Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development

Journal of Management

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 43-72

  Liden, Robert C ^a   Maslyn, John M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032325024     PISSN: 01492063     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/014920639802400105     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103: 411-423.
2. Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. W. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 421-458.
3. Bales, R. F. (1958). Task roles and social roles in problem-solving groups. In E. E. Maccoby, T. M. Newcomb & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology, (pp. 437-447). New York: Holt and Company.
4. Barnard, C. I. (1938). The functions of the executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5. Bass, B. M. (1981). Stogdill's handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research, (2nd edition). New York: The Free Press.
6. -. (1990). Bass & Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications (3rd edition). New York: The Free Press.
7. Bauer, T. N., & Green, S. G. (1996). The development of leader-member exchange: A longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 1538-1567.
8. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107: 238-246.
9. Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88: 588-606.
10. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
11. Bollen, K. A., & Hoyle, R. H. (1990). Perceived cohesion: A conceptual and empirical examination. Social Forces, 69: 479-504.
12. Brass, D. J., & Burkhardt, M. E. (1992). Centrality and power in organizations. In R. G. Eccles & N. Nohria (Eds.), Networks and organizations: Structure, form, and action, (pp. 191-215). Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
13. Bridge, K., & Baxter, L. A. (1992). Blended relationships: Friends as work associates. Western Journal of Communications, 56: 200-225.
14. Butler, J. K. (1991). Toward understanding and measuring conditions of trust: Evolution of a conditions of trust inventory. Journal of Management, 17: 643-663.
15. Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminate validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56: 81-105.
16. Church, A. T., & Burke, P. J. (1994). Exploratory and confirmatory tests of the big five and Tellegen's three-and four-dimensional models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66: 93-114.
17. Couch, A., & Keniston, K. (1960). Yeasayers and naysayers: Agreeing response set as a personality variable. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60: 151-174.
18. Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. A. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24: 349-354.
19. Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. (1975). A vertical dyad approach to leadership within formal organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13: 46-78.
20. DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
21. Dienesch, R. M. (1985, August). A three dimensional model of leader-member exchange: An empirical test. Paper presented at the Academy of Management meeting, San Diego, CA.
22. Dienesch, R. M., & Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. Academy of Management Review, 11: 618-634.
23. Dockery, T. M., & Steiner, D. D. (1990). The role of the initial interaction in leader-member exchange. Group and Organization Studies, 15: 395-413.
24. Duarte, N. T., Goodson, J. R., & Klich, N. R. (1993). How do I like thee? Let me appraise the ways. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14: 239-249.
25. -. (1994). Effects of dyadic quality and duration on performance appraisal. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 499-521.
26. Duchon, D., Green, S. G., & Taber, T. D. (1986). Vertical dyad linkage: A longitudinal assessment of antecedents, measures, and consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 56-60.
27. Dunegan, K. J., Duchon, D., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1992). Examining the link between leader-member exchange and subordinate performance: The role of task analyzability and variety as moderators. Journal of Management, 18: 59-76.
28. Fahr, J. L., & Dobbins, G. H. (1989). Effects of self-esteem on leniency bias in self-reports of performance: A structural equation model analysis. Personnel Psychology, 42: 835-850.
29. Fairhurst, G. T., & Chandler, T. A. (1989). Social structure in leader-member interaction. Communication Monographs, 56: 215-239.
30. Fernandez, R. M. (1991). Structural bases of leadership in intraorganizational networks. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54: 36-53.
31. Ferris, G. R. (1985). Role of leadership in the employee withdrawal process: A constructive replication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70: 777-781.
32. French, J. R. P., & Raven, B. H. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in social power, (pp. 150-167). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
33. Gergen, K. J., Greenberg, M. S., & Willis, R. H. (1980). Social exchange: Advances in theory and research. New York: Plenum.
34. Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1997). Meta-analytic review of leader-member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82: 827-844.
35. Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25: 161-177.
36. Graen, G. (1976). Role-making processes within complex organizations. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, (pp. 1201-1245). Chicago: Rand McNally.
37. Graen, G., & Cashman, J. F. (1975). A role making model in formal organizations: A developmental approach. In J. G. Hunt & L. L. Larson (Eds.), Leadership Frontiers, (pp. 143-165). Kent, OH: Kent State Press.
38. Graen, G., Liden, R. C., & Hoel, W. (1982). Role of leadership in the employee withdrawal process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67: 868-872.
39. Graen, G., Novak, M. A., & Sommerkamp, P. (1982). The effects of leader-member exchange and job design on productivity and satisfaction: Testing a dual attachment model. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30: 109-131.
40. Graen, G. B., & Scandura, T. A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. Research in Organizational Behavior, 9: 175-208.
41. Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level mult-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6: 219-247.
42. Hackett, R. D., Bycio, P., & Hausdorf, P. A. (1994). Further assessments of Meyer and Allen's (1991) three-component model of organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79: 15-23.
43. Hackman, R. J., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60: 159-170.
44. Harris, M. M., & Schaubroeck, J. (1990). Confirmatory modeling in organizational behavior/human resource management: Issues and applications. Journal of Management, 16: 337-360.
45. Hays, W. L. (1973). Statistics for the social sciences. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
46. Hinkin, T. R. (1995). A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21: 967-988.
47. Hollander, E. P. (1980). Leadership and social exchange processes. In K. J. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, & R. H. Willis (Eds.), Social exchange: Advances in theory and research, (pp. 103-118). New York: Plenum.
48. Homans, G.C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63: 597-606.
49. Hughes, M.A., Price, R.L., & Marrs, D.W. (1986). Linking theory construction and theory testing: Models with multiple indicators of latent variables. Academy of Management Review, 11: 128-144.
50. Ibarra, H. (1993). Network centrality, power, and innovation involvement: Determinants of technical and administrative roles. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 471-501.
51. Idaszak, J. R., & Drasgow, F. (1987). A revision of the job diagnostic survey: Elimination of a measurement artifact. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72: 69-74.
52. Jacobs, T.O. (1971). Leadership and exchange in formal organizations. Alexandria, VA: HumRRO.
53. James, L.R., Mulaik, S.A., & Brett, J.B. (1982). Causal analysis: Assumptions, models, and data. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
54. John, O. P., & Robins, R. W. (1994). Accuracy and bias in self-perception: Individual differences in self-enhancement and the role of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66: 206-219.
55. Judge, T. A., & Ferris, G. R. (1993). Social context of performance evaluation decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 36: 80-105.
56. Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D (1989). Lisrel 7: A guide to the program and applications. Chicago: SPSS, Inc.
57. Katerberg, R., & Hom, P.W. (1981). Effects of within-group and between groups variation in leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66: 218-223.
58. Katz, D., & Kahn, R.L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations. (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
59. Keller, T., & Dansereau, F. (1995). Leadership and empowerment: A social exchange perspective. Human Relations, 48: 127-145.
60. Kim, H., & Yukl, G. (1995). Relationships of managerial effectiveness and advancement to self-reported and subordinate-reported leadership behaviors from the multiple linkage model. Leadership Quarterly, 6: 361-377.
61. Kozlowski, S.W., & Doherty, M.L. (1989). Integration of climate and leadership: Examination of a neglected issue. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 546-553.
62. Krackhardt, D. (1990). Assessing the political landscape: Structure, cognition, and power in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 342-369.
63. Kramer, M. W. (1995). A longitudinal study of superior-subordinate communication during job transfers. Human Communication Research, 22: 39-64.
64. Kumar, K., & Beyerlein, M. (1991). Construction and validation of an instrument for measuring ingratiatory behaviors in organizational settings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 619-627.
65. Levy, P. E. (1993). Self-appraisal and attributions: A test of a model. Journal of Management, 19: 51-62.
66. Liden, R. C., & Graen, G. (1980). Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 23: 451-465.
67. Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R. T., & Wayne, S. J. (1997). Leader-member exchange theory: The past and potential for the future. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 15: 47-119.
68. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Bradway, L. K., & Sparrowe, R. T. (1994, April). Leading empowered work groups. Paper presented as part of a symposium at the annual meetings of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychologists, Nashville, TN.
69. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Stilwell, D. (1993). A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 662-674.
70. Long, J.S. (1983). Confirmatory factor analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
71. McDonald, R. P., & Marsh, H. W. (1990). Choosing a multivariate model: Noncentrality and goodness of fit. Psychological Bulletin, 107: 247-255.
72. Medsker, G. J., Williams, L. J., & Holahan, P.J. (1994). A review of current practices for evaluating causal models in organizational behavior and human resources management research. Journal of Management, 20: 439-464.
73. Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 538-551.
74. Moorman, R.H., & Podsakoff, P.M. (1992). A meta-analytic review and empirical test of the potential confounding effects of social desirability response sets in organizational behaviour research. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 65: 131-149.
75. Mulàik, S. A., James, L. R., Van Alstine, J., Bennett, N., Lind, S., & Stilwell, C. D. (1989). An evaluation of goodness of fit indices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105: 430-445.
76. Novak, M.A. (1985). A study of leader resources as determinants of leader-member exchange. Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati.
77. O'Reilly, C. III, & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 492-499.
78. Phillips, R.L., Duran, C.A., & Howell, R.D. (1993, November). An examination of the multidimensionality hypothesis of leader member exchange, using both factor analytic and structural modeling techniques. Paper presented at the meetings of the Southern Management Association, Atlanta, GA.
79. Rahim, M. A., & Magner, N. R. (1995). Confirmatory factor analyses of the styles of handling interpersonal conflict: First-order factor model and its invariance across groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80: 122-132.
80. Rees, C. R., & Segal, M. W. (1984). Role differentiation in groups: The relationship between instrumental and expressive leadership. Small Group Behavior, 15: 109-123.
81. Sahlins, M. (1972). Stone age economics. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
82. Scandura, T. A., & Graen, G. B. (1984). Moderating effects of initial leader-member exchange status on the effects of a leadership intervention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69: 428-436.
83. Scandura, T. A., Graen, G. B., & Novak, M.A. (1986). When managers decide not to decide autocratically: An investigation of leader-member exchange and decision influence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 579-584.
84. Schmitt, N. W., & Klimoski, R. J. (1991). Research methods in human resources management. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western Publishing.
85. Schriesheim, C.A., & Gardiner, C.C. (1992). An exploration of the discriminant validity of the leader-member exchange scale (LMX7) commonly used in organizational research. In M. Schnake (Ed.), Proceedings of the Southern Management Association, (pp. 91-93). Valdosta, GA: Southern Management Association.
86. Schriesheim, C.A., Neider, L.L., Scandura, T.A., & Tepper, B.J. (1992). Development and preliminary validation of a new scale (LMX-6) to measure leader-member exchange in organizations. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52: 135-147.
87. Schriesheim, C.A., Powers, K.J., Scandura, T.A., Gardiner, C.C., & Lankau, M.J. (1993). Improving construct measurement in management research: Comments and a quantitative approach for assessing the theoretical content adequacy of paper-and-pencil survey-type instruments. Journal of Management, 19: 385-417.
88. Seashore, S.E., Lawler, E.E., Mirvis, P., & Cammann, C. (Eds.) (1982). Observing and measuring organizational change: A guide to field practice. New York: Wiley.
89. Seers, A., & Graen, G. B. (1984). The dual attachment concept: A longitudinal investigation of the combination of task characteristics and leader-member exchange. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 33: 283-306.
90. Settoon, R.P., Bennett, N., & Liden, R.C. (1996). Social exchange in organizations: The differential effects of perceived organizational support and leader member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81: 219-227.
91. Shore, L. M., & Wayne, S. J. (1993). Commitment and employee behavior: Comparison of affective commitment and continuance commitment with perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 774-780.
92. Smith, P. C., Balzer, W., Brannick, M., Eggleston, S., Gibson, W., Ironson, G., Josephson, H., Paul, K., Reilly, C., & Whalen, M. (1987). Manual for the revised JDI and Job in General Scales. Bowling Green, OH: Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University.
93. Sparrowe, R. T. (1994). Empowerment in the hospitality industry: An exploration of antecedents and outcomes. Hospitality Research Journal, 17: 51-73.
94. Sparrowe, R. T., & Liden, R.C. (1997). Process and structure in leader-member exchange. Academy of Management Review, 22: 522-552.
95. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1989). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Harper-Collins.
96. Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
97. Tsui, A. S. (1984). A role set analysis of managerial reputation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34: 64-96.
98. Tsui, A. & Barry, B. (1986). Interpersonal affect and rating errors. Academy of Management Journal, 29: 586-598.
99. Vecchio, R. P. (1985). Predicting employee turnover from leader-member exchange: A failure to replicate. Academy of Management Journal, 28: 478-485.
100. Vecchio, R. P., & Gobdel, B. C. (1984). The vertical dyad linkage model of leadership: Problems and prospects. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34: 5-20.
101. Wakabayashi, M., & Graen, G. (1984). The Japanese career progress study: A seven year follow-up. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 217-227.
102. Wakabayashi, M., Graen, G., Graen, M., & Graen, M. (1988). Japanese management progress: Mobility into middle management. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 217-227.
103. Wakabayashi, M., Graen, G., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1990). The generalizability of the hidden investment process in leading Japanese corporations. Human Relations, 43: 1099-1116.
104. Wayne, S. J., & Ferris, G. R. (1990). Influence tactics, affect, and exchange quality in supervisor-subordinate interactions: A laboratory experiment and field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 487-499.
105. Wayne, S. J., & Green, S. A. (1993). The effects of leader-member exchange on employee citizenship and impression management behavior. Human Relations, 46: 1431-1440.
106. Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40: 82-111.
107. Williams, L. J., & Holahan, P.J. (1994). Parsimony based fit indices for multiple indicator regression models: Do they work? Structural Equation Modeling, 1: 161-189.
108. Williams, M. L., Podsakoff, P. M., & Huber, V. (1992). Effects of group-level and individual-level variation in leader behaviours on subordinate attitudes and performance. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65: 115-129.
109. Yukl, G. (1989). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Journal of Management, 15: 251-289.
110. Zerbe, W. J., & Paulhus, D. L. (1987). Socially desirable responding in organizational behavior: A reconception. Academy of Management Review, 12: 250-264.