From armed conflict to war: Ethnic mobilization and conflict intensification

International Studies Quarterly

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 369-388

  Eck, Kristine ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; ETHNIC CONFLICT; ETHNICITY; VIOLENCE; WAR;

EID: 66949158363     PISSN: 00208833     EISSN: 14682478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00538.x     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Alesina, Alberto, Arnaud Devleeschauwer, William Easterly, Sergio Kurlat, and Romain Wacziarg. 2003. "Fractionalization." Journal of Economic Growth 8 (2): 155-194.
2. Ben-Yehuda, Hemda, and Meirav Mishali-Ram. 2003. "The Ethnic-State Perspective in International Crises: A Theoretical Framework Applied to the Arab-Israel Conflict 1947-2000." International Interactions 29 (1): 1-26.
3. Bergström, Reinhold, and Per-Anders Edin. 1992. "Time Aggregation and the Distributional Shape of Unemployment Duration." Journal of Applied Economics 7 (1): 5-30.
4. Box-Steffensmeier, Janet, and Bradford S. Jones. 1997. "Time Is of the Essence: Event History Models in Political Science." American Journal of Political Science 41 (4): 1414-1461.
5. Box-Steffensmeier, Janet, and Bradford S. Jones. 2004. Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Brecher, Michael, and Jonathan Wilkenfeld. 1997. A Study of Crisis. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
7. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, James Morrow, and Ethan Zorick. 1997. "Capabilities, Perception, and Escalation." American Political Science Review 91 (1): 15-27.
8. Carment, David. 1993. "The International Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict: Concepts, Indicators, and Theory." Journal of Peace Research 30 (2): 137-150.
9. Carment, David, and Patrick James. 1997. "Ethnic Conflict at the International Level: Theory and Evidence." In Wars in the Midst of Peace: The International Politics of Ethnic Conflict, ed. David Carment, and Patrick James. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
10. Caselli, Francesco, and Wilbur John Coleman II. 2006. "On the Theory of Ethnic Conflict." NBER Working Paper No. 12125.
11. Cederman, Lars -Erik, and Luc Girardin. 2007. "Beyond Fractionalization: Mapping Ethnicity Onto Nationalist Insurgencies." American Political Science Review 101 (1): 173-185.
12. Chandra, Kanchan. 2006. "What Is Ethnic Identity and Does It Matter?" American Review of Political Science 9: 397-424.
13. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 2002. "Greed and Grievance in Civil War." CSAE Working Paper, WPS 2002-01, Oxford University.
14. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 2004. "Greed and Grievance in Civil War." Oxford Economic Papers 56 (4): 563-595.
15. Collier, Paul, Anke Hoeffler, and Måns Söderbom. 2004. "On the Duration of Civil War." Journal of Peace Research 41 (3): 253-273.
16. Collier, Paul, Anke Hoeffler, and M åns S öderbom. 2008. "Post-ConflictRisks." Journal of Peace Research 45 (4): 461-478.
17. Cox, D. R. 1972. "Regression Models and Life-Tables." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological) 34 (2): 187-220.
18. Eberwein, Wolf -Dieter. 1981. "The Quantitative Study of International Conflict: Quantity and Quality? An Assessment of Empirical Research." Journal of Peace Research 18 (1): 19-38.
19. Efron, Bradley. 1977. "The Efficiency of Cox's Likelihood Function for Censored Data." Journal of the American Statistical Association 72: 557-565.
20. Elbadawi, Ibrahim, and Nicholas Sambanis. 2000. "External Interventions and the Duration of Civil Wars." World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2433, September.
21. Ellingsen, Tanja. 2000. "Colorful Community or Ethnic Witches' Brew? Multiethnicity and Domestic Conflict During and After the Cold War." Journal of Conflict Resolution 44 (2): 228-249.
22. Fearon, James D. 1994. "Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes." American Political Science Review 88 (3): 577-599.
23. Fearon, James D. 2004. "Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer Than Others?" Journal of Peace Research 41 (3): 275-301.
24. Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. 1996. "Explaining Interethnic Cooperation." American Political Science Review 90 (4): 715-735.
25. Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. 2003. "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War." American Political Science Review 97 (1): 75-90.
26. Gartner, Scott Sigmund. 1998. "Opening up the Black Box of War." Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 (3): 252-258.
27. Gates, Scott. 2002. "Recruitment and Allegiance: The Microfoundations of Rebellion." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 111-130.
28. Gates, Scott, and Håvard Strand. 2004. "Modeling the Duration of Civil Wars: Measurement and Estimation Issues." Paper presented at the Meeting of the Standing Group on International Relations, the Hague, Netherlands.
29. Gilley, Bruce. 2004. "Against the Concept of Ethnic Conflict." Third World Quarterly 25 (6): 1155-1166.
30. Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. 2002. "Expanded Trade and GDP Data." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (5): 712-724.
31. Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. 2007. "Transnational Dimensions of Civil War." Journal of Peace Research 44 (3): 293-309.
32. Gleditsch, Nils Petter, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg, and Håvard Strand. 2002. "Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset." Journal of Peace Research 39 (5): 615-637.
33. Gurr, Ted Robert. 2000. People Versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.
34. Harbom, Lotta, Erik Melander, and Peter Wallensteen. 2008. "Dyadic Dimensions of Armed Conflict, 1946-2007." Journal of Peace Research 45 (5): 697-710.
35. Hardin, Russell. 1995. One for All: The Logic of Group Conflict. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
36. Hegre, Håvard, and Nicholas Sambanis. 2006. "Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset." Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (4): 508-535.
37. Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
38. Humphreys, Macartan, and Jeremy M. Weinstein. 2006. "Handling and Manhandling Civilians in Civil War." American Political Science Review 100 (3): 429-447.
39. Jervis, Robert. 1976. Perception and Misperception in International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
40. Jervis, Robert. 1978. "Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma." World Politics 30 (2): 167-214.
41. Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2001. "'New' and 'Old' Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction?" World Politics 54 (1): 99-118.
42. Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43. Kalyvas, Stathis N., and Matthew Adam Kocher. 2007. "Ethnic Cleavages and Irregular War: Iraq and Vietnam." Politics and Society 35 (2): 183-223.
44. Kaufman, Stuart. 1996. "An 'International' Theory of Inter-Ethnic War." Review of International Studies 22 (2): 149-171.
45. Kaufmann, Chaim. 1996. "Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars." International Security 20 (4): 136-175.
46. King, Charles. 2001. "The Myth of Ethnic Warfare: Understanding Conflict in the Post-Cold War World." Foreign Affairs 80 (6): 165-170.
47. Kreutz, Joakim. 2006. "Once Again: A New Test of Recurring Intrastate Conflicts, 1946-2001." Paper presented at the 47th International Studies Association Convention, San Diego, CA.
48. Kreutz, Joakim. Forthcoming 2010. "How and When Conflicts End: Introducing the UCDP Conflict Termination Dataset." Journal of Peace Research 47 (2).
49. Lacina, Bethany. 2006. "Explaining the Severity of Civil Wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (2): 276-289.
50. L acina, B ethany, and N ils P etter G leditsch. 2005. "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths." European Journal of Population 21 (2-3): 145-166.
51. Lichbach, Mark Irving. 1995. The Rebel's Dilemma. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
52. Lin, D. Y., and L. J. Wei. 1989. "The Robust Inference for the Proportional Hazards Model." Journal of the American Statistical Association 84 (408): 1074-1078.
53. Lindström, Ronny, and Will H. Moore. 1995. "Depraved, Rational or Both? 'Why Minorities Rebel' Revisited." Journalof Political and Military Sociology 23: 167-190.
54. Marshall, Monty, and Keith Jaggers. 2002. Polity IV. Available at http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/polity/ (Accessed March 15, 2005).
55. Melander, Erik. 1999. Anarchy Within: The Security Dilemma Between Ethnic Groups in Emerging Anarchy. Uppsala University, Uppsala: Department of Peace and Conflict Research.
56. Morgan, Clifton. 1994. Untying the Knot of War. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan University Press.
57. Mueller, John. 2000. "The Banality of 'Ethnic Warfare'." InternationalSecurity 25 (1): 42-70.
58. Öberg, Magnus. 2002. The Onset of Ethnic War as a Bargaining Process: Testing a Costly Signaling Model. Uppsala: Universitetstryckeriet.
59. Olson, Mancur. 1971. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
60. Pearce, Susanna. 2005. "Religious Rage: A Quantitative Analysis of the Intensity of Religious Conflicts." Terrorism and Political Violence 17 (3): 333-352.
61. Posen, Barry R. 1993. "The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict." Survival 35 (1): 27-47.
62. Pruitt, Dean G., and Sung Hee Kim. 2004. Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement, 3rd edition. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.
63. Reed, William. 2000. "A Unified Statistical Model of Conflict Onset and Escalation." American Journal of Political Science 44 (1): 84-93.
64. Regan, Patrick M., and Daniel Norton. 2005. "Greed, Grievance, and Mobilization in Civil Wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (3): 319-336.
65. Reynal-Querol, Marta. 2002. "Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars." Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 29-54.
66. Sambanis, Nicholas. 2001. "Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes?" Journal of Conflict Resolution 45 (3): 259-282.
67. Sambanis, Nicholas. 2004. "What Is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition." Journal of Conflict Resolution 48 (6): 814-858.
68. Sambanis, Nicholas, and Annalisa Zinn. 2005. "From Protest to Violence: An Analysis of Conflict Escalation With an Application to Self-Determination Movements." Unpublished manuscript, Yale University.
69. Scarritt, James R., and Susan McMillan. 1995. "Protest and Rebellion in Africa: Explaining Conflicts Between Ethnic Minorities and the State in the 1980s." Comparative Political Studies 28 (3): 323-349.
70. Senese, Paul. 1997. "Between Dispute and War: The Effect of Joint Democracy on Interstate Conflict Escalation." Journal of Politics 59 (1): 1-27.
71. Singer, J. David, Stuart Bremer, and John Stuckey. 1972. "Capability Distribution, Uncertainty, and Major Power War, 1820-1965." In Peace, War, and Numbers, ed. Bruce Russett. Beverly Hills: Sage.
72. de Soysa, Indra. 2002. "Paradise Is a Bazaar? Greed, Creed, and Governance in Civil War, 1989-1999." Journal of Peace Research 39 (4): 395-416.
73. UCDP. 2008. "Definitions." Uppsala Conflict Data Project. Available at http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/UCDP. (Accessed June 4, 2008).
74. Väyrynen, Raimo. 1994. "Towards a Theory of Ethnic Conflicts and Their Resolutions." Occasional Paper No. 6. Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, Notre Dame University.
75. Weinstein, Jeremy. 2007. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.