Gender differences in the work commitment of Chinese workers: An investigation of two alternative explanations

Journal of World Business

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 323-335

  Peng, Kelly Z ^a   Ngo, Hang Yue ^b   Shi, Junqi ^c   Wong, Chi Sum ^b  

^a HONG KONG SHUE YAN UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

^b CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^c PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

China; Gender differences; Gender discrimination; Job commitment; Organizational commitment; Organizational support

Indexed keywords

EID: 67349085766     PISSN: 10909516     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jwb.2008.08.003     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Amatea E.S., Cross E.G., Clark J.E., and Bobby C.L. Assessing the work and family role expectations of career-oriented men and women, the life role salience scale. Journal of Marriage and the Family 48 (1986) 831-838
2. Ashford S.J. Feedback-seeking behavior in individual adaptation: A resource perspective. Academy of Management Journal 29 (1986) 465-487
3. Ashford S.J., Blatt R., and Vandewalle D. Reflections on the looking glass: A review of research feedback-seeking behavior in organization. Journal of Management 29 (2003) 773-799
4. Ashford S.J., and Cummings L.L. Proactive feedback seeking: The instrumental use of the information environment. Journal of Occupational Psychology 58 (1985) 67-69
5. Ashforth B.E., and Mael F. Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review 14 (1989) 20-39
6. Ashford S.J., and Tsui A.S. Self-regulation for managerial effectiveness: The role of active feedback seeking. Academy of Management Journal 34 (1991) 251-280
7. Beaver P.A., Hou L., and Wang X. Rural Chinese women: Two faces of economic reform. Modern China 21 2 (1995) 205-232
8. Bielby D.D., and Bielby W.T. She works hard for the money: Household responsibilities and the allocation of work effort. American Journal of Sociology 93 (1988) 1031-1059
9. Blau G., Paul S., and John N. On developing a general index of work commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior 42 (1993) 298-314
10. Branscombe N.R. Thinking about one's gender group's privileges or disadvantages: Consequences for well-being in women and men. British Journal of Social Psychology 37 (1998) 167-184
11. Brislin R. Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Applied Psychology 1 (1970) 185-216
12. Browne M.W., and Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen K.A., and Long J.S. (Eds). Testing structural equation models (1993), Sage, Newbury Park, CA 445-455
13. Buchanan B. Building organizational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 19 (1974) 533-546
14. Butler R. Effects of task- and ego-achievement goals in information seeking during task engagement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993) 18-31
15. Byrne B.M. Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (1998), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ
16. Cai H., and Wu X.P. Social changes and occupational gender inequality. Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 28 4 (2006) 37-53
17. Chen F. Employment transitions and household division of labor in China. Social Forces 84 2 (2005) 831-851
18. Chen N.Y., and Tjosvold D. Guanxi and leader member relationships between American managers and Chinese employees: Open-minded dialogue as mediator. Asia Pacific Journal of Management 24 2 (2007) 171-189
19. Cohen A. Antecedents of organizational commitment across occupational groups: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior 13 (1992) 539-558
20. Cohen A. Relationships among five forms of commitment: An empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Behavior 20 (1999) 285-308
21. Cohen A. Multiple commitments in the workplace: An integrative approach (2003), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
22. Cohen-Charash Y., and Spector P.E. The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 86 (2001) 278-321
23. Cooke F.L. Equal opportunity? The role of legislation and public policies in women's employment in China. Women in Management Review 16 7 (2001) 334-348
24. Cooke F.L. HRM, work and employment in China (2005), Routledge, London
25. Cooper-Hakim A., and Viswesvaran C. The construct of work commitment: Testing an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin 131 2 (2005) 241-259
26. Croll E. Feminism and socialism in China (1978), Schocken Press, London
27. Currier C.L. Redefining "labor" in Beijing: Women's attitudes on work and reform. Asian Journal of Women's Studies 16 7 (2007) 334-348
28. Dansereau F., Graen G., and Haga W. A vertical linkage dyad approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 13 (1975) 46-78
29. Eisenberger R., Fasolo P., and Davis-Lamastro V. Perceived organizational support and employee diligence, commitment, and innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology 75 (1990) 51-59
30. Ensher E.A., Grant-Vallone E.J., and Donaldson S.I. The effects of perceived discrimination on grievances, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and citizenship behavior. Human Resource Development Quarterly 12 1 (2001) 53-72
31. Entwise B., Gall H.H., Bouma S.E.J., and Zhai F. Gender and family business in rural China. American Sociological Review 60 1 (1995) 36-57
32. Farrell D., and Rusbult C.E. Exchange variables as predictors of job satisfaction, job commitment, and turnover: The effects of rewards, costs, alternatives, and investments. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 28 (1981) 78-95
33. Feldberg R.L., and Glenn E.N. Male and female: Job versus gender models in the sociology of work. Social Problems 26 5 (1979) 524-538
34. Foley S., Ngo H.Y., and Wong A. Perceptions of discrimination and justice: Are there gender differences in outcomes?. Group and Organization Management 30 4 (2005) 421-450
35. Folger R., and Konovsky M.A. Effects of procedural and distributive justice on reactions to pay decisions. Academy of Management Journal 32 (1989) 115-130
36. Freund A., and Carmeli A. An empirical assessment: A reconstructed model for five universal forms of work commitment. Journal of Managerial Psychology 18 (2003) 708-725
37. Ghorbani M., and Tung R.L. Behind the veil: An exploratory study of the myths and realities of women in the Iranian workforce. Human Resource Management Journal 17 4 (2007) 376-392
38. Gould S., and Werbel J.D. Work involvement: A comparison of dual wage earner and single wage earner families. Journal of Applied Psychology 68 (1983) 313-319
39. Green S.G., Anderson S.E., and Shivers S.L. Demographics and organizational influences on leader-member exchange and related work attitudes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 66 (1996) 203-214
40. Greenhaus J.H. An investigation of the role of career salience in vocational behaviors on a laboratory test. Journal of Applied Psychology 1 (1971) 209-216
41. Greenhaus J.H., and Simon W.E. Career salience, work values, and vocational indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior 10 (1977) 104-110
42. Griffin R. Effects of work redesign on employee perceptions, attitudes and behaviors: A long-term investigation. Academy of Management Journal 34 (1991) 425-435
43. Gutek B.A., and Cohen G. Sex role spillover, and sex at work: A comparison of men's and women's experiences. Human Relations 40 (1987) 97-115
44. Gutek B.A., Cohen A.G., and Tsui A. Reactions to perceived sex discrimination. Human Relations 49 6 (1996) 791-813
45. Hackman J.R., and Oldham G.R. Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 16 (1976) 250-279
46. Hackman J.R., and Oldham G.R. Work redesign (1980), Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA
47. Ilgen D.R., and Moore C.F. Types and choices of performance feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology 72 (1987) 401-406
48. James L.R., Mulaik S.S., and Brett J.M. Causal analysis (1982), Sage, Beverly Hills, CA
49. Jenson J., Hagen E., and Reddy C. Feminization of the labor force: Paradoxes and Promises. (1988), Oxford University Press, New York
50. Kenny D.A. Correlation and causality (1979), Wiley, New York
51. Kinicki A.J., and Vecchio R.P. Influences on the quality of supervisor-subordinate relations: The role of time-pressure, organizational commitment, and locus of control. Journal of Organizational Behavior 15 (1994) 75-82
52. Klich N.R., and Feldman D.C. The role of approval and achievement needs in feedback seeking behavior. Journal of Managerial Issues 4 (1992) 554-570
53. Knight J., and Song L. Towards a labour market in China. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 11 4 (1995) 97-117
54. Kobrynowicz D., and Branscombe N.R. Who considers themselves victims of discrimination? Individual difference predictors of perceived personal gender discrimination in women and men. Psychology of Women Quarterly 21 (1997) 347-363
55. Leonard H.C. Job commitment and the organizational women. The Academy of Management Review 7 (1982) 595-602
56. Liden R.C., and Maslyn J.M. Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management 24 (1998) 43-72
57. Liu B., and Rong S. Moving towards the market: Chinese women in employment and their related rights. In: Einhorn B., and Yeo E.J. (Eds). Women and market societies: Crisis and opportunity (1995), Edward Elgar, Aldershot 193-204
58. Lodal T.M., and Kejner M. The definition and measurement of job involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology 49 (1965) 24-33
59. Lorence J. A test of "gender" and "job" models of sex differences in job involvement. Social Forces 66 (1987) 121-143
60. Loscocco K.A. Reactions to blue-collar work: A comparison of women and men. Work and Occupations 17 (1990) 152-178
61. Major B. From social inequality to personal entitlement: The role of social comparisons, legitimacy appraisals, and group membership. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology Vol. 26 (1994), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 293-356
62. Major D.A., Kozlowski S.W.J., Chao G.T., and Gardner P.D. A longitudinal investigation of newcomer expectations, early socialization outcomes, and moderating effects of role development factors. Journal of Applied Psychology 80 (1995) 418-431
63. Marsden P.V., Kalleberg A.L., and Cook C.R. Gender differences in organizational commitment: Influences of work positions and family roles. Work and Occupations 20 (1993) 368-390
64. McFarlin D.B., and Sweeney P.D. Distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction with personal and organizational outcomes. Academy of Management Journal 35 (1992) 626-637
65. Meyer J.P., and Allen N.J. Commitment in the workplace-theory, research, and application (1997), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
66. Meyer J.P., Allen N.J., and Smith C.A. Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extensions and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology 78 4 (1993) 538-555
67. Mirels H.L., and Garrett J.B. The Protestant work ethic as a personality variable. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 36 (1971) 40-44
68. Morrison E.W., and Bies R.J. Impression management in the feedback-seeking process: A literature review and research agenda. Academy of Management Review 16 (1991) 522-541
69. Morrison A.M., White R.P., and Van Velsor E. Breaking the glass ceiling: Can women reach the top of American largest corporations? (1987), Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA
70. Morrow P.C. The theory and measurement of work commitment (1993), JAI Press Inc., Greenwich, CT
71. Mowday R.T., Steers R.M., and Porter L.W. The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior 14 (1979) 224-227
72. Ngo H.Y. Trend in occupational sex segregation in urban China. Gender Technology and Development 6 2 (2002) 175-196
73. Ngo H.Y., Tang C., and Au W. Behavioural responses to employment discrimination: A study of Hong Kong workers. International Journal of Human Resource Management 13 8 (2002) 1206-1223
74. Ngo H.Y., and Tsang A.W.N. Employment practices and organizational commitment: Differential effects for men and women. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 6 3 (1998) 251-266
75. Northcraft G.B., and Earley P.C. Technology, credibility, and feedback use. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 44 (1989) 83-96
76. Pollert A. Gender, transformation and employment in Central Eastern Europe. European Journal of Industrial Relations 11 2 (2005) 213-230
77. Porter L.W., Crampon W.J., and Smith F.J. Organizational commitment and managerial turnover. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 15 (1976) 87-98
78. Porter L.W., Steers R.M., Mowday R.T., and Boulian P.V. Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology 59 (1974) 603-609
79. Price L.L., and Mueller C.W. Handbook of organizational measurement (1986), Pitman, Marshfield, MA
80. Rabinowitz S., and Hall D.T. Organizational research on job involvement. Psychological Bulletin 84 (1977) 265-288
81. Randall M.D., and Cote J.A. Interrelationships of work commitment constructs. Work and Occupation 18 (1991) 194-211
82. Sanchez J.I., and Brock P. Outcomes of perceived discrimination among Hispanic employees: Is diversity management a luxury or a necessity?. Academy of Management Journal 39 (1996) 704-719
83. Scandura T.A., and Graen G.B. Moderating effects of initial leader member exchange status on the effects of a leadership intervention. Journal of Applied Psychology 69 (1984) 428-436
84. Sekaran U., and Mowday R.T. Job involvement: A cross cultural analysis of the impact of individual and job factors on job involvement. International Review of Applied Psychology 30 (1981) 51-64
85. Settoon R.P., Bennett N., and Liden R.C. Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader-member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology 81 (1996) 219-228
86. Shaffer M.A., Joplin J.R.W., Bell M.P., Lau T., and Oguz C. Gender discrimination and job-related outcomes: A cross-cultural comparison or working women in the United States and China. Journal of Vocational Behavior 57 (2000) 395-427
87. Sharpe R. The waiting game-Women make strides but men stay firmly in top company jobs. The Wall Street Journal (1994, April)
88. Sharpe R. As leaders, women rule. Business Week (2000, November) 75-84
89. Shenkar O., Ronen E.S., and Chow I.H.S. The role structure of Chinese managers. Human Relations 51 (1998) 51-72
90. Summerfield G. Economic reforms and the employment of Chinese women. Journal of Economic Issues 28 3 (1994) 715-732
91. Syed J. A context-specific perspective of equal employment opportunity in Islamic societies. Asia Pacific Journal of Management 25 1 (2008) 135-151
92. Tajfel H., and Turner J.C. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In: Austin W.G., and Worchel S. (Eds). The social psychology of intergroup relations (1979), Brooks/Cole, Monterey, California 33-47
93. Thornton A. Changing attitudes toward family issues in the United States. Journal of Marriage and Family 51 (1989) 63-72
94. Tung R.L. Managing in Asia: Cross-culture dimensions. In: Joynt P., and Warner M. (Eds). Managing across cultures: Issues and perspectives (1996), International Thomson Business Press, London 233-245
95. Tung R.L. Female expatriates: The model global manager?. Organizational Dynamics 33 3 (2004) 243-253
96. Tung R.L. Do race and gender matter in international assignments to/from Asia Pacific? An exploratory study of attitudes among Chinese and Korean Executives. Human Resource Management 47 1 (2008) 93-112
97. Tung R.L., and Lazarova M. Brain drain versus brain gain: An exploratory study of ex-host country nationals in Central East Europe. International Journal of Human Resources Management 17 (2006) 1853-1872
98. Turner J.C. Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behaviour. In: Lawler E.J. (Ed). Advances in group processes Vol. 2 (1985), JAI, Greenwich, CT
99. Vandewalle D., Ganesan S., Chanllagalla G.N., and Brown S.P. An integrated model of feedback-seeking behavior: Disposition, context, and cognition. Journal of Applied Psychology 85 (2000) 996-1003
100. Varma A., and Stroh L.K. Different perspectives on selection for international assignments: The impact of LMX and gender. Cross Cultural Management 8 3 (2001) 85-97
101. Wong Y.T., Ngo H.Y., and Wong C.S. Affective organizational commitment of workers in Chinese ventures. Journal of Managerial Psychology 17 7 (2002) 580-598