, E. (1990). The bicultural life experience of career-oriented black women. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 459-477.
13. Bell, E., Denton, T., & Nkomo, S. (1993). Women of color in management: Toward an inclusive analysis. In E. Fagenson (Ed.), Women in management: Trends, issues, and challenges in managerial diversity (pp. 105-130). Newbury Park: Sage.
14. Blau, P. (1951). The Dynamics of Bureaucracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15. Blau, P. (1977a). Inequality and Heterogeneity. New York: Free Press.
16. Blau, P. (1977b). A macrosociological theory of social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 83, 26-54.
17. Blum, T., Fields, D., & Goodman, J. (1994). Organizational level determinants of women in management. The Academy of Management Journal, 37, 241-268.
18. Brief, A. P., & Hayes, E. L. (1997). The continuing "American dilemma": Studying racism in organizations. Trends in Organizational Behavior, 4, 89-105.
19. Burke, R., & McKeen, C. (1994). Effects of employment gaps on satisfactions and career prospects of managerial and professional women. International Journal of Career Management, 6, 22-28.
20. Burke, R., & McKeen, C. (1995). Employment gaps, work satisfaction, and career advancement among women chartered accountants. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 10, 16-22.
21. Burke, R., & McKeen, C. (1996). Do women at the top make a difference? Gender proportions and the experience of managerial men and women. Human Relations, 49, 1093-1104.
22. Burke, R., & McKeen, C. (1997). Not every managerial woman who makes it has a mentor. Women in Management Review, 12, 136-139.
23. Caplan, P. (1993). Lifting a ton of feathers: A woman's guide to surviving in the academic world. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
24. Capowski, G. (1996). Where have all the women gone? One firm asks. Management Review, 85, 7-9.
25. Chiu, C. (1998). Do professional women have lower job satisfaction than professional men: Lawyers as a case study. Sex Roles, 38, 521-537.
26. Chusmir, L. H. (1986). Gender differences in variables affecting job commitment among working men and women. Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 87-94.
27. Clugston, M. (2000). The mediating effects of multidimensional commitment on job satisfaction and intent to leave. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 477-486.
28. Crampton, S., & Hodge, J. (1995). Stress and stress management. S.A.M. (Society of Advancement of Management) Advanced Management Journal, 60, 10-29.
29. Cranny, C. J., Smith, P., & Stone, E. F. (1992). Job satisfaction: How people feel about their jobs and how it affects their performance. New York: Lexington Press.
30. Crichton, S. (1995, December 25). Will it be real life or corporate life? Newsweek, 126(26), 122-124.
31. Crosby, F. (1984). Job satisfaction and domestic life. In M. D. Lee & R. N. Kanungo (Eds.), Management of work and personal life (pp. 41-60). New York: Praeger.
32. Cyr, D., & Reich, B. H. (1996). Scaling the ivory tower: Stories from women in business school faculties. Westport: Praeger.
33. Daley, A., & Parfit, G. (1996). Good health - is it worth it? Mood states, physical well-being, job satisfaction, and absenteeism in members and non-members of a British corporate health and fitness club. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69, 121-134.
34. Daniels, K., & Guppy, A. (1994). Occupational stress, social support, job control, and psychological well-being. Human Relations, 47(12), 1523-1544.
35. DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197-229.
36. Devanna, M. A. (1984). Male/female careers-the first decade: A study of MBAs. New York: Columbia University Graduate School of Business.
37. Diener, Ed., Suh, E., Lucas, R., & Smith, H. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
38. Dreher, G., & Ash, R. (1990). A comparative study of mentoring among men and women in managerial, professional and technical positions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 539-546.
39. Dubin, R., & Champoux, J. (1975). Central life interests and organizational commitment of blue-collar and clerical workers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20, 411-421.
40. Eisenberg, S. (1998). We'll call you if we need you. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.
41. Elder, G. (1974). Children of the great depression: Social change in life experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
42. Ely, R. J. (1994). The effects of organizational demographics and social identity among professional women. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39, 203-238.
43. Ely, R. J. (1995). The power in demography: Women's social constructions of gender identity at work. The Academy of Management Journal, 38, 589-634.
44. Etter-Lewis, G. (1994). African American women in the workplace: Double standard, double lives. In V. Demos & M. Taylor (Eds.), Ethnic women: A multiple status reality (pp. 155-168). Dix Hills: General Hall.
45. Fagenson, E. A. (1990). At the heart of women in management research: Theoretical and methodological approaches and their biases. Journal of Business Ethics, 9, 267-274.
46. Fagenson, E. A. (1993). The status of women managers in the U.S. International Studies of Management and Organization, 23, 93-111.
47. Field, S. (1998). An investigation into the relationship between caring responsibilities and the levels of perceived pressure reported by female employees. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 71, 165-170.
48. Fields, D. L., & Blum, T. (1997). Employee satisfaction in work groups with different gender composition. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 181-196.
49. Fisher, A. B. (1992, November 30). Welcome to the age of overwork. Fortune, 126(12), 64-67, 70-71.
50. Fishman. C. (2000). Moving toward a balanced work life. Workforce, 79, 38-42.
51. Flynn, D. M., & Tannenbaum, S. (1993). Correlates of organizational commitment: Differences in the public and private sector. Journal of Business and Psychology, 8, 103-116.
52. Forret, M., & Dougherty, T. (1996). Networking activities and career outcomes of managerial and professional employees. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Meetings, Cincinnati, Ohio.
53. Fricko, M. A., & Beehr, T. (1992). A longitudinal investigation of interest congruence and gender concentration as predictors of job satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 45, 99-117.
54. Fried, Y., & Ferris, G. R. (1987). The validity of the job characteristics model: A review and meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 40, 287-322.
55. Friedman, S., & Greenhaus, J. (2000). Work and Family - Allies or Enemies. London: Oxford University Press.
56. Gibson, R. (1997). Rethinking the future: Rethinking business, principles, competition, control and complexity, leadership, markets, and the world. London: Nicholas Brealey.
57. Gilbert, J., & Ones, D. (1998). Role of informal integration in career advancement: Investigations in plural and multicultural organizations and implications for diversity valuation. Sex Roles, 39, 685-704.
58. Gordon, J. R., & Whelan, K. S. (1998). Successful professional women in mid-life: How organizations can more effectively understand and respond to the challenges. Academy of Management Executive, 12, 8-27.
59. Gray, J. D. (1983). The married professional woman: An examination of her role conflicts and coping strategies. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 7, 236-243.
60. Griffith, V. (1998, April 19). Survey - Business Education 97-98: Women: The ever-widening gender gap. Financial Times, D3.
61. Gutek, B., Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations of work/family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560-568.
62. Handy, J. (1988). Theoretical and methodological problems within occupational stress and burnout research. Human Relations, 41, 351-360.
63. Heard it through the grapevine. (1997, September 15).USA Today, p. B1.
64. Hegelsen, S. (1998). Everyday revolutionaries: Working women and the transformation of American life. New York: Doubleday.
65. Heilman, M. E. (1997). Sex discrimination and the affirmative action remedy: The role of sex stereotypes. Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 877-889.
66. Herman, R. E., & Gioia, J. L. (1998, December). Making work meaningful: Secrets of the future-focused corporation. The Futurist, 32(9), 24-26.
67. House, R., Shane, Scott, & Herold, D. M. (1996). Rumors of the death of dispositional research are vastly exaggerated. Academy of Management Review, 21, 203-224.
68. Hutter, S. (1998, September). Childcare on call. Working Mother, 21(8), 28-33.
69. Ibarra, H. (1995). Race, opportunity and diversity of social circles in managerial networks. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 673-703.
70. Kaltreider, N. (1998). Dilemmas of a double life: Women balancing careers and relationships. Northvale: Jason Aronson.
71. Kanter, R. M. (1979). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
72. Karambayya, R. (1997). Paradoxes facing women of color in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics. 16, 891-897.
73. Kirchmeyer, C. (1992). Nonwork participation and work attitudes: A test of scarcity vs. expansion models of personal resources. Human Relations, 45, 775-795.
74. Kirchmeyer, C. (1993). Nonwork-to-work spillover: A more balanced view of the experiences and coping of professional women and men. Sex Roles, 28, 531-552.
75. Kirchmeyer, C. (1996). Determinants of managerial success: Firm evidence and explanation of male/female differences. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Meetings, Cincinnati, Ohio.
76. Kirchmeyer, C. (1998). Determinants of managerial career success: Evidence and explanation of male/female differences. Journal of Management, 24, 673-692.
77. Kirchmeyer, C. (1999). Women's versus men's careers: Is it a case of comparing apples and oranges? Paper presented at the Academy of Management Meetings, Chicago.
78. Knight, J. (1994). Motherhood and management. In M. Tanton (Ed.), Women in management: A developing presence (pp. 141-161). London: Routledge.
79. Konek, C. W., & Kitch, S. (1994). Women and careers: Issues and challenges. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
80. Konrad, A., Winter, S., & Gutek, B. (1992). Diversity in work group sex composition: Implications for majority and minority members. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 10, 115-140.
81. Kossek, E. E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work-family conflict, policies, and the job-life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational behavior-human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 139-149.
82. Larwood, L., & Gattiker, U. (1988). Predictors for managers' career mobility, success, satisfaction. Human Relations, 41, 569-592.
83. Levy, P., & Williams, J. R. (1998). The role of perceived system knowledge in predicting appraisal reactions, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 53-65.
84. Lewis, V., & Borders, D. (1995). Life satisfaction of single middle-aged professional women. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 94-100.
85. Locke, E. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. Dunnette (Ed.), The Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297-1350). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
86. March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. (1958). Organizations. New York: Wiley.
87. Martin, J. (1992). Cultures in organizations: Three perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.
88. Martin, J., & Hanson, S. (1985). Sex, family wage-earning status, and satisfaction with work. Work and Occupations, 12, 91-110.
89. Mathieu, J., & Zajac, D. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171-194.
90. McDonald, L., & Korabik, K. (1991). Sources of stress and ways of coping among male and female managers. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 185-198.
91. McKenna, B. (1992). The chilly climate for women: A case of discrimination on campus. Video: American Federation of Teachers.
92. McKenna, R. (1997). Real time: Preparing for the age of the never satisfied customer. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
93. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 244-247.
94. Morris, B. (1995, September 18). Executive women confront mid-life crisis. Fortune, 132(6), 60-86.
95. Morrison, A., White, R. P., & Van Velsor, E. (1992). Breaking the glass ceiling. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
96. Moskowitz, M. (1997, October 18). The 100 best companies to work for. Working Mother, 20(9). 98.
97. Murray, T. J., & Forbes, D. (1986, May). Where have all the middle managers gone? Dun's Business Month, 127, 31-34.
98. Murrell, A., Crosby, F., & Ely, R. (1999). Mentoring dilemmas: Developmental relationships within multicultural organizations. Mahwah: Earlbaum.
99. Nicholson, N. (1995). Encyclopedic dictionary of organizational behavior. Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell.
100. Nkomo, S. M. (1992). The emperor has no clothes: Rewriting race in organizations. The Academy of Management Review, 17, 487-513.
101. Ohlott, P., Ruderman, M., & McCauley, C. (1994). Gender differences in manager's developmental job experiences. The Academy of Management Journal, 37, 46-67.
102. Parasuraman, S., & Greenhaus, J. H. (1997). Integrating work and family: challenges and choices for a changing world. Westport: Quorum Books.
103. Parkes, K. R. (1991). Locus of control as a moderator: An explanation for additive versus interactive findings in the demand-discretion model of work stress? British Journal of Psychology, 82, 291-312.
104. Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row.
105. Powell, G., & Butterfield, D. A. (1994). Investigating the glass ceiling phenomenon: An empirical study of actual promotions to top management. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 68-86.
106. Prudential, Phoenix use work/life initiatives to attract, retain valuable employees. (1999). Employee Benefit Plan Review, 54, 20-21.
107. Ragins, B. R. (1997). Diversified mentoring relationships in organizations: A power perspective. Academy of Management Review, 22, 482-521.
108. Ragins, B. R., & Scandura, T. (1994). Gender differences in expected outcomes of mentoring relationships. The Academy of Management Journal, 37, 957-971.
109. Ragins, B. R., & Scandura, T. (1995). Antecedents and work-related correlates of reported sexual harassment: An empirical investigation of competing hypotheses. Sex Roles, 32, 429-455.
110. Reskin, B. F. (1993). Sex segregation in the workplace. In J. Blake (Ed.), Annual review of sociology (Vol. 9, pp. 241-270). Palo Alto, CA: Sage.
111. Richardson, A. M., & Burke, R. J. (1991). Occupational stress and satisfaction among physicians: Sex differences. Social Science Medicine, 33, 1179-1187.
112. Rosato, D. (1998, June 8). Women leap off corporate ladder. USA Today, pp. B1-B2.
113. Rosin, H., & Korabik, K. (1995). Organizational experiences and propensity to leave: A multivariate investigation of men and women managers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 46, 1-16.
114. Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
115. Rowe, R., & Snizek, W. (1995). Gender differences in work values: Perpetuating the myth. Work and Occupations, 22, 215-229.
116. Rusting, C. L., & Larsen, R. J. (1997). Extraversion, neuroticism, and susceptibility to positive and negative affect: A test of two theoretical models. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 607-612.
117. Scandura, T., & Lankau, M. (1997). Relationships of gender, family responsibilities, and flexible work hours to organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 377-391.
118. Schein, E. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
119. Schneer, J., & Reitman, F. (1990). Effects of employment gaps on the careers of MBAs: More damaging for men than for women? Academy of Management Journal, 33, 391-406.
120. Schneer, J., & Reitman, F. (1993). Effects of alternate family structures on managerial career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 830-844.
121. Schneer, J., & Reitman, F. (1994). The importance of gender in mid-career: A longitudinal study of MBAs. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 199-207.
122. Schneer, J., & Reitman, F. (1995). The impact of gender as managerial careers unfold. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 47, 290-315.
123. South, S., Bonjean, C. M., Markham, W. T., & Corder, J. (1982). Social structure and intergroup interaction: Men and women of the federal bureaucracy. American Sociological Review, 47, 587-599.
124. Statham, A. (1991). The rise of marginal voices: Gender balance in the workforce. Lanham: Maryland University Press.
125. Still, L., & Timms, W. (1998). Career barriers and the older women manager. Women in Management Review, 13, 143-155.
126. Stockdale, M. (1996). Sexual harassment in the workplace: Perspectives, frontiers, and response strategies. Women and Work, Vol. 5. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
127. Study pinpoints causes of stress for working women. (1993, September). HR Focus, 70(9), 24.
128. Tharenou, P., & Conroy, D. (1994). Men and women's advancement: Personal or situational determinants. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 43, 5-31.
129. Tharenou, P., Latimer, S., & Conroy, D. (1994). How do you make it to the top? An examination of influences on women's and men's managerial advancement. The Academy of Management Journal, 37, 899-931.
130. Theodore, A. (1971). The Professional Woman. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.
131. Tolbert, P., & Moen, P. (1998). Men's and women's definitions of "good" jobs: Similarities and differences by age and across time. Work and Occupations, 25, 168-194.
132. Turnispeed, D. (1994). An analysis of the influence of work environment variables and moderators on the burnout syndrome. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(9), 782-800.
133. Van Collie, S.-C. (1998). Moving up through mentoring. Workforce, 77, 36-42.
134. Van der Velde, M., & Feij, J. (1995). Change of work perceptions and work outcomes as a result of voluntary and involuntary job change. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68, 273-290.
135. Wallace, P. A. (1989). MBAs on the fast track: The career mobility of young managers. New York: Ballinger.
136. Weissman, M. (1998, September). Count on me. Working Mother, 21(8), 38-40.
137. Wentling, R. M., & Palma-Rivas, N. (2000). Current status of diversity initiatives in selected multinational corporations. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 11, 35-60.
138. Wharton, A., & Baron, J. (1991). Satisfaction? The psychological impact of gender segregation on women at work. Sociological Quarterly, 32, 365-387.
139. Whitely, W., & Coetsier, P. (1993). The relationship of career mentoring to early career outcomes. Organization Studies, 14, 419-441.
140. Williams, K., & Alliger, G. (1994). Role stressors, mood spillover, and perceptions of work-family conflict in employed parents. The Academy of Management Journal, 37, 837-868.
141. Witt, A., & Nye, L. (1992). Gender and the relationship between perceived fairness of pay and promotion and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(6), 910-917.
142. Xie, J. L., & Johns, G. (1995). Job scope and stress: Can job scope be too high? Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1288-1309.
143. Yancey, Martin, P. (1985). Group sex composition in work organizations: A structural normative model. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 4, 311-349.
144. Yoder, J. (1991). Rethinking tokenism: Looking beyond the numbers. Gender and Society, 5, 178-192.
145. Zimmer, L. (1988). Tokenism and women in the workplace: The limits of a gender-neutral theory. Social Problems, 35, 64-77.
146. Zweigenhaft, R. (1994). Negotiating multiple statuses in the corporate world: The perception and experiences of some Black and Jewish women with Harvard MBAs. In V. Demos & M. Taylor (Eds.), Ethnic women: A multiple status reality (pp. 145-154). New York: Rowman and Littlefield.