Porphyrin and nonporphyrin photosensitizers in oncology: Preclinical and clinical advances in photodynamic therapy

Photochemistry and Photobiology

Volumn 85, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 1053-1074

  O'Connor, Aisling E ^a   Gallagher, William M ^a   Byrne, Annette T ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^b ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS IN IRELAND   (Ireland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; PORPHYRIN;

PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; REVIEW;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS; PORPHYRINS;

EID: 69649083587     PISSN: 00318655     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00585.x     Document Type: Review

References (224)

1. Nayak, C. S. (2005) Photodynamic therapy in dermatology. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 71, 155 160.
2. Pervaiz, S. M. Olivo (2006) Art and science of photodynamic therapy. ClExp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 33, 551 556.
3. von Tappeiner, H. H. Jesionek (1903) Therapeutische versuche mit fluoreszierenden stoffen. Munch Med. Wochenschr. 47, 2042 2044.
4. von Tappeiner, H. A. A. Jodlbauer (1907) Die sensibilisierende Wirkung fluorescierender Substanzen. Gesammelte Untersuchungen über die photodynamische Erscheinung. F. C. W. Vogel, Leipzig, Germany.
5. Dolmans, D. E., D. Fukumura R. K. Jain (2003) Photodynamic therapy for cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3, 380 387.
6. Hatz, S., J. D. Lambert P. R. Ogilby (2007) Measuring the lifetime of singlet oxygen in a single cell: Addressing the issue of cell viability. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 6, 1106 1116.
7. Moan, J. (1990) On the diffusion length of singlet oxygen in cells and tissues. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 6, 343 347.
8. Moan, J. K. Berg (1991) The photodegradation of porphyrins in cells can be used to estimate the lifetime of singlet oxygen. Photochem. Photobiol. 53, 549 553.
9. Niedre, M., M. S. Patterson B. C. Wilson (2002) Direct near-infrared luminescence detection of singlet oxygen generated by photodynamic therapy in cells in vitro and tissues in vivo. Photochem. Photobiol. 75, 382 391.
10. Hatz, S., L. Poulsen P. R. Ogilby (2008) Time-resolved singlet oxygen phosphorescence measurements from photosensitized experiments in single cells: Effects of oxygen diffusion and oxygen concentration. Photochem. Photobiol. 84, 1284 1290.
11. Almeida, R. D., B. J. Manadas, A. P. Carvalho C. B. Duarte (2004) Intracellular signaling mechanisms in photodynamic therapy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1704, 59 86.
12. Wyld, L., M. W. Reed N. J. Brown (2001) Differential cell death response to photodynamic therapy is dependent on dose and cell type. Br. J. Cancer 84, 1384 1386.
13. Vantieghem, A., Z. Assefa, P. Vandenabeele, W. Declercq, S. Courtois, J. R. Vandenheede, W. Merlevede, P. de Witte P. Agostinis (1998) Hypericin-induced photosensitization of HeLa cells leads to apoptosis or necrosis. Involvement of cytochrome c and procaspase-3 activation in the mechanism of apoptosis. FEBS Lett. 440, 19 24.
14. Plaetzer, K., T. Kiesslich, B. Krammer P. Hammerl (2002) Characterization of the cell death modes and the associated changes in cellular energy supply in response to AlPcS4-PDT. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 1, 172 177.
15. Dougherty, T. J., C. J. Gomer, B. W. Henderson, G. Jori, D. Kessel, M. Korbelik, J. Moan Q. Peng (1998) Photodynamic therapy. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 90, 889 905. (Pubitemid 28304157)
16. Yang, J. Z., D. A. Van Vugt, J. C. Kennedy R. L. Reid (1993) Intrauterine 5-aminolevulinic acid induces selective fluorescence and photodynamic ablation of the rat endometrium. Photochem. Photobiol. 57, 803 807.
17. Leist, M. P. Nicotera (1997) The shape of cell death. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 236, 1 9.
18. Kessel, D. J. J. Reiners Jr. (2007) Apoptosis and autophagy after mitochondrial or endoplasmic reticulum photodamage. Photochem. Photobiol. 83, 1024 1028.
19. Kessel, D., M. G. Vicente J. J. Reiners Jr. (2006) Initiation of apoptosis and autophagy by photodynamic therapy. Autophagy 2, 289 290.
20. Hendrzak-Henion, J. A., T. L. Knisely, L. Cincotta, E. Cincotta A. H. Cincotta (1999) Role of the immune system in mediating the antitumor effect of benzophenothiazine photodynamic therapy. Photochem. Photobiol. 69, 575 581.
21. Korbelik, M., G. Krosl, J. Krosl G. J. Dougherty (1996) The role of host lymphoid populations in the response of mouse EMT6 tumor to photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 56, 5647 5652.
22. Buytaert, E., M. Dewaele P. Agostinis (2007) Molecular effectors of multiple cell death pathways initiated by photodynamic therapy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1776, 86 107.
23. Castano, A. P., P. Mroz M. R. Hamblin (2006) Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumour immunity. Nat. Rev. Cancer 6, 535 545.
24. Juzeniene, A., Q. Peng J. Moan (2007) Milestones in the development of photodynamic therapy and fluorescence diagnosis. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 6, 1234 1245.
25. Oleinick, N. L., R. L. Morris I. Belichenko (2002) The role of apoptosis in response to photodynamic therapy: What, where, why, and how. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 1, 1 21.
26. van Duijnhoven, F. H., R. I. Aalbers, J. P. Rovers, O. T. Terpstra P. J. Kuppen (2003) The immunological consequences of photodynamic treatment of cancer, a literature review. Immunobiology 207, 105 113.
27. Chen, B., B. W. Pogue, P. J. Hoopes T. Hasan (2006) Vascular and cellular targeting for photodynamic therapy. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 16, 279 305.
28. Krammer, B. (2001) Vascular effects of photodynamic therapy. Anticancer Res. 21, 4271 4277.
29. Gross, S., A. Gilead, A. Scherz, M. Neeman Y. Salomon (2003) Monitoring photodynamic therapy of solid tumors online by BOLD-contrast MRI. Nat. Med. 9, 1327 1331.
30. Ferrario, A. C. J. Gomer (2006) Avastin enhances photodynamic therapy treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma in a mouse tumor model. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 25, 251 259.
31. Gomer, C. J., A. Ferrario, M. Luna, N. Rucker S. Wong (2006) Photodynamic therapy: Combined modality approaches targeting the tumor microenvironment. Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 516 521.
32. Sternberg, E. D., D. Dolphin C. Bruckner (1998) Porphyrin-based photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy. Tetrahedron 54, 4151 4202.
33. Schuitmaker, J. J., P. Baas, H. L. van Leengoed, F. W. van der Meulen, W. M. Star N. van Zandwijk (1996) Photodynamic therapy: A promising new modality for the treatment of cancer. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 34, 3 12.
34. Pushpan, S. K., S. Venkatraman, V. G. Anand, J. Sankar, D. Parmeswaran, S. Ganesan T. K. Chandrashekar (2002) Porphyrins in photodynamic therapy - A search for ideal photosensitizers. Curr. Med. Chem. Anticancer Agents 2, 187 207.
35. Bischoff, G. (2001) Porphyrin self-assembly as template for RNA? J Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 5, 691 701.
36. Thudichum, J. L. (1867) Tenth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council. H.M. Stationary Office, London.
37. Hoppe-Seyler, F. (1871) Medizinisch-chemische Untersuchungen. Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, Berlin.
38. Auler, H. G. Banzer (1942) Untersuchungen uber die Rolle der Porphyrine bei geschwulskranken Menshen und Tieren. Z. Krebsforsch. 53, 65 68.
39. Figge, F. H., G. S. Weiland L. O. Manganiello (1948) Cancer detection and therapy; affinity of neoplastic, embryonic, and traumatized tissues for porphyrins and metalloporphyrins. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 68, 640.
40. Policard, A. (1924) Etudes sur les aspects offerts par des tumeurs expérimentales examinées à la lumière de Wood. C. R. Soc. Biol. 91, 1423 1428.
41. Schwartz, S. K., K. Absolon H. Vermund (1955) Some relationships of porphyrins, x-rays and tumours. Univ. Minn. Med. Bull. 27, 7 8.
42. Lipson, R. L. E. J. Baldes (1960) The photodynamic properties of a particular hematoporphyrin derivative. Arch. Dermatol. 82, 508 516.
43. Lipson, R. L., E. J. Baldes M. J. Gray (1967) Hematoporphyrin derivative for detection and management of cancer. Cancer 20, 2255 2257.
44. Lipson, R. L., E. J. Baldes A. M. Olsen (1961) The use of a derivative of hematoporhyrin in tumor detection. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 26, 1 11.
45. Diamond, I., S. G. Granelli, A. F. McDonagh, S. Nielsen, C. B. Wilson R. Jaenicke (1972) Photodynamic therapy of malignant tumours. Lancet 2, 1175 1177.
46. Dougherty, T. J., J. E. Kaufman, A. Goldfarb, K. R. Weishaupt, D. Boyle A. Mittleman (1978) Photoradiation therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors. Cancer Res. 38, 2628 2635.
47. Dougherty, T. J., W. R. Potter K. R. Weishaupt (1984) The structure of the active component of hematoporphyrin derivative. Prog. ClBiol. Res. 170, 301 314.
48. Brown, S. B., D. I. Vernon, J. A. Holroyd, S. Marcus, R. Trust, W. Hawkins, A. Shah A. Tonelli (1992) Pharmacokinetics of Photofrin in Man. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.
49. Dougherty, T. J. (1986) Photosensitization of malignant tumors. SemSurg. Oncol. 2, 24 37.
50. Reed, M. W., F. N. Miller, T. J. Wieman, M. T. Tseng C. G. Pietsch (1988) The effect of photodynamic therapy on the microcirculation. J. Surg. Res. 45, 452 459.
51. Sharman, W. M., C. M. Allen J. E. van Lier (1999) Photodynamic therapeutics: basic principles and clinical applications. Drug Discov. Today 4, 507 517.
52. Sutedja, T., P. Baas, F. Stewart N. van Zandwijk (1992) A pilot study of photodynamic therapy in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 28A, 1370 1373.
53. Wai, C. Y. D. S. Miller (2002) Urinary bladder cancer. ClObstet. Gynecol. 45, 844 854.
54. Nseyo, U. O., J. DeHaven, T. J. Dougherty, W. R. Potter, D. L. Merrill, S. L. Lundahl D. L. Lamm (1998) Photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of patients with resistant superficial bladder cancer: A long-term experience. J. ClLaser Med. Surg. 16, 61 68.
55. Abels, C. (2004) Targeting of the vascular system of solid tumours by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 3, 765 771.
56. Schenkman, E. D. L. Lamm (2004) Superficial bladder cancer therapy. ScientificWorldJournal 4 (Suppl. 1 387 399.
57. van Staveren, H. J., M. Keijzer, T. Keesmaat, H. Jansen, W. J. Kirkel, J. F. Beek W. M. Star (1996) Integrating sphere effect in whole-bladder wall photodynamic therapy: III. Fluence multiplication, optical penetration and light distribution with an eccentric source for human bladder optical properties. Phys. Med. Biol. 41, 579 590.
58. Allison, R. R., V. S. Bagnato, R. Cuenca, G. H. Downie C. H. Sibata (2006) The future of photodynamic therapy in oncology. Future Oncol. 2, 53 71.
59. Chen, Q. F. W. Hetzel (1998) Laser dosimetry studies in the prostate. J. ClLaser Med. Surg. 16, 9 12.
60. Chen, Q., Z. Huang, D. Luck, J. Beckers, P. H. Brun, B. C. Wilson, A. Scherz, Y. Salomon F. W. Hetzel (2002) Preclinical studies in normal canine prostate of a novel palladium-bacteriopheophorbide (WST09) photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of prostate cancers. Photochem. Photobiol. 76, 438 445.
61. Brun, P. H., M. Bucking, J. L. DeGroot, E. F. Dickson, M. Farahani R. H. Pottier (2004) Neutron activation and liquid scintillation analysis of tissue samples containing palladium bacteriochlorophyll derivative, a potential photochemotherapeutic agent. Can. J. Anal. Sci. Spectros. 49, 55 63.
62. Koudinova, N. V., J. H. Pinthus, A. Brandis, O. Brenner, P. Bendel, J. Ramon, Z. Eshhar, A. Scherz Y. Salomon (2003) Photodynamic therapy with Pd-Bacteriopheophorbide (TOOKAD): Successful in vivo treatment of human prostatic small cell carcinoma xenografts. Int. J. Cancer 104, 782 789.
63. Trachtenberg, J., A. Bogaards, R. A. Weersink, M. A. Haider, A. Evans, S. A. McCluskey, A. Scherz, M. R. Gertner, C. Yue, S. Appu, A. Aprikian, J. Savard, B. C. Wilson M. Elhilali (2007) Vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with palladium-bacteriopheophorbide photosensitizer for recurrent prostate cancer following definitive radiation therapy: Assessment of safety and treatment response. J. Urol. 178, 1974 1979 discussion 1979.
64. Trachtenberg, J., R. A. Weersink, S. R. Davidson, M. A. Haider, A. Bogaards, M. R. Gertner, A. Evans, A. Scherz, J. Savard, J. L. Chin, B. C. Wilson M. Elhilali (2008) Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (padoporfin, WST09) for recurrent prostate cancer after failure of external beam radiotherapy: A study of escalating light doses. BJU Int. 102, 556 562.
65. ®, mTHPC). Lasers Med. Sci. 11, 267 272.
66. Mitra, S. T. H. Foster (2005) Photophysical parameters, photosensitizer retention and tissue optical properties completely account for the higher photodynamic efficacy of meso-tetra-hydroxyphenyl-chlorin vs photofrPhotochem. Photobiol. 81, 849 859.
67. Triesscheijn, M., M. Ruevekamp, R. Out, T. J. Van Berkel, J. Schellens, P. Baas F. A. Stewart (2007) The pharmacokinetic behavior of the photosensitizer meso-tetra-hydroxyphenyl-chlorin in mice and men. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 60, 113 122.
68. Ris, H. B., H. J. Altermatt, R. Inderbitzi, R. Hess, B. Nachbur, J. C. M. Stewart, Q. Wang, C. K. Lim, R. Bonnett, M. C. Berenbaum U. Althaus (1991) Photodynamic therapy with chlorins for diffuse malignant mesothelioma: initial clinical results. Br. J. Cancer 64, 1116 1120.
69. Molinari, A., C. Bombelli, S. Mannino, A. Stringaro, L. Toccacieli, A. Calcabrini, M. Colone, A. Mangiola, G. Maira, P. Luciani, G. Mancini G. Arancia (2007) m-THPC-mediated photodynamic therapy of malignant gliomas: Assessment of a new transfection strategy. Int. J. Cancer 121, 1149 1155.
70. Obwegeser, A., R. Jakober H. Kostron (1998) Uptake and kinetics of 14C-labelled meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin and 5-aminolaevulinic acid in the C6 rat glioma model. Br. J. Cancer 78, 733 738.
71. Zimmermann, A., M. Ritsch-Marte H. Kostron (2001) mTHPC-mediated photodynamic diagnosis of malignant brain tumors. Photochem. Photobiol. 74, 611 616.
72. Kubler, A. C., J. de Carpentier, C. Hopper, A. G. Leonard G. Putnam (2001) Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip using Foscan-mediated photodynamic therapy. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 30, 504 509.
73. Hopper, C., A. Kubler, H. Lewis, I. B. Tan G. Putnam (2004) mTHPC-mediated photodynamic therapy for early oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 111, 138 146.
74. Morris, K. (2000) Ray of light for treatment of head and neck cancer. Lancet Oncol. 1, 10.
75. D'Cruz, A. K., M. H. Robinson M. A. Biel (2004) mTHPC-mediated photodynamic therapy in patients with advanced, incurable head and neck cancer: A multicenter study of 128 patients. Head Neck 26, 232 240.
76. Pandey, R. K. (2000) Recent advances in photodynamic therapy. J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 4, 368 373.
77. Razum, N. J., A. B. Snyder D. R. Doiron (1996) SnET2: Clinical update. Proc. SPIE 2675, 43 46.
78. Josefsen, L. B. R. W. Boyle (2008) Photodynamic therapy and the development of metal-based photosensitisers. Met. Based Drugs 2008, 276109.
79. Polo, L., E. Reddi, G. M. Garbo, A. R. Morgan G. Jori (1992) The distribution of the tumour photosensitizers Zn(II)-phthalocyanine and Sn(IV)-etiopurpurin among rabbit plasma proteins. Cancer Lett. 66, 217 223.
80. Mang, T. S., R. Allison, G. Hewson, W. Snider R. Moskowitz (1998) A phase II/III clinical study of tin ethyl etiopurpurin (Purlytin)-induced photodynamic therapy for the treatment of recurrent cutaneous metastatic breast cancer. Cancer J. Sci. Am. 4, 378 384.
81. Primbs, G. B., R. Casey, K. Wamser, W. J. Snyder D. H. Crean (1998) Photodynamic therapy for corneal neovascularization. Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers 29, 832 838.
82. Selman, S. H., D. Albrecht, R. W. Keck, P. Brennan S. Kondo (2001) Studies of tin ethyl etiopurpurin photodynamic therapy of the canine prostate. J. Urol. 165, 1795 1801.
83. Rifkin, R., B. Reed, F. Hetzel K. Chen (1997) Photodynamic therapy using SnET2 for basal cell nevus syndrome: A case report. ClTher. 19, 639 641.
84. Kaplan, M. J., R. G. Somers, R. H. Greenberg J. Ackler (1998) Photodynamic therapy in the management of metastatic cutaneous adenocarcinomas: Case reports from phase 1/2 studies using tin ethyl etiopurpurin (SnET2). J. Surg. Oncol. 67, 121 125.
85. Mody, T. D. J. L. Sessler (2001) Texaphyrins: A new approach to drug development. J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 5, 134 142.
86. Hsi, R. A., A. Kapatkin, J. Strandberg, T. Zhu, T. Vulcan, M. Solonenko, C. Rodriguez, J. Chang, M. Saunders, N. Mason S. Hahn (2001) Photodynamic therapy in the canine prostate using motexafin lutetium. ClCancer Res. 7, 651 660.
87. Renschler, M. F., A. R. Yuen, T. J. Panella, T. J. Wieman, S. Dougherty, L. Esserman, M. Panjehpour, S. W. Taber, V. H. Fingar, E. Lowe, J. S. Engel, B. Lum, K. W. Woodburn, W. F. Cheong R. A. Miller (1998) Photodynamic therapy trials with lutetium texaphyrin (Lu-Tex) in patients with locally recurrent breast cancer. Proc. SPIE Int. Opt. Eng. 3247, 35 39.
88. Young, S. W., K. W. Woodburn, M. Wright, T. D. Mody, Q. Fan, J. L. Sessler, W. C. Dow R. A. Miller (1996) Lutetium texaphyrin (PCI-0123): A near-infrared, water-soluble photosensitizer. Photochem. Photobiol. 63, 892 897.
89. Blumenkranz, M. S., K. Woodburn S. Verdooner (1998) Lutetium texaphyrin angiography: A new method for the evaluation and treatment of retinal and choroidal vascular disorders. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39, S468.
90. Fingar, V. H., P. S. Haydon, S. W. Taber T. J. Wieman (1998) Assessment of selected damage to tumor vasculature after PDT. Photochem. Photobiol. 67S, 25S.
91. Woodburn, K. W., Q. Fan, D. R. Miles, D. Kessel, Y. Luo S. W. Young (1997) Localization and efficacy analysis of the phototherapeutic lutetium texaphyrin (PCI-0123) in the murine EMT6 sarcoma model. Photochem. Photobiol. 65, 410 415.
92. Woodburn, K. W., Q. Fan, D. Kessel, Y. Luo S. W. Young (1998) Photodynamic therapy of B16F10 murine melanoma with lutetium texaphyrJ. Invest. Dermatol. 110, 746 751.
93. Hammer-Wilson, M. J., M. Ghahramanlou M. W. Berns (1999) Photodynamic activity of lutetium-texaphyrin in a mouse tumor system. Lasers Surg. Med. 24, 276 284.
94. Du, K. L., R. Mick, T. M. Busch, T. C. Zhu, J. C. Finlay, G. Yu, A. G. Yodh, S. B. Malkowicz, D. Smith, R. Whittington, D. Stripp S. M. Hahn (2006) Preliminary results of interstitial motexafin lutetium-mediated PDT for prostate cancer. Lasers Surg. Med. 38, 427 434.
95. Patel, H., R. Mick, J. Finlay, T. C. Zhu, E. Rickter, K. A. Cengel, S. B. Malkowicz, S. M. Hahn T. M. Busch (2008) Motexafin lutetium-photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer: Short- and long-term effects on prostate-specific antigen. ClCancer Res. 14, 4869 4876.
96. Matsumura, H., J. Akimoto, J. Haraoka K. Aizawa (2008) Uptake and retention of the photosensitizer mono-l-asparthyl chlorine e6 in experimental malignant glioma. Lasers Med. Sci. 23, 237 245.
97. Ferrario, A., D. Kessel C. J. Gomer (1992) Metabolic properties and photosensitizing responsiveness of mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6 in a mouse tumor model. Cancer Res. 52, 2890 2893.
98. McMahon, K. S., T. J. Wieman, P. H. Moore V. H. Fingar (1994) Effects of photodynamic therapy using mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6 on vessel constriction, vessel leakage, and tumor response. Cancer Res. 54, 5374 5379.
99. Kessel, D. (1997) Pharmacokinetics of N-aspartyl chlorin e6 in cancer patients. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 39, 81 83.
100. Nakagawa, H., T. Matsumiya, H. Sakaki, T. Imaizumi, K. Kubota, A. Kusumi, W. Kobayashi H. Kimura (2007) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by photodynamic therapy with mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6) in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 43, 544 550.
101. Nelson, J. S., W. G. Roberts M. W. Berns (1987) In vivo studies on the utilization of mono-l-aspartyl chlorin (NPe6) for photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res. 47, 4681 4685.
102. Taber, S. W., V. H. Fingar, C. T. Coots T. J. Wieman (1998) Photodynamic therapy using mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6 (Npe6) for the treatment of cutaneous disease: A Phase I clinical study. ClCancer Res. 4, 2741 2746.
103. Kato, H., K. Furukawa, M. Sato, T. Okunaka, Y. Kusunoki, M. Kawahara, M. Fukuoka, T. Miyazawa, T. Yana, K. Matsui, T. Shiraishi H. Horinouchi (2003) Phase II clinical study of photodynamic therapy using mono-l-aspartyl chlorin e6 and diode laser for early superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer 42, 103 111.
104. Kujundzic, M., T. J. Vogl, D. Stimac, N. Rustemovic, R. A. Hsi, M. Roh, M. Katicic, R. Cuenca, R. A. Lustig S. Wang (2007) A Phase II safety and effect on time to tumor progression study of intratumoral light infusion technology using talaporfin sodium in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 96, 518 524.
105. Blume, J. E. A. R. Oseroff (2007) Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for skin cancers. Dermatol. Cl25, 5 14.
106. Kormeili, T., P. S. Yamauchi N. J. Lowe (2004) Topical photodynamic therapy in clinical dermatology. Br. J. Dermatol. 150, 1061 1069.
107. Abels, C., P. Heil, M. Dellian, G. E. Kuhnle, R. Baumgartner A. E. Goetz (1994) In vivo kinetics and spectra of 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced fluorescence in an amelanotic melanoma of the hamster. Br. J. Cancer 70, 826 833.
108. Morton, C. A., C. Whitehurst, J. V. Moore R. M. MacKie (2000) Comparison of red and green light in the treatment of Bowen's disease by photodynamic therapy. Br. J. Dermatol. 143, 767 772.
109. Taylor, E. L. S. B. Brown (2002) The advantages of aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in dermatology. J. Dermatolog. Treat. 13 (Suppl. 1 S3 S11.
110. Kennedy, J. C., R. H. Pottier D. C. Pross (1990) Photodynamic therapy with endogenous protoporphyrin IX: Basic principles and present clinical experience. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 6, 143 148.
111. Braathen, L. R., R. M. Szeimies, N. Basset-Seguin, R. Bissonnette, P. Foley, D. Pariser, R. Roelandts, A. M. Wennberg C. A. Morton (2007) Guidelines on the use of photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: An international consensus. International Society for Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology, 2005. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 56, 125 143.
112. Calzavara-Pinton, P. G. (1995) Repetitive photodynamic therapy with topical delta-aminolaevulinic acid as an appropriate approach to the routine treatment of superficial non-melanoma skin tumours. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 29, 53 57.
113. Malik, Z., G. Kostenich, L. Roitman, B. Ehrenberg A. Orenstein (1995) Topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid, DMSO and EDTA: Protoporphyrin IX accumulation in skin and tumours of mice. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 28, 213 218.
114. Warloe, T., Q. Peng, H. Heyerdahl, J. Moan, H. B. Steen K. E. Giercksky (1995) Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid induced porphyrins and DMSO/EDTA for basal cell carcinoma. Proc. SPIE 2371, 226 235.
115. Clark, C., A. Bryden, R. Dawe, H. Moseley, J. Ferguson S. H. Ibbotson (2003) Topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for cutaneous lesions: Outcome and comparison of light sources. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 19, 134 141.
116. Kurwa, H. A., S. A. Yong-Gee, P. T. Seed, A. C. Markey R. J. Barlow (1999) A randomized paired comparison of photodynamic therapy and topical 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of actinic keratoses. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 41, 414 418.
117. Nowis, D., M. Makowski, T. Stoklosa, M. Legat, T. Issat J. Golab (2005) Direct tumor damage mechanisms of photodynamic therapy. Acta Biochim. Pol. 52, 339 352.
118. Kalisiak, M. S. J. Rao (2007) Photodynamic therapy for actinic keratoses. Dermatol. Cl25, 15 23.
119. Peng, Q., A. M. Soler, T. Warloe, J. M. Nesland K. E. Giercksky (2001) Selective distribution of porphyrins in skin thick basal cell carcinoma after topical application of methyl 5-aminolevulinate. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 62, 140 145.
120. Moloney, F. J. P. Collins (2007) Randomized, double-blind, prospective study to compare topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid methylester with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for extensive scalp actinic keratosis. Br. J. Dermatol. 157, 87 91.
121. Rhodes, L. E., M. A. de Rie, R. Leifsdottir, R. C. Yu, I. Bachmann, V. Goulden, G. A. Wong, M. A. Richard, A. Anstey P. Wolf (2007) Five-year follow-up of a randomized, prospective trial of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy vs surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma. Arch. Dermatol. 143, 1131 1136.
122. Surrenti, T., L. De Angelis, A. Di Cesare, M. C. Fargnoli K. Peris (2007) Efficacy of photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate in the treatment of superficial and nodular basal cell carcinoma. Eur. J. Dermatol. 17, 412 415.
123. Stockert, J. C., M. Canete, A. Juarranz, A. Villanueva, R. W. Horobin, J. I. Borrell, J. Teixido S. Nonell (2007) Porphycenes: Facts and prospects in photodynamic therapy of cancer. Curr. Med. Chem. 14, 997 1026.
124. Toledano, H., R. Edrei S. Kimel (1998) Photodynamic damage by liposome-bound porphycenes: Comparison between in vitro and in vivo models. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 42, 20 27.
125. Richert, C., J. M. Wessels, M. Muller, M. Kisters, T. Benninghaus A. E. Goetz (1994) Photodynamic antitumor agents: Beta-methoxyethyl groups give access to functionalized porphycenes and enhance cellular uptake and activity. J. Med. Chem. 37, 2797 2807.
126. Guardiano, M., R. Biolo, G. Jori K. Schaffner (1989) Tetra-n- propylporphycene as a tumour localizer: Pharmacokinetic and phototherapeutic studies in mice. Cancer Lett. 44, 1 6.
127. Segalla, A., F. Fedeli, E. Reddi, G. Jori A. Cross (1997) Effect of chemical structure and hydrophobicity on the pharmacokinetic properties of porphycenes in tumour-bearing mice. Int. J. Cancer 72, 329 336.
128. Kessel, D. Y. Luo (1999) Photodynamic therapy: A mitochondrial inducer of apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 6, 28 35.
129. Fickweiler, S., C. Abels, S. Karrer, W. Baumler, M. Landthaler, F. Hofstadter R. M. Szeimies (1999) Photosensitization of human skin cell lines by ATMPn (9-acetoxy-2,7,12,17-tetrakis-(beta-methoxyethyl)-porphycene) in vitro: Mechanism of action. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 48, 27 35.
130. Abels, C., R. M. Szeimies, P. Steinbach, C. Richert A. E. Goetz (1997) Targeting of the tumor microcirculation by photodynamic therapy with a synthetic porphycene. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 40, 305 312.
131. Gottfried, V., R. Davidi, C. Averguj S. Kimel (1995) In vivo damage to chorioallantoic membrane blood vessels by porphycene-induced photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 30, 115 121.
132. Braun, A. J. Tcherniac (1907) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. J. Chem. Ber. 40, 2709.
133. Linstead, R. P. (1934) Phthalocyanines. Part I. A new type of synthetic colouring matters. J. Chem. Soc. 1016.
134. Detty, M. R., S. L. Gibson S. J. Wagner (2004) Current clinical and preclinical photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy. J. Med. Chem. 47, 3897 3915.
135. Wainwright, M. (2008) Photodynamic therapy: The development of new photosensitisers. Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 8, 280 291.
136. Lukyanets, E. A. (1999) Phthalocyanines as photosensitizers in the photodynamic therapy of cancer. J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 3, 424 432.
137. Ben-Hur, E., M. M. Zuk, S. Chin, D. Banerjee, M. E. Kenney B. Horowitz (1995) Biodistribution and virus inactivation efficacy of a silicon phthalocyanine in red blood cell concentrates as a function of vehicle delivery. Photochem. Photobiol. 62, 575 579.
138. George 3rd., J. E., Y. Ahmad, D. Varghai, X. Li, J. Berlin, D. Jackowe, M. Jungermann, M. S. Wolfe, L. Lilge, A. Totonchi, R. L. Morris, A. Peterson, W. D. Lust, M. E. Kenney, C. L. Hoppel, J. Sun, N. L. Oleinick D. Dean (2005) Pc 4 photodynamic therapy of U87-derived human glioma in the nude rat. Lasers Surg. Med. 36, 383 389. (Pubitemid 40942153)
139. Miller, J. D., E. D. Baron, H. Scull, A. Hsia, J. C. Berlin, T. McCormick, V. Colussi, M. E. Kenney, K. D. Cooper N. L. Oleinick (2007) Photodynamic therapy with the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4: The case experience with preclinical mechanistic and early clinical-translational studies. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 224, 290 299.
140. Lee, T. K., E. D. Baron T. H. Foster (2008) Monitoring Pc 4 photodynamic therapy in clinical trials of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma using noninvasive spectroscopy. J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 030507.
141. Moser, J. G. (1998) Definitions and general properties of 2nd and 3rd generation photosensitizers. In Photodynamic Tumor Therapy: 2nd and 3rd Generation Photosensitizers (Edited by J. G. Moser p. 256. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam.
142. Wohrle, D., A. Hirth, T. Bogdahn-Rai, G. Schnurpfeil M. Shopova (1998) Photodynamic therapy of cancer: Second and third generations of photosensitizers. Russ. Chem. Bull. 47, 836 845.
143. Zhang, G. D., A. Harada, N. Nishiyama, D. L. Jiang, H. Koyama, T. Aida K. Kataoka (2003) Polyion complex micelles entrapping cationic dendrimer porphyrin: Effective photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer. J. Control Release 93, 141 150.
144. Derycke, A. S. P. A. De Witte (2002) Transferrin-mediated targeting of hypericin embedded in sterically stabilized PEG-liposomes. Int. J. Oncol. 20, 181 187.
145. Ishida, O., K. Maruyama, H. Tanahashi, M. Iwatsuru, K. Sasaki, M. Eriguchi H. Yanagie (2001) Liposomes bearing polyethyleneglycol-coupled transferrin with intracellular targeting property to the solid tumors in vivo. Pharm. Res. 18, 1042 1048.
146. Wieder, M. E., D. C. Hone, M. J. Cook, M. M. Handsley, J. Gavrilovic D. A. Russell (2006) Intracellular photodynamic therapy with photosensitizer- nanoparticle conjugates: Cancer therapy using a "Trojan horse." Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 5, 727 734.
147. Reddy, G. R., M. S. Bhojani, P. McConville, J. Moody, B. A. Moffat, D. E. Hall, G. Kim, Y. E. Koo, M. J. Woolliscroft, J. V. Sugai, T. D. Johnson, M. A. Philbert, R. Kopelman, A. Rehemtulla B. D. Ross (2006) Vascular targeted nanoparticles for imaging and treatment of brain tumors. ClCancer Res. 12, 6677 6686.
148. Leonard, K. A., M. I. Nelen, T. P. Simard, S. R. Davies, S. O. Gollnick, A. R. Oseroff, S. L. Gibson, R. Hilf, L. B. Chen M. R. Detty (1999) Synthesis and evaluation of chalcogenopyrylium dyes as potential sensitizers for the photodynamic therapy of cancer. J. Med. Chem. 42, 3953 3964.
149. Kubin, A., F. Wierrani, U. Burner, G. Alth W. Grunberger (2005) Hypericin: The facts about a controversial agent. Curr. Pharm. Des. 11, 233 253.
150. Giese, A. C. (1980) Hypericism. Photochem. Photobiol. Rev. 5, 971 977.
151. Delaey, E. M., A. L. Vandenbogaerde, W. J. Merlevede P. A. M. de Witte (2000) Photocytotoxicity of hypericin in oxic and hypoxic conditions. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 56, 19 24.
152. Thomas, C. R. S. Pardini (1992) Oxygen dependence of hypericin-induced phototoxicity to EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Photochem. Photobiol. 55, 831 837.
153. Diwu, Z. J. W. Lown (1993) Photosensitization with anticancer agents. 17. EPR studies of photodynamic action of hypericin: Formation of semiquinone radical and activated oxygen species on illumination. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 14, 209 215.
154. Ehrenberg, B., J. L. Anderson C. S. Foote (1998) Kinetics and yield of singlet oxygen photosensitized by hypericin in organic and biological media. Photochem. Photobiol. 68, 135 140.
155. Thomas, C., R. S. MacGill, G. C. Miller R. S. Pardini (1992) Photoactivation of hypericin generates singlet oxygen in mitochondria and inhibits succinoxidase. Photochem. Photobiol. 55, 47 53.
156. Brockmoller, J., T. Reum, S. Bauer, R. Kerb, W. D. Hubner I. Roots (1997) Hypericin and pseudohypericin: Pharmacokinetics and effects on photosensitivity in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry 30 (Suppl. 2 94 101.
157. Jacobson, J. M., L. Feinman, L. Liebes, N. Ostrow, V. Koslowski, A. Tobia, B. E. Cabana, D. Lee, J. Spritzler A. M. Prince (2001) Pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiviral effects of hypericin, a derivative of St. John's wort plant, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 517 524.
158. Kerb, R., J. Brockmoller, B. Staffeldt, M. Ploch I. Roots (1996) Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of hypericin and pseudohypericAntimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 2087 2093.
159. Oleinick, N. L. H. H. Evans (1998) The photobiology of photodynamic therapy: Cellular targets and mechanisms. Radiat. Res. 150, S146 S156.
160. Moor, A. C. (2000) Signaling pathways in cell death and survival after photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 57, 1 13.
161. Chen, B., Y. Xu, T. Roskams, E. Delaey, P. Agostinis, J. R. Vandenheede P. de Witte (2001) Efficacy of antitumoral photodynamic therapy with hypericin: Relationship between biodistribution and photodynamic effects in the RIF-1 mouse tumor model. Int. J. Cancer 93, 275 282.
162. Du, H. Y., B. H. Bay M. Olivo (2003) Biodistribution and photodynamic therapy with hypericin in a human NPC murine tumor model. Int. J. Oncol. 22, 1019 1024.
163. Head, C. S., Q. Luu, J. Sercarz R. Saxton (2006) Photodynamic therapy and tumor imaging of hypericin-treated squamous cell carcinoma. World J. Surg. Oncol. 4, 87.
164. Chen, B. de Witte P. A. (2000) Photodynamic therapy efficacy and tissue distribution of hypericin in a mouse P388 lymphoma tumor model. Cancer Lett. 150, 111 117.
165. Alecu, M., C. Ursaciuc, F. Halalau, G. Coman, W. Merlevede, E. Waelkens P. de Witte (1998) Photodynamic treatment of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma with hypericAnticancer Res. 18, 4651 4654.
166. Kacerovska, D., K. Pizinger, F. Majer F. Smid (2008) Photodynamic therapy of nonmelanoma skin cancer with topical hypericum perforatum extract: A pilot study. Photochem. Photobiol. 84, 779 785.
167. Detty, M. R., P. B. Merkel, R. Hilf, S. L. Gibson S. K. Powers (1990) Chalcogenapyrylium dyes as photochemotherapeutic agents. 2. Tumor uptake, mitochondrial targeting, and singlet-oxygen-induced inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase. J. Med. Chem. 33, 1108 1116.
168. Brennan, N. K., J. P. Hall, S. R. Davies, S. O. Gollnick, A. R. Oseroff, S. L. Gibson, R. Hilf M. R. Detty (2002) In vitro photodynamic properties of chalcogenopyrylium analogues of the thiopyrylium antitumor agent AA1. J. Med. Chem. 45, 5123 5135.
169. Leonard, K. A., M. I. Nelen, L. T. Anderson, S. L. Gibson, R. Hilf M. R. Detty (1999) 2,4,6-triarylchalcogenopyrylium dyes related in structure to the antitumor agent AA1 as in vitro sensitizers for the photodynamic therapy of cancer. J. Med. Chem. 42, 3942 3952.
170. Orth, K., G. Beck, F. Genze A. Ruck (2000) Methylene blue mediated photodynamic therapy in experimental colorectal tumors in mice. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 57, 186 192.
171. Jockusch, S., D. Lee, N. J. Turro E. F. Leonard (1996) Photo-induced inactivation of viruses: Adsorption of methylene blue, thionine, and thiopyronine on Qbeta bacteriophage. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 7446 7451.
172. Peter, C., D. Hongwan, A. Kupfer B. H. Lauterburg (2000) Pharmacokinetics and organ distribution of intravenous and oral methylene blue. Eur. J. ClPharmacol. 56, 247 250.
173. Mellish, K. J., R. D. Cox, D. I. Vernon, J. Griffiths S. B. Brown (2002) In vitro photodynamic activity of a series of methylene blue analogues. Photochem. Photobiol. 75, 392 397.
174. Konig, K., V. Bockhorn, W. Dietel H. Schubert (1987) Photochemotherapy of animal tumors with the photosensitizer methylene blue using a krypton laser. J. Cancer Res. ClOncol. 113, 301 303.
175. Orth, K., D. Russ, G. Beck, A. Ruck H. G. Beger (1998) Photochemotherapy of experimental colonic tumours with intra-tumorally applied methylene blue. Langenbecks Arch. Surg. 383, 276 281.
176. Orth, K., A. Ruck, A. Stanescu H. G. Beger (1995) Intraluminal treatment of inoperable oesophageal tumours by intralesional photodynamic therapy with methylene blue. Lancet 345, 519 520.
177. Wainwright, M. (1996) Non-porphyrin photosensitizers in biomedicine. Chem. Soc. Rev. 25, 351 359.
178. Chen, Y., W. Zheng, Y. Li, J. Zhong, J. Ji P. Shen (2008) Apoptosis induced by methylene-blue-mediated photodynamic therapy in melanomas and the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction revealed by proteomics. Cancer Sci. 99, 2019 2027.
179. Matsubara, T., K. Kusuzaki, A. Matsumine, H. Satonaka, K. Shintani, T. Nakamura A. Uchida (2008) Methylene blue in place of acridine orange as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy of osteosarcoma. In Vivo 22, 297 303.
180. Khdair, A., B. Gerard, H. Handa, G. Mao, M. P. Shekhar J. Panyam (2008) Surfactant-polymer nanoparticles enhance the effectiveness of anticancer photodynamic therapy. Mol. Pharm. 5, 795 807.
181. Tang, W., H. Xu, E. J. Park, M. A. Philbert R. Kopelman (2008) Encapsulation of methylene blue in polyacrylamide nanoparticle platforms protects its photodynamic effectiveness. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 369, 579 583.
182. Wilson, M. N. Mia (1993) Sensitisation of Candida albicans to killing by low-power laser light. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 22, 354 357. (Pubitemid 23353475)
183. Wilson, M. C. Yianni (1995) Killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by low-power laser light. J. Med. Microbiol. 42, 62 66.
184. Eliezri, Y. D. (1988) The toluidine blue test: An aid in the diagnosis and treatment of early squamous cell carcinomas of mucous membranes. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 18, 1339 1349.
185. Epstein, J. B., C. Oakley, A. Millner, S. Emerton, E. van der Meij N. Le (1997) The utility of toluidine blue application as a diagnostic aid in patients previously treated for upper oropharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 83, 537 547.
186. Miller, R. L., B. W. Simms A. R. Gould (1988) Toluidine blue staining for detection of oral premalignant lesions and carcinomas. J. Oral Pathol. 17, 73 78.
187. Tremblay, J. F., S. Dussault, G. Viau, F. Gad, M. Boushira R. Bissonnette (2002) Photodynamic therapy with toluidine blue in Jurkat cells: Cytotoxicity, subcellular localization and apoptosis induction. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 1, 852 856.
188. Tardivo, J. P., A. Del Giglio, L. H. Paschoal M. S. Baptista (2006) New photodynamic therapy protocol to treat AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Photomed. Laser Surg. 24, 528 531.
189. Lewis, M. R., N. A. Sloviter P. P. Goland (1946) In-vivo staining and retardation of growth of sarcomata in mice. Anat. Rec. 95, 89 96.
190. Lewis, M. R., P. P. Goland H. A. Sloviter (1949) The action of oxazine dyes on tumors in mice. Cancer Res. 9, 736 740.
191. Cincotta, L., J. W. Foley A. H. Cincotta (1993) Phototoxicity, redox behavior, and pharmacokinetics of benzophenoxazine analogues in EMT-6 murine sarcoma cells. Cancer Res. 53, 2571 2580.
192. Cincotta, L., J. W. Foley, T. MacEachern, E. Lampros A. H. Cincotta (1994) Novel photodynamic effects of a benzophenothiazine on two different murine sarcomas. Cancer Res. 54, 1249 1258.
193. Georgakoudi, I. T. H. Foster (1998) Effects of the subcellular redistribution of two Nile blue derivatives on photodynamic oxygen consumption. Photochem. Photobiol. 68, 115 122.
194. Lin, C. W., J. R. Shulok, S. D. Kirley, L. Cincotta J. W. Foley (1991) Lysosomal localization and mechanism of uptake of Nile blue photosensitizers in tumor cells. Cancer Res. 51, 2710 2719.
195. Wainwright, M., N. J. Grice L. E. C. Pye (1999) Phenothiazine photosensitizers: Part 2. 3,7-Bis(arylamino)phenothiazine. Dyes Pigments 42, 45 51.
196. Matsuzawa, Y., S. Tamura, N. Matsuzawa M. Ata (1994) Light stability of a beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex of a cyanine dye. J. Chem. Soc. 90, 3517 3520.
197. Delaey, E., F. van Laar, D. De Vos, A. Kamuhabwa, P. Jacobs P. de Witte (2000) A comparative study of the photosensitizing characteristics of some cyanine dyes. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 55, 27 36.
198. Sieber, F., J. L. Spivak A. M. Sutcliffe (1984) Selective killing of leukemic cells by merocyanine 540-mediated photosensitization. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 81, 7584 7587.
199. Santos, G. W. (1984) Bone marrow transplantation in leukemia. Curr. Status Cancer 54, 2732 2740.
200. Sieber, F. M. Sieber-Blum (1986) Dye-mediated photosensitization of murine neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Res. 46, 2072 2076.
201. Sieber, F., S. Rao, S. D. Rowley M. Sieber-Blum (1986) Dye-mediated photolysis of human neuroblastoma cells: Implications for autologous bone marrow transplantation. Blood 68, 32 36.
202. Itoh, T., H. A. Messner, N. Jamal, M. Tweeddale F. Sieber (1993) Merocyanine 540-sensitized photoinactivation of high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells: potential application in autologous BMT. Bone Marrow Transplant 12, 191 196.
203. Atzpodien, J., S. C. Gulati B. D. Clarkson (1986) Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of merocyanine-540 on leukemic cells and normal human bone marrow. Cancer Res. 46, 4892 4895.
204. Anderson, G. S., K. Miyagi, R. W. Sampson F. Sieber (2002) Anti-tumor effect of Merocyanine 540-mediated photochemotherapy combined with Edelfosine: Potential implications for the ex vivo purging of hematopoietic stem cell grafts from breast cancer patients. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 68, 101 108.
205. Kassab, K. (2002) Photophysical and photosensitizing properties of selected cyanines. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 68, 15 22.
206. Chen, J. Y., N. K. Mak, J. M. Wen, W. N. Leung, S. C. Chen, M. C. Fung N. H. Cheung (1998) A comparison of the photodynamic effects of temoporfin (mTHPC) and MC540 on leukemia cells: Efficacy and apoptosis. Photochem. Photobiol. 68, 545 554.
207. Gorman, A., J. Killoran, C. O'Shea, T. Kenna, W. M. Gallagher D. F. O'Shea (2004) In vitro demonstration of the heavy-atom effect for photodynamic therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 10619 10631.
208. Killoran, J., L. Allen, J. F. Gallagher, W. M. Gallagher D. F. O'Shea (2002) Synthesis of BF2 chelates of tetraarylazadipyrromethenes and evidence for their photodynamic therapeutic behaviour. Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 17, 1862 1863.
209. Gallagher, W. M., L. T. Allen, C. O'Shea, T. Kenna, M. Hall, A. Gorman, J. Killoran D. F. O'Shea (2005) A potent nonporphyrin class of photodynamic therapeutic agent: Cellular localisation, cytotoxic potential and influence of hypoxia. Br. J. Cancer 92, 1702 1710.
210. 2-chelated tetraaryl-azadipyromethene agents: A multi-modality molecular imaging approach to therapeutic assessment. Brit. J. Cancer (in press). 211.
211. McDonnell, S. O., M. J. Hall, L. T. Allen, A. Byrne, W. M. Gallagher D. F. O'Shea (2005) Supramolecular photonic therapeutic agents. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 16360 16361.
212. Chen, J., K. Stefflova, M. J. Niedre, B. C. Wilson, B. Chance, J. D. Glickson G. Zheng (2004) Protease-triggered photosensitizing beacon based on singlet oxygen quenching and activation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 11450 11451.
213. Stefflova, K., J. Chen G. Zheng (2007) Killer beacons for combined cancer imaging and therapy. Curr. Med. Chem. 14, 2110 2125.
214. Zheng, G., J. Chen, K. Stefflova, M. Jarvi, H. Li B. C. Wilson (2007) Photodynamic molecular beacon as an activatable photosensitizer based on protease-controlled singlet oxygen quenching and activation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 8989 8994.
215. Shiomi, T. Y. Okada (2003) MT1-MMP and MMP-7 in invasion and metastasis of human cancers. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 22, 145 152.
216. Chen, J., M. Jarvi, P. C. Lo, K. Stefflova, B. C. Wilson G. Zheng (2007) Using the singlet oxygen scavenging property of carotenoid in photodynamic molecular beacons to minimize photodamage to non-targeted cells. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 6, 1311 1317.
217. Lo, P. C., J. Chen, K. Stefflova, M. S. Warren, R. Navab, B. Bandarchi, S. Mullins, M. Tsao, J. D. Cheng G. Zheng (2009) Photodynamic molecular beacon triggered by fibroblast activation protein on cancer-associated fibroblasts for diagnosis and treatment of epithelial cancers. J. Med. Chem. 52, 358 368.
218. Garin-Chesa, P., L. J. Old W. J. Rettig (1990) Cell surface glycoprotein of reactive stromal fibroblasts as a potential antibody target in human epithelial cancers. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7235 7239.
219. Rettig, W. J., P. Garin-Chesa, H. R. Beresford, H. F. Oettgen, M. R. Melamed L. J. Old (1988) Cell-surface glycoproteins of human sarcomas: Differential expression in normal and malignant tissues and cultured cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85, 3110 3114.
220. Chen, J., J. F. Lovell, P. C. Lo, K. Stefflova, M. Niedre, B. C. Wilson G. Zheng (2008) A tumor mRNA-triggered photodynamic molecular beacon based on oligonucleotide hairpin control of singlet oxygen production. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 7, 775 781.
221. Stefflova, K., J. Chen G. Zheng (2007) Using molecular beacons for cancer imaging and treatment. Front Biosci. 12, 4709 4721.
222. Stefflova, K., J. Chen, H. Li G. Zheng (2006) Targeted photodynamic therapy agent with a built-in apoptosis sensor for in vivo near-infrared imaging of tumor apoptosis triggered by its photosensitization in situ. Mol. Imaging 5, 520 532.
223. Stefflova, K., J. Chen, D. Marotta, H. Li G. Zheng (2006) Photodynamic therapy agent with a built-in apoptosis sensor for evaluating its own therapeutic outcome in situ. J. Med. Chem. 49, 3850 3856.
224. Toda, M. (2008) Intraoperative navigation and fluorescence imagings in malignant glioma surgery. Keio J. Med. 57, 155 161.