메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 1942-1951

Integration of preclinical and clinical data with pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to evaluate fexofenadine as a probe for hepatobiliary transport function

Author keywords

Fexofenadine; Hepatic transport; Human pharmacokinetics; Rat perfused liver; Sandwich cultured hepatocytes

Indexed keywords

BOSENTAN; ELACRIDAR; FEXOFENADINE; TAUROCHOLIC ACID;

EID: 67650034981     PISSN: 07248741     EISSN: 1573904X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9909-z     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (45)
  • 1
    • 4344594700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transport characteristics of fexofenadine in the Caco-2 cell model
    • 10.1023/B:PHAM.0000036913.90332.b1
    • N Petri C Tannergren D Rungstad H Lennernas 2004 Transport characteristics of fexofenadine in the Caco-2 cell model Pharm Res 21 1398 404 10.1023/B:PHAM.0000036913.90332.b1
    • (2004) Pharm Res , vol.21 , pp. 1398-404
    • Petri, N.1    Tannergren, C.2    Rungstad, D.3    Lennernas, H.4
  • 2
    • 0344687432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of ketoconazole on the in vivo intestinal permeability of fexofenadine using a regional perfusion technique
    • 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01722.x
    • C Tannergren T Knutson L Knutson H Lennernas 2003 The effect of ketoconazole on the in vivo intestinal permeability of fexofenadine using a regional perfusion technique Br J Clin Pharmacol 55 182 90 10.1046/j.1365-2125. 2003.01722.x
    • (2003) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.55 , pp. 182-90
    • Tannergren, C.1    Knutson, T.2    Knutson, L.3    Lennernas, H.4
  • 3
    • 0242351210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple transport mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption and first-pass extraction of fexofenadine
    • 10.1016/S0009-9236(03) 00238-8
    • C Tannergren N Petri L Knutson M Hedeland U Bondesson H Lennernas 2003 Multiple transport mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption and first-pass extraction of fexofenadine Clin Pharmacol Ther 74 423 36 10.1016/S0009-9236(03) 00238-8
    • (2003) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.74 , pp. 423-36
    • Tannergren, C.1    Petri, N.2    Knutson, L.3    Hedeland, M.4    Bondesson, U.5    Lennernas, H.6
  • 5
    • 22344436690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P-glycoprotein plays a major role in the efflux of fexofenadine in the small intestine and blood-brain barrier, but only a limited role in its biliary excretion
    • 10.1124/dmd.105.004192
    • H Tahara H Kusuhara E Fuse Y Sugiyama 2005 P-glycoprotein plays a major role in the efflux of fexofenadine in the small intestine and blood-brain barrier, but only a limited role in its biliary excretion Drug Metab Dispos 33 963 8 10.1124/dmd.105.004192
    • (2005) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.33 , pp. 963-8
    • Tahara, H.1    Kusuhara, H.2    Fuse, E.3    Sugiyama, Y.4
  • 6
    • 0035107449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of rifampin administration on the disposition of fexofenadine
    • 10.1067/mcp. 2001.113697
    • MA Hamman MA Bruce BD Haehner-Daniels SD Hall 2001 The effect of rifampin administration on the disposition of fexofenadine Clin Pharmacol Ther 69 114 21 10.1067/mcp. 2001.113697
    • (2001) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.69 , pp. 114-21
    • Hamman, M.A.1    Bruce, M.A.2    Haehner-Daniels, B.D.3    Hall, S.D.4
  • 7
    • 0036091282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grapefruit juice reduces the oral bioavailability of fexofenadine but not desloratadine
    • 10.2165/00003088-200241040-00004
    • C Banfield S Gupta M Marino J Lim M Affrime 2002 Grapefruit juice reduces the oral bioavailability of fexofenadine but not desloratadine Clin Pharmacokinet 41 311 8 10.2165/00003088-200241040-00004
    • (2002) Clin Pharmacokinet , vol.41 , pp. 311-8
    • Banfield, C.1    Gupta, S.2    Marino, M.3    Lim, J.4    Affrime, M.5
  • 9
    • 33646263124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of itraconazole and diltiazem on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine, a substrate of P-glycoprotein
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02613.x
    • M Shimizu T Uno K Sugawara T Tateishi 2006 Effects of itraconazole and diltiazem on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine, a substrate of P-glycoprotein Br J Clin Pharmacol 61 538 44 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02613.x
    • (2006) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.61 , pp. 538-44
    • Shimizu, M.1    Uno, T.2    Sugawara, K.3    Tateishi, T.4
  • 10
    • 0032793959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OATP and P-glycoprotein transporters mediate the cellular uptake and excretion of fexofenadine
    • M Cvetkovic B Leake MF Fromm GR Wilkinson RB Kim 1999 OATP and P-glycoprotein transporters mediate the cellular uptake and excretion of fexofenadine Drug Metab Dispos 27 866 71
    • (1999) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.27 , pp. 866-71
    • Cvetkovic, M.1    Leake, B.2    Fromm, M.F.3    Wilkinson, G.R.4    Kim, R.B.5
  • 11
    • 41549168190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the inhibitory effects of various drugs on the hepatic uptake of fexofenadine in humans
    • Matsushima S, Maeda K, Ishiguro N, Igarashi T, and Sugiyama Y. Investigation of the inhibitory effects of various drugs on the hepatic uptake of fexofenadine in humans. Drug Metab Dispos (2008).
    • (2008) Drug Metab Dispos
    • Matsushima, S.1    Maeda, K.2    Ishiguro, N.3    Igarashi, T.4    Sugiyama, Y.5
  • 12
    • 24944482460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of OATP (organic anion-transporting polypeptide) family transporters to the hepatic uptake of fexofenadine in humans
    • 10.1124/dmd.105.004622
    • M Shimizu K Fuse K Okudaira R Nishigaki K Maeda H Kusuhara Y Sugiyama 2005 Contribution of OATP (organic anion-transporting polypeptide) family transporters to the hepatic uptake of fexofenadine in humans Drug Metab Dispos 33 1477 81 10.1124/dmd.105.004622
    • (2005) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.33 , pp. 1477-81
    • Shimizu, M.1    Fuse, K.2    Okudaira, K.3    Nishigaki, R.4    Maeda, K.5    Kusuhara, H.6    Sugiyama, Y.7
  • 13
    • 0034824312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing drug development: Strategies to assess drug metabolism/transporter interaction potential-towards a consensus
    • 10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.temp. 1441.x
    • GT Tucker JB Houston SM Huang 2001 Optimizing drug development: strategies to assess drug metabolism/transporter interaction potential-towards a consensus Br J Clin Pharmacol 52 107 17 10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.temp. 1441.x
    • (2001) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.52 , pp. 107-17
    • Tucker, G.T.1    Houston, J.B.2    Huang, S.M.3
  • 14
    • 23444441477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fexofenadine in relation to the MDR1 genetic polymorphism
    • 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.04.012
    • JH Shon YR Yoon WS Hong PM Nguyen SS Lee YG Choi IJ Cha JG Shin 2005 Effect of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fexofenadine in relation to the MDR1 genetic polymorphism Clin Pharmacol Ther 78 191 201 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.04.012
    • (2005) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.78 , pp. 191-201
    • Shon, J.H.1    Yoon, Y.R.2    Hong, W.S.3    Nguyen, P.M.4    Lee, S.S.5    Choi, Y.G.6    Cha, I.J.7    Shin, J.G.8
  • 15
    • 3242709450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic interactions of drugs with St John's wort
    • 10.1177/0269881104042632
    • S Zhou E Chan SQ Pan M Huang EJ Lee 2004 Pharmacokinetic interactions of drugs with St John's wort J Psychopharmacol 18 262 76 10.1177/0269881104042632
    • (2004) J Psychopharmacol , vol.18 , pp. 262-76
    • Zhou, S.1    Chan, E.2    Pan, S.Q.3    Huang, M.4    Lee, E.J.5
  • 16
    • 33644513697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of short- and long-term administration of verapamil on the disposition of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein substrates
    • 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.11.001
    • GL Lemma Z Wang MA Hamman NA Zaheer JC Gorski SD Hall 2006 The effect of short- and long-term administration of verapamil on the disposition of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein substrates Clin Pharmacol Ther 79 218 30 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.11.001
    • (2006) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.79 , pp. 218-30
    • Lemma, G.L.1    Wang, Z.2    Hamman, M.A.3    Zaheer, N.A.4    Gorski, J.C.5    Hall, S.D.6
  • 17
    • 11344279702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different effects of three transporting inhibitors, verapamil, cimetidine, and probenecid, on fexofenadine pharmacokinetics
    • 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.08.026
    • N Yasui-Furukori T Uno K Sugawara T Tateishi 2005 Different effects of three transporting inhibitors, verapamil, cimetidine, and probenecid, on fexofenadine pharmacokinetics Clin Pharmacol Ther 77 17 23 10.1016/j.clpt.2004. 08.026
    • (2005) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.77 , pp. 17-23
    • Yasui-Furukori, N.1    Uno, T.2    Sugawara, K.3    Tateishi, T.4
  • 20
    • 0036829089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human bile salt export pump: Characterization of substrate specificity and identification of inhibitors
    • 10.1053/gast.2002.36591
    • JA Byrne SS Strautnieks G Mieli-Vergani CF Higgins KJ Linton RJ Thompson 2002 The human bile salt export pump: characterization of substrate specificity and identification of inhibitors Gastroenterology 123 1649 58 10.1053/gast.2002.36591
    • (2002) Gastroenterology , vol.123 , pp. 1649-58
    • Byrne, J.A.1    Strautnieks, S.S.2    Mieli-Vergani, G.3    Higgins, C.F.4    Linton, K.J.5    Thompson, R.J.6
  • 21
    • 22944458539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) can transport a nonbile acid substrate, pravastatin
    • 10.1124/jpet.105.084830
    • M Hirano K Maeda H Hayashi H Kusuhara Y Sugiyama 2005 Bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) can transport a nonbile acid substrate, pravastatin J Pharmacol Exp Ther 314 876 82 10.1124/jpet.105.084830
    • (2005) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.314 , pp. 876-82
    • Hirano, M.1    Maeda, K.2    Hayashi, H.3    Kusuhara, H.4    Sugiyama, Y.5
  • 22
    • 0033989134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning and expression of murine sister of P-glycoprotein reveals a more discriminating transporter than MDR1/P-glycoprotein
    • V Lecureur D Sun P Hargrove EG Schuetz RB Kim LB Lan JD Schuetz 2000 Cloning and expression of murine sister of P-glycoprotein reveals a more discriminating transporter than MDR1/P-glycoprotein Mol Pharmacol 57 24 35 (Pubitemid 30033256)
    • (2000) Molecular Pharmacology , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 24-35
    • Lecureur, V.1    Sun, D.2    Hargrove, P.3    Schuetz, E.G.4    Kim, R.B.5    Lan, L.-B.6    Schuetz, J.D.7
  • 23
    • 7544237299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ABC transporters MDR1 and MRP2: Multiple functions in disposition of xenobiotics and drug resistance
    • 10.1081/DMR-200033473
    • U Hoffmannand HK Kroemer 2004 The ABC transporters MDR1 and MRP2: multiple functions in disposition of xenobiotics and drug resistance Drug Metab Rev 36 669 701 10.1081/DMR-200033473
    • (2004) Drug Metab Rev , vol.36 , pp. 669-701
    • Hoffmannand, U.1    Kroemer, H.K.2
  • 25
    • 0038265441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ABCG2 transports sulfated conjugates of steroids and xenobiotics
    • 10.1074/jbc.M212399200
    • M Suzuki H Suzuki Y Sugimoto Y Sugiyama 2003 ABCG2 transports sulfated conjugates of steroids and xenobiotics J Biol Chem 278 22644 9 10.1074/jbc.M212399200
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 22644-9
    • Suzuki, M.1    Suzuki, H.2    Sugimoto, Y.3    Sugiyama, Y.4
  • 26
    • 17844365262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) affects pharmacokinetics, hepatobiliary excretion, and milk secretion of the antibiotic nitrofurantoin
    • 10.1124/mol.104.010439
    • G Merino JW Jonker E Wagenaar AE van Herwaarden AH Schinkel 2005 The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) affects pharmacokinetics, hepatobiliary excretion, and milk secretion of the antibiotic nitrofurantoin Mol Pharmacol 67 1758 64 10.1124/mol.104.010439
    • (2005) Mol Pharmacol , vol.67 , pp. 1758-64
    • Merino, G.1    Jonker, J.W.2    Wagenaar, E.3    Van Herwaarden, A.E.4    Schinkel, A.H.5
  • 27
    • 0035036050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The endothelin antagonist bosentan inhibits the canalicular bile salt export pump: A potential mechanism for hepatic adverse reactions
    • 10.1067/mcp. 2001.114667
    • K Fattinger C Funk M Pantze C Weber J Reichen B Stieger PJ Meier 2001 The endothelin antagonist bosentan inhibits the canalicular bile salt export pump: a potential mechanism for hepatic adverse reactions Clin Pharmacol Ther 69 223 31 10.1067/mcp. 2001.114667
    • (2001) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.69 , pp. 223-31
    • Fattinger, K.1    Funk, C.2    Pantze, M.3    Weber, C.4    Reichen, J.5    Stieger, B.6    Meier, P.J.7
  • 28
    • 0030907544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation and translocation of ATP-dependent apical membrane proteins in rat liver
    • ZC Gatmaitan AT Nies IM Arias 1997 Regulation and translocation of ATP-dependent apical membrane proteins in rat liver Am J Physiol 272 G1041 9
    • (1997) Am J Physiol , vol.272 , pp. 1041-9
    • Gatmaitan, Z.C.1    Nies, A.T.2    Arias, I.M.3
  • 29
    • 0035831541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transporters on demand: Intrahepatic pools of canalicular ATP binding cassette transporters in rat liver
    • 10.1074/jbc.M007794200
    • H Kipp N Pichetshote IM Arias 2001 Transporters on demand: intrahepatic pools of canalicular ATP binding cassette transporters in rat liver J Biol Chem 276 7218 24 10.1074/jbc.M007794200
    • (2001) J Biol Chem , vol.276 , pp. 7218-24
    • Kipp, H.1    Pichetshote, N.2    Arias, I.M.3
  • 30
    • 0036159433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit juices inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated drug uptake to decrease the oral availability of fexofenadine
    • DOI 10.1067/mcp.2002.121152
    • GK Dresser DG Bailey BF Leake UI Schwarz PA Dawson DJ Freeman RB Kim 2002 Fruit juices inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated drug uptake to decrease the oral availability of fexofenadine Clin Pharmacol Ther 71 11 20 10.1067/mcp. 2002.121152 (Pubitemid 34124034)
    • (2002) Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics , vol.71 , Issue.1 , pp. 11-20
    • Dresser, G.K.1    Bailey, D.G.2    Leake, B.F.3    Schwarz, U.I.4    Dawson, P.A.5    Freeman, D.J.6    Kim, R.B.7
  • 33
    • 22944482832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of hepatic canalicular or basolateral transport proteins alters hepatobiliary disposition of a model organic anion in the isolated perfused rat liver
    • 10.1124/dmd.105.003665
    • P Chandra BM Johnson P Zhang GM Pollack KL Brouwer 2005 Modulation of hepatic canalicular or basolateral transport proteins alters hepatobiliary disposition of a model organic anion in the isolated perfused rat liver Drug Metab Dispos 33 1238 43 10.1124/dmd.105.003665
    • (2005) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.33 , pp. 1238-43
    • Chandra, P.1    Johnson, B.M.2    Zhang, P.3    Pollack, G.M.4    Brouwer, K.L.5
  • 34
    • 0141839733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-individual variability in levels of human microsomal protein and hepatocellularity per gram of liver
    • 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01881.x
    • ZE Wilson A Rostami-Hodjegan JL Burn A Tooley J Boyle SW Ellis GT Tucker 2003 Inter-individual variability in levels of human microsomal protein and hepatocellularity per gram of liver Br J Clin Pharmacol 56 433 40 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01881.x
    • (2003) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.56 , pp. 433-40
    • Wilson, Z.E.1    Rostami-Hodjegan, A.2    Burn, J.L.3    Tooley, A.4    Boyle, J.5    Ellis, S.W.6    Tucker, G.T.7
  • 35
    • 0027275566 scopus 로고
    • Physiological parameters in laboratory animals and humans
    • 10.1023/A:1018943613122
    • B Daviesand T Morris 1993 Physiological parameters in laboratory animals and humans Pharm Res 10 1093 5 10.1023/A:1018943613122
    • (1993) Pharm Res , vol.10 , pp. 1093-5
    • Daviesand, B.1    Morris, T.2
  • 38
    • 18244386206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fexofenadine pharmacokinetics are associated with a polymorphism of the SLCO1B1 gene (encoding OATP1B1)
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02354.x
    • M Niemi KT Kivisto U Hofmann M Schwab M Eichelbaum MF Fromm 2005 Fexofenadine pharmacokinetics are associated with a polymorphism of the SLCO1B1 gene (encoding OATP1B1) Br J Clin Pharmacol 59 602 4 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005. 02354.x
    • (2005) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.59 , pp. 602-4
    • Niemi, M.1    Kivisto, K.T.2    Hofmann, U.3    Schwab, M.4    Eichelbaum, M.5    Fromm, M.F.6
  • 40
    • 33747841593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of cryopreserved human hepatocytes in sandwich culture to measure hepatobiliary transport
    • 10.1124/dmd.105.009118
    • YA Bi D Kazolias DB Duignan 2006 Use of cryopreserved human hepatocytes in sandwich culture to measure hepatobiliary transport Drug Metab Dispos 34 1658 65 10.1124/dmd.105.009118
    • (2006) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.34 , pp. 1658-65
    • Bi, Y.A.1    Kazolias, D.2    Duignan, D.B.3
  • 41
    • 42449122721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of basolateral multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp) 3 and Mrp4 on the hepatobiliary disposition of fexofenadine in perfused mouse livers
    • 10.1124/dmd.107.019273
    • X Tian B Swift MJ Zamek-Gliszczynski MG Belinsky GD Kruh KL Brouwer 2008 Impact of basolateral multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp) 3 and Mrp4 on the hepatobiliary disposition of fexofenadine in perfused mouse livers Drug Metab Dispos 36 911 5 10.1124/dmd.107.019273
    • (2008) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.36 , pp. 911-5
    • Tian, X.1    Swift, B.2    Zamek-Gliszczynski, M.J.3    Belinsky, M.G.4    Kruh, G.D.5    Brouwer, K.L.6
  • 42
    • 0033776410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered hepatobiliary disposition of acetaminophen glucuronide in isolated perfused livers from multidrug resistance-associated protein 2-deficient TR(-) rats
    • H Xiong KC Turner ES Ward PL Jansen KL Brouwer 2000 Altered hepatobiliary disposition of acetaminophen glucuronide in isolated perfused livers from multidrug resistance-associated protein 2-deficient TR(-) rats J Pharmacol Exp Ther 295 512 8
    • (2000) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.295 , pp. 512-8
    • Xiong, H.1    Turner, K.C.2    Ward, E.S.3    Jansen, P.L.4    Brouwer, K.L.5
  • 43
    • 0034466892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic disposition of fexofenadine: Influence of the transport inhibitors erythromycin and dibromosulphothalein
    • 10.1023/A:1007609225851
    • RW Milne LA Larsen KL Jorgensen J Bastlund GR Stretch AM Evans 2000 Hepatic disposition of fexofenadine: influence of the transport inhibitors erythromycin and dibromosulphothalein Pharm Res 17 1511 5 10.1023/A: 1007609225851
    • (2000) Pharm Res , vol.17 , pp. 1511-5
    • Milne, R.W.1    Larsen, L.A.2    Jorgensen, K.L.3    Bastlund, J.4    Stretch, G.R.5    Evans, A.M.6
  • 44
    • 1342265867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated hepatic uptake is the major determinant in the pharmacokinetic interaction between bosentan and cyclosporin A in the rat
    • 10.1124/jpet.103.061614
    • A Treiber R Schneiter S Delahaye M Clozel 2004 Inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated hepatic uptake is the major determinant in the pharmacokinetic interaction between bosentan and cyclosporin A in the rat J Pharmacol Exp Ther 308 1121 9 10.1124/jpet.103.061614
    • (2004) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.308 , pp. 1121-9
    • Treiber, A.1    Schneiter, R.2    Delahaye, S.3    Clozel, M.4
  • 45
    • 34547212999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bosentan is a substrate of human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3: Inhibition of hepatic uptake as the common mechanism of its interactions with cyclosporin A, rifampicin, and sildenafil
    • 10.1124/dmd.106.013615
    • A Treiber R Schneiter S Hausler B Stieger 2007 Bosentan is a substrate of human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3: inhibition of hepatic uptake as the common mechanism of its interactions with cyclosporin A, rifampicin, and sildenafil Drug Metab Dispos 35 1400 7 10.1124/dmd.106.013615
    • (2007) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.35 , pp. 1400-7
    • Treiber, A.1    Schneiter, R.2    Hausler, S.3    Stieger, B.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.